Leslie A. Fiedler was an American literary critic who applied psychological (chiefly Freudian) and social theories to American literature. Fiedler attended the University of Wisconsin (M.A., 1939; Ph.D., 1941), and, after service in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946, he did further research

Leslie A. Fiedler was an American literary critic who applied psychological (chiefly Freudian) and social theories to American literature. Fiedler attended the University of Wisconsin (M.A., 1939; Ph.D., 1941), and, after service in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946, he did further research

flame thrower: …and one small, submitted by Richard Fiedler. The smaller Flammenwerfer, light enough to be carried by one man, used gas pressure to send forth a stream of flaming oil for a distance of about 20 yards (18 metres). The larger model, based on the same principle, was cumbersome to transport…

fief, in European feudal society, a vassal’s source of income, held from his lord in exchange for services. The fief constituted the central institution of feudal society. The fief normally consisted of land to which a number of unfree peasants were attached and was supposed to be sufficient to

baseball: Play of the game: …a square area called the diamond, which has four white bases, one on each corner. The bases are 90 feet (27.4 meters) apart.

field, in physics, a region in which each point has a physical quantity associated with it. The quantity could be a number, as in the case of a scalar field such as the Higgs field, or it could be a vector, as in the case of fields such as the gravitational field, which are associated with a force.

baseball: Field of play and equipment: In major league playing fields, the distance to the fence from home plate along the foul lines (marking the official limits of the playing field) must be 250 feet (76.2 meters) or more. For fields built after 1958, however,…

algebra: Fields: A main question pursued by Dedekind was the precise identification of those subsets of the complex numbers for which some generalized version of the theorem made sense. The first step toward answering this question was the concept of a field, defined as any subset…

heraldry: The field: In a blazon (verbal description) of the arms, their field, or background layer, appears first. It may be one of the metals or (gold) or argent (silver), one of the colors gules (red), azure (blue), vert (green), purpure (purple), or sable (black), or one…

database: …consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database. Records are also organized into tables that include information about relationships between its various fields. Although database…

field archery, form of archery in which targets of different sizes or shapes are placed at varying distances in uneven, often wooded, terrain in an attempt to simulate hunting conditions. As an organized sport it dates from the formation in 1939 of the National Field Archery Association of the

military unit: …be combined to form a field army (commanded by a general), and field armies in turn may be combined to form an army group.

field artillery, any large-calibre, crew-operated, mounted firearm designed for easy movement in the field. See

broad bean, (Vicia faba), species of legume (family Fabaceae) widely cultivated for its edible seeds. The broad bean is the principal bean of Europe, though it is generally less well known in the United States. As with other vetches, broad beans are frequently planted as cover crops and green

bindweed: The weedy perennial field bindweed (C. arvensis) is native to Europe but is widely naturalized in North America and twines around crop plants and along roadsides. It bears long-stalked clusters of fragrant pink, white, or striped blooms 2 cm across among arrow-shaped leaves. Scammony, a purgative, is derived…

David Dudley Field: The “Field Code” of civil procedure, enacted by New York state in 1848, was subsequently adopted in whole or in part in many other U.S. states, in the federal court system, and in England, Ireland (both 1873), and several British overseas possessions, notably India. He was…

animal behaviour: Behavioral genetics: …the calling behaviour that male crickets (Gryllus integer) use to attract females has been measured. In any one population, some males chirp away for many hours each night, others call for just a few hours, and still others almost never call. The heritability of calling duration for one Canadian population…

personality: Cognitive controls and styles: …studied cognitive control is called field dependence-field independence. It pertains to the extent to which people are influenced by inner (field-independent) or environmental (field-dependent) cues in orienting themselves in space and the extent to which they make fine differentiations in the environment. The more field-independent people are, the greater is…

field emission, discharge of electrons from the surface of a material subjected to a strong electric field. In the absence of a strong electric field, an electron must acquire a certain minimum energy, called the work function, to escape through the surface of a given material, which acts as a

athletics, a variety of competitions in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events. Although these contests are called track and field (or simply track) in the United States, they are generally designated as athletics elsewhere. This article covers the history, the organization, and the

electric generator: Field excitation: A source of direct current is required for the field winding, as sketched in Figure 2. In very small synchronous generators, this current may be supplied from an external source by fitting the generator shaft with two insulated copper (or slip) rings, connecting…

flicker: campestris) and the field flicker (C. campestroides)—sometimes considered to be a single species—are common in east-central South America; they are darker birds with yellow faces and breasts.

fortification: Field fortifications, which are constructed when in contact with an enemy or when contact is imminent, consist of entrenched positions for personnel and crew-served weapons, cleared fields of fire, and obstacles such as explosive mines, barbed-wire entanglements, felled trees, and antitank ditches.

geology: Structural geology: …large scale, the techniques of field geology are employed. These include the preparation of geologic maps that show the areal distribution of geologic units selected for representation on the map. They also include the plotting of the orientation of such structural features as faults, joints, cleavage, small folds, and the…

gladiolus: Major species: …in Europe, including the magenta field gladiolus (G. italicus) that grows in grainfields, and the marsh gladiolus (G. palustris) of marshy areas.

American football: Walter Camp and the creation of American football: …and five points for a field goal (a field goal became worth three points in 1909, a touchdown six points in 1912), for creating the quarterback position, for marking the field with stripes, and for proposing several other innovations, but it was those two simple rules adopted in 1880 and…

Robert Hass: Hass’s first poetry collection, Field Guide, was published in 1973 after winning the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award. It is filled with images of nature and the California landscape, common themes in his work, and is noted for the clarity and conciseness of its language. In Praise (1979),…

bird-watching: … (1938–41) and Roger Tory Peterson’s Field Guide to the Birds (1947), which gives the field marks of all North American birds found east of the Rocky Mountains. Similar works are available for many other regions.

field hockey, outdoor game played by two opposing teams of 11 players each who use sticks curved at the striking end to hit a small, hard ball into their opponent’s goal. It is called field hockey to distinguish it from the similar game played on ice. Hockey is believed to date from the earliest

personality: Cognitive controls and styles: …are influenced by inner (field-independent) or environmental (field-dependent) cues in orienting themselves in space and the extent to which they make fine differentiations in the environment. The more field-independent people are, the greater is their ability to articulate a field. There are no general intellectual capacity differences between field-dependent…

mass spectrometry: Field ionization: Intense fields, of the order of 108 volts per centimetre, can be generated in the neighbourhood of sharp points and edges of electrodes, and these have been used as field ionization, or field emission, sources. This source is becoming popular in the study…

line of force, in physics, path followed by an electric charge free to move in an electric field or a mass free to move in a gravitational field, or generally any appropriate test particle in a given force field. More abstractly, lines of force are lines in any such force field the tangent of which

maple: …the popular smaller maples the hedge, or field, maple (A. campestre) and Amur, or ginnala, maple (A. ginnala) are useful in screens or hedges; both have spectacular foliage in fall, the former yellow and the latter pink to scarlet. The Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides…

calendula: Major species and uses: Field marigold (C. arvensis) is native to Europe and is used similarly. Sea marigold, or trailing calendula (C. maritima), of western Sicily is a critically endangered species.

marshal, in some past and present armies, including those of Britain, France, Germany, Russia or the Soviet Union, and China, the highest ranking officer. The rank evolved from the title of marescalci (masters of the horse) of the early Frankish kings. The importance of cavalry in medieval warfare

wood mouse, (genus Apodemus), any of about 20 species of small-bodied rodents found from northern Europe eastward to southern China and the Himalayas. Body size varies; different species weigh from 15 to 50 grams (0.5 to 1.8 ounces) and measure from 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 5.9 inches) long excluding the

Field Museum, museum in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., established in 1893 as the Columbian Museum of Chicago with a gift from Marshall Field, from whom in 1905 it derived its present name. It was established to house the anthropological and biological collections of the 1893 World’s Columbian

Field Museum, museum in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., established in 1893 as the Columbian Museum of Chicago with a gift from Marshall Field, from whom in 1905 it derived its present name. It was established to house the anthropological and biological collections of the 1893 World’s Columbian

death cap: Toxins and poisoning: …caps mistake them for common field mushrooms (Agaricus campestris) or for the edible paddy straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) that are ubiquitous in Asia. Because death caps continue to spread to new areas, people in a given region may not be aware yet that the poisonous mushrooms could be present. Symptoms…

charlock, (Sinapis arvensis), early-flowering plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Charlock is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in temperate regions worldwide; it is an agricultural weed and an invasive species in some areas outside its native range. Charlock reaches 1

Arundhati Roy: Nonfiction works: …the Age of Empire (2004), Field Notes on Democracy: Listening to Grasshoppers (2009), Broken Republic: Three Essays (2011), and Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014). My Seditious Heart (2019) is a collection of her nonfiction spanning 20 years.

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …into the Neva lies the Field of Mars, one of the city’s beautiful open spaces. Begun under Peter (when it was known as the Field of Amusement), it was intended for popular festivities and fireworks. It was a favourite haunt of the 18th-century nobility, but its present name derives from…

Kevin Costner: Bull Durham and Field of Dreams: …movies Bull Durham (1988) and Field of Dreams (1989) made him a popular leading man, and he formed his own production company in 1989.

principles of physical science: Conservative forces: …an example of a central force field that is far from inverse square in character.

Louis I: Rebellion and recovery: …Lothar at the so-called “Field of Lies” near Colmar in Alsace (now in France) ostensibly to settle their differences. Instead the emperor found himself facing a coalition of his three eldest sons, their supporters, and Pope Gregory IV. Leading clerics—including Agobard of Lyon and even Ebbo of Reims, Louis’s…

Xiao Hong: …finished her novel Shengsichang (The Field of Life and Death). The same year, they went to Shanghai, where Shengsichang was published in 1935 with the renowned writer Lu Xun’s help. Lu Xun praised the novel for its carefully observed depiction of the lives and struggles of ordinary northeasterners. The…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …into the Neva lies the Field of Mars, one of the city’s beautiful open spaces. Begun under Peter (when it was known as the Field of Amusement), it was intended for popular festivities and fireworks. It was a favourite haunt of the 18th-century nobility, but its present name derives from…

microscope: Magnification: …viewed appears enlarged, and the field of view, or size of the object that can be viewed, are related by the geometry of the optical system. A working value for the magnifying power of a lens can be found by dividing the least distance of distinct vision by the lens’…

Reconstruction: Radical Reconstruction: Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 of January 1865, which set aside a large swath of land along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia for the exclusive settlement of Black families, and by the Freedmen’s Bureau Act of March, which authorized the bureau to rent or…

pennycress: Field pennycress, or fanweed (T. arvense), has flat and circular notched pods and is a common weed throughout much of North America. Its seeds have a high oil content, and the species has gained interest as a potential feedstock for biofuel production.

peppergrass: Major species: Pepperwort, or field pepper (L. campestre), is a widespread weed originally native to Europe. It has hairy arrowlike stem leaves and once was marketed under the name of mithridate pepperwort as an antidote to poisons.

corn poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), annual (rarely biennial) plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The plant has been introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and North America and is one of the most commonly cultivated garden poppies. The corn poppy is also

yellow-flowered gourd, (subspecies Cucurbita pepo ovifera), annual trailing vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), grown for its attractive hard-shelled fruits. The yellow-flowered gourd is native to northern Mexico and eastern North America and has long been cultivated. Some varieties produce

separation and purification: Field separations: Electrophoresis, described in an earlier section of this article, is an important method in the separation of biopolymers—namely, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules and proteins. Electrophoresis is conventionally conducted on plates or slabs as in thin-layer chromatography. To maintain the ionic buffer solution on…

field theory, in psychology, conceptual model of human behaviour developed by German American psychologist Kurt Lewin, who was closely allied with the Gestalt psychologists. Lewin’s work went far beyond the orthodox Gestalt concerns of perception and learning; his theory emphasized an individual’s

field, in physics, a region in which each point has a physical quantity associated with it. The quantity could be a number, as in the case of a scalar field such as the Higgs field, or it could be a vector, as in the case of fields such as the gravitational field, which are associated with a force.

quantum field theory, body of physical principles combining the elements of quantum mechanics with those of relativity to explain the behaviour of subatomic particles and their interactions via a variety of force fields. Two examples of modern quantum field theories are quantum electrodynamics,

field trial, any of the competitions among individual sporting dogs, under conditions that approximate or simulate those found in the hunting field. Competing dogs need not necessarily be of the same breed. In the United States many of the field trials in the bird-dog (pointing dog) category are

meadow vole, (Microtus pennsylvanicus), one of the most common and prolific small mammals in North America. Weighing less than 50 grams (1.8 ounces), this stout vole is 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 inches) long, including its short tail (3 to 6 cm). The dense, soft fur is chestnut-brown above and gray

electric generator: Rotor: …is thus known as the field winding. The position of the field coils is such that the outwardly directed or radial component of the magnetic field produced in the air gap to the stator is approximately sinusoidally distributed around the periphery of the rotor. In Figure 2, the field density…

Seamus Heaney: …and deceptively simple style are Field Work (1979), Station Island (1984), The Haw Lantern (1987), and Seeing Things (1991). The Spirit Level (1996) concerns the notion of centredness and balance in both the natural and the spiritual senses. His Opened Ground: Selected Poems, 1966–1996 was published in 1998. In

anthropology: Fieldwork: The first generation of anthropologists had tended to rely on others—locally based missionaries, colonial administrators, and so on—to collect ethnographic information, often guided by questionnaires that were issued by metropolitan theorists. In the late 19th century, several ethnographic expeditions were organized, often by museums.…

the Wiggles: …Jeff Fatt (the purple Wiggle), Anthony Field (blue), Greg Page (yellow), and Murray Cook (red).

Australian literature: The century after settlement: …Antipodes, like the unfortunately named Barron Field, were more inclined to see their experiences in terms of disbelief, sometimes comic disbelief. Field’s First Fruits of Australian Poetry (1819) was the first volume of poetry published in Australia. Those who were likely to spend a much longer term in New South…

George M. Pullman: Early life and career: In partnership with Benjamin Field, a friend and former New York state senator, he decided to build a better sleeper, one that was not only comfortable but also luxurious, and he persuaded the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis Railroad to allow him to convert two of its cars.…

George M. Pullman: Early life and career: In partnership with Benjamin Field, a friend and former New York state senator, he decided to build a better sleeper, one that was not only comfortable but also luxurious, and he persuaded the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis Railroad to allow him to convert two of its cars.…

aberration: Curvature of field and distortion refer to the location of image points with respect to one another. Even though the former three aberrations may be corrected for in the design of a lens, these two aberrations could remain. In curvature of field, the image of…

Cyrus W. Field was an American financier noted for the success of the first transatlantic cable. He was the younger brother of the law reformer David Dudley Field and of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field. After an early career in the paper business, Field became interested in a proposal

Cyrus W. Field was an American financier noted for the success of the first transatlantic cable. He was the younger brother of the law reformer David Dudley Field and of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field. After an early career in the paper business, Field became interested in a proposal

Appalachian Mountains: Study and exploration: …the Maine coast; the American Darby Field, who made the first climb up Mount Washington (1642); Timothy Nash, discoverer of the Crawford Notch (1771), which made possible communication between the coast and the Connecticut River valley; and Sir William Logan, first director of Canada’s geologic survey, who made a cross…

David Dudley Field was a U.S. lawyer whose advocacy of law codification had international influence. The “Field Code” of civil procedure, enacted by New York state in 1848, was subsequently adopted in whole or in part in many other U.S. states, in the federal court system, and in England, Ireland

optics: Longitudinal magnification: …large, which explains why the depth of field (δp) of a microscope is extremely small. On the other hand, if m is small, less than one as in a camera, then m is very small, and all objects within a considerable range of distances (δp) appear substantially in focus.

Eugene Field was an American poet and journalist, best known, to his disgust, as the “poet of childhood.” Field attended several colleges but took no degree; at the University of Missouri he was known less as a student than as a prankster. After his marriage in 1873, Field did editorial work for a

philosophy of mathematics: Nominalism: …proposed by the American philosopher Hartry Field. It was then developed in a somewhat different way by Balaguer, the American philosopher Gideon Rosen, and the Canadian philosopher Stephen Yablo.

Admonition to Parliament: …written by the London clergymen John Field and Thomas Wilcox, that demanded that Queen Elizabeth I restore the “purity” of New Testament worship in the Church of England and eliminate the remaining Roman Catholic elements and practices from the Church of England. Reflecting wide Presbyterian influence among Puritans, the admonition…

John Field was a British ballet dancer and director, long-time artistic director of the Royal Ballet’s touring company (1956–70). Field studied dance in Liverpool and first appeared with the Liverpool Ballet Club at age 17. He became a soloist with the Sadler’s Wells Ballet in 1939, joined the

John Field was an Irish pianist and composer, whose nocturnes for piano were among models used by Chopin. Field first studied music at home with his father and grandfather and afterward in London with Muzio Clementi, under whose tuition, given in return for Field’s services as a piano demonstrator

Joshua Field was an English civil engineer. He joined Henry Maudslay’s noted engineering firm, which soon became Maudslay, Sons, and Field. In 1838 they completed a pair of powerful combined steam engines that applied power to a paddle-wheel shaft by a crank (rather than cogwheels) and installed

Marshall Field was an American department-store owner whose pioneering activities in retail merchandising were continued and extended into publishing by successive generations of his family. Born on a farm, Field became at 16 an errand boy in a dry-goods store in Pittsfield, Mass., where he

Associated Press: In the early 1940s Marshall Field III, who had established the Chicago Sun, fought his exclusion from the AP service. Prosecution under the federal antitrust powers ended the AP’s restrictive practices.

Mount Field, twin-peaked mountain massif, south-central Tasmania, Australia. The two peaks, about 7.5 miles (12 km) apart, are Mount Field West (4,705 feet [1,434 metres]) and Mount Field East (4,165 feet [1,269 metres]). The mountain lies within the 61-square-mile (158-square-km) Mount Field

Nathan Field was one of the principal actors of England’s Elizabethan stage. Field attended St. Paul’s School, London, and about 1600 became a member of the Children of the Queen’s Revels, remaining with this theatre company throughout its various changes of name and composition until 1616–17, when

Nathan Field was one of the principal actors of England’s Elizabethan stage. Field attended St. Paul’s School, London, and about 1600 became a member of the Children of the Queen’s Revels, remaining with this theatre company throughout its various changes of name and composition until 1616–17, when

Nathan Field was one of the principal actors of England’s Elizabethan stage. Field attended St. Paul’s School, London, and about 1600 became a member of the Children of the Queen’s Revels, remaining with this theatre company throughout its various changes of name and composition until 1616–17, when

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …his horse story Smoky (1926); Rachel Field, whose Hitty (1929) is one of the best doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in the 1890s, Roller Skates (1936), by the famous…

Sally Field is an American actress known for playing firebrands and steely matriarchs. Field played lighthearted television roles in Gidget (1965–66) and The Flying Nun (1967–70) before developing her talent at the Actors Studio (1973–75), from which she emerged as a dramatic actress. After she

Stephen J. Field was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and chief architect of the constitutional approach that largely exempted the rapidly expanding industry of the United States from governmental regulation after the Civil War. He found the judicial instrument for the protection of

Stephen J. Field was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and chief architect of the constitutional approach that largely exempted the rapidly expanding industry of the United States from governmental regulation after the Civil War. He found the judicial instrument for the protection of

Richard Harris: …performances of his career in The Field (1990), for which he received another Oscar nomination. He played English Bob in Unforgiven (1992), a Sinn Féin leader in Patriot Games (1992), and a wealthy landowner in Cry, the Beloved Country (1995), earning a newfound reputation as an engaging character actor. His…

geomagnetic field: Field-aligned currents: Circulation of magnetic field lines in a pattern of closed loops within the magnetosphere is a consequence of the tangential drag of the solar wind. This circulation produces another important magnetic field source, the field-aligned current system. The field-aligned currents flow on two…

transistor: Field-effect transistors: Another kind of unipolar transistor, called the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET), is particularly well suited for microwave and other high-frequency applications because it can be manufactured from semiconductor materials with high electron mobilities that do not support an insulating oxide surface layer. These

chemical analysis: Ion-selective electrodes: Field-effect transistor electrodes place the membrane over the gate of a field-effect transistor. The current flow through the transistor, rather than the potential across the transistor, is monitored. The current flow is controlled by the charge applied to the gate, which is determined by the…

field-emission microscope, type of electron microscope in which a wire with a sharpened tip is mounted in a cathode-ray tube. Electrons are drawn from the tip by a high electrical field and travel toward the screen on which the image is formed. Only strong metals, such as tungsten, platinum, and

chromatography: Subsequent developments: This technique is called field-flow fractionation. It has been termed one-phase chromatography because there is no stationary phase. Its main applications are to polymers and particulate matter. The method has been used to separate biological cells, subcellular particles, viruses, liposomes, protein aggregates, fly ash, colloids, and pigments.

field-emission microscope: …the field-emission microscope is the field-ion microscope, in which the tip is surrounded by a low pressure of helium gas. The gas is ionized at the atom planes on the tip and produces an image that can have a magnification of up to 10,000,000×. The field-ion microscope has been applied…

team handball, game played between two teams of 7 or 11 players who try to throw or hit an inflated ball into a goal at either end of a rectangular playing area while preventing their opponents from doing so. It is unrelated to the two- or four-player games (see handball and fives), in which a

John Fielden was a radical British reformer, a notable proponent of legislation protecting the welfare of factory workers. On his father’s death in 1811, Fielden and his brothers inherited the family cotton-spinning business at Todmorden, which became one of the greatest manufacturing concerns in

Blood, Sweat & Tears: …20, 1944, New York City), Jim Fielder (b. October 4, 1947, Denton, Texas), Jerry Weiss (b. May 1, 1946, New York City), Fred Lipsius (b. November 19, 1943, Bronx, New York), Dick Halligan (b. August 29, 1943, Troy, New York), and Randy Brecker (b. November 27, 1945, Philadelphia).

Milwaukee Brewers: …2008 the Brewers—led by sluggers Prince Fielder and Ryan Braun—won 90 games and qualified for the postseason as the NL Wild Card (as owner of the best record for a team that did not win its division title), the team’s first playoff appearance since 1982. The Brewers set a new…

Pride and Prejudice: Movies and other adaptations: …Bridget Jones’s Diary (1996) by Helen Fielding (which was followed by a number of sequels and adapted into a popular movie series [2001–16] starring Renée Zellweger, Firth, and Hugh Grant). Other such books included Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2009) by Seth Grahame-Smith (also adapted into a movie [2016]) and…