basso continuo, in music, a system of partially improvised accompaniment played on a bass line, usually on a keyboard instrument. The use of basso continuo was customary during the 17th and 18th centuries, when only the bass line was written out, or “thorough” (archaic spelling of “through”),

Robert Pinsky: … (1984), The Want Bone (1990), The Figured Wheel: New and Collected Poems (1996), Jersey Rain (2000), Gulf Music (2007), and At the Foundling Hospital (2016). Landor’s Poetry (1968), The Situation of Poetry: Contemporary Poetry and Its Tradition (1976), Poetry and the World (1988), The Sounds of Poetry: A Brief Guide

figurehead, ornamental symbol or figure formerly placed on some prominent part of a ship, usually at the bow. A figurehead could be a religious symbol, a national emblem, or a figure symbolizing the ship’s name. The custom of decorating a vessel probably began in ancient Egypt or India, where an

Richard Teschner: …a small rod-puppet theatre called Figuren Spiegel (Figure Mirror). Teschner variations on the Javanese figure resulted in such figures as the woman whose chalk-white face changes into a skull and the gorilla whose lower and upper lips retract to bare fangs. The puppets were controlled by a central rod and…

Thomas Merton: …the Divided Sea (1946), and Figures for an Apocalypse (1948). With the publication of the autobiographical Seven Storey Mountain (1948), he gained an international reputation. His early works are strictly spiritual, but his writings of the early 1960s tend toward social criticism and touch on civil rights, nonviolence and pacifism,…

Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: Signifyin’: …the notion of signifyin’ in Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the “Racial” Self (1987) and The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism (1988). Signifyin’ is the practice of representing an idea indirectly, through a commentary that is often humorous, boastful, insulting, or provocative. Gates argued that the…

Harold Bloom: Figures of Capable Imagination (1976) and several other works of the next decade develop and illustrate this theme.

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy: …Nature in Art (1934) and Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought (1946) are collections of essays expressing his views on the relationship of art to life, traditional art, and the ideological parallels between the arts of the East and the pre-Renaissance West.

Anatolian religion: Prehistoric periods: …come a series of remarkable statuettes. The majority of these are abstract, disk-shaped idols without limbs; many of them have two, three, or even four heads, and others bear on their chests small male figures in relief, in one case accompanied by a lion. There can be little doubt that…

Nollywood: Digital era (2010s– ): New Nollywood after 2009: Afolayan’s 2009 film The Figurine was shot with a budget of about $330,000, which was high for Nollywood. The script took five years to develop and shooting took three months—a rarity in Nollywood, with most films being shot in about a week. The Figurine received international attention, and…

Spanish literature: Women writers: Gálvez’s Moratín-style comedy Los figurones literarios (1804; “The Literary Nobodies”) ridicules pedantry; her tragedy Florinda (1804) attempts to vindicate the woman blamed for Spain’s loss to the Muslims; and her biblical drama Amnón (1804) recounts the biblical rape of Tamar by her brother Amnon. Neoclassical poet Manuel José…

figwort, (genus Scrophularia), any of about 200 species of coarse herbs of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae), native to open woodlands in the Northern Hemisphere. The common name refers to an early use of these plants in treating hemorrhoids, an ailment once known as “figs.” They are rather

Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family of flowering plants, one of 26 in the order Lamiales, containing about 65 genera and 1,700 species with worldwide distribution. It contains no crop plants of great economic importance but is notable for many ornamental garden plants, such as butterfly bush

Lamiales: Plantaginaceae: …the reorganization of the former Scrophulariales into Lamiales. Molecular studies show that earlier morphologically based delimitations of many families, such as Scrophulariaceae, do not hold up well in a system based on common ancestry. Consequently, many familiar genera long treated as “scrophs” have been placed in families such as Plantaginaceae,…

Rūmī: Death and legacy of Rūmī: …in the collection, known as Fīhi mā fīhi (“There Is in It What Is in It”), the main ideas of his poetry recur. There also exist sermons and a collection of letters (Maktūbāt) directed to different persons. It is impossible to systematize his ideas, which at times contradict each other,…

North Africa: Khārijite Berber resistance to Arab rule: …end in 747 when the Fihrids, the descendants of ʿUqbah ibn Nāfiʿ—taking advantage of the Umayyads’ preoccupation with the ʿAbbāsid rebellion that led to their downfall—seized power in Ifrīqiyyah. The Fihrid dynasty controlled all of Tunisia except for the south, which was dominated at the time by the Warfajūma Berber…

Islamic arts: Development of literary prose: The Fihrist (“Index”), compiled by the bookseller Ibn al-Nadīm in 988, gave a full account of the Arabic literature extant in the 10th century. It covered all kinds of literature, from philology to alchemy, but most of these works unfortunately have been lost. In those years…

Shakira: Crossover success: …the release of the Spanish-language Fijación oral, vol. 1 in June and the English-language Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 in November. Both albums debuted in the top five in the United States, and her single “Hips Don’t Lie” (featuring Wyclef Jean) topped charts around the world in 2006. It was accompanied…

Baradā River: …volume almost doubled by the Fījah Spring, which has been tapped to bring drinking water to Damascus. Without human intervention, the Baradā River would have cut a deep bed through the Damascus Depression, wasting most of its water. Throughout history humans have cut channels at different levels parallel to the…

Juanes: In 2000 Juanes debuted with Fíjate bien (“Take a Good Look”), a brooding album that produced a handful of hits and earned the singer three Latin Grammy Awards, including best new artist. Juanes’s major breakthrough came in 2002 with the release of his second album, the bright and energetic Un…

Fiji, country and archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It surrounds the Koro Sea about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) north of Auckland, New Zealand. The archipelago consists of some 300 islands and 540 islets scattered over about 1,000,000 square miles (3,000,000 square km). Of the 300 islands, about

sugarcane: Diseases: Fiji disease, a virus disease first reported from the Fiji islands, is characterized by elongated white to brown swellings on the underside of the leaves, followed by stunting and death. Leaf scald is a vascular disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans, characterized by creamy…

Fiji: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: The government-controlled Fiji Sugar Corporation has a monopoly on milling and marketing. The European Union (EU) is the biggest market for Fiji’s sugar; Fiji has had preferential trade agreements with the EU, such as the 1975 Lomé Convention (which expired in 2000) and the subsequent Cotonou Agreement…

national flag consisting of a light blue field (background) bearing a Union Jack in the canton and the shield of the national coat of arms at the fly end. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 1 to 2.An independent kingdom prior to becoming a British colony in 1874, Fiji briefly used a national

history of Fiji, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Fiji, a country and archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It surrounds the Koro Sea and is about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) north of Auckland, New Zealand. The archipelago consists of some 300 islands and 540 islets scattered

Fiji, country and archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It surrounds the Koro Sea about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) north of Auckland, New Zealand. The archipelago consists of some 300 islands and 540 islets scattered over about 1,000,000 square miles (3,000,000 square km). Of the 300 islands, about

Fijian language, Melanesian language of the Eastern, or Oceanic, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family. In the late 20th century, it was spoken by about 366,000 persons on the islands of Fiji as either a first or a second language. Of the several dialects of Fijian, which

Tevfik Fikret was a poet who is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry. The son of an Ottoman government official, Tevfik Fikret was educated at Galatasaray Lycée, where he later became principal. As a young writer he became editor of the avant-garde periodical Servet-i Fünun

chess: The pragmatists: …was a depreciation of the bishop: The Hypermoderns had attacked Tarrasch’s high opinion of an unobstructed bishop and said a bishop could profitably be traded for a knight. The post-Soviet players often traded bishop for knight for minimal compensation. They also often exchanged their good bishop, the one less encumbered…

wrestling: Organization: …Internationale de Lutte Amateur (FILA; International Amateur Wrestling Federation) was formed (reconstituted in 1920). The FILA regulates international competition, including the Olympic Games, and has held world championships in Greco-Roman wrestling from 1950 and in freestyle from 1951. World championships and Olympic championships in judo, sponsored by the International Judo…

John XVI was an antipope from 997 to 998. A monk of Greek descent whom the Holy Roman emperor Otto II named abbot of the monastery of Nonantola, Italy, he attained an influential position at the court of Otto’s widow, the empress Theophano. In 988 Theophano made John bishop of Piacenza, Italy,

Philae, island in the Nile River between the old Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam, in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern Egypt. Its ancient Egyptian name was P-aaleq; the Coptic-derived name Pilak (“End,” or “Remote Place”) probably refers to its marking the boundary with Nubia. The

al-Rashīd: …and thus formally establishing the ʿAlawī dynasty. From Fès he proceeded to conquer the north, plundered and razed the Dila monastery, and seized control of Morocco’s Atlantic seaboard from its ruling marabouts. Turning his attention southwest, he occupied Marrakech in 1669 and conquered the Sous region and the Anti-Atlas Mountains.

angiosperm: General features: …of a slender stalk (the filament) that bears the anther (and pollen sacs), within which the pollen is formed. Small secretory structures called nectaries are often found at the base of the stamens and provide food rewards for pollinators. In some cases the nectaries coalesce into a nectary or staminal…

plant development: Body plans: …illustrates the transition from a filamentous to a highly organized three-dimensional growth form. The moss spore germinates into a filamentous plant, the protonema, which later produces a leafy shoot. This type of transition from simple to more complex growth form is accompanied by the synthesis of new kinds of ribonucleic…

filament lamp, variety of incandescent lamp (q.v.) in which the light source is a fine electrical conductor heated by the passage of

plastic: Fibreglass: …through a process known as filament winding, in which resin-impregnated strands are wound around a form called a mandrel and then coated with the matrix resin. When the matrix resin is converted into a network, the strength in the hoop direction is very great (being essentially that of the glass…

Carlo Filangieri, prince di Satriano was a general in command of the forces of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) during the bloody suppression of the Sicilian revolution of 1848. He also served a brief term as premier of the Two Sicilies (1859). Fleeing the royalist reaction of 1799, when

Gaetano Filangieri was a Neapolitan jurist, philosopher, and economic theorist whose La scienza della legislazione (The Science of Legislation) is considered one of the most important works of the Enlightenment. His ideas were a precursor of modern constitutionalism, and he may have influenced

asteroid: Asteroids as individual worlds: A filar micrometer, an instrument normally used in conjunction with a telescope for visual measurement of the separations of double stars, was employed to estimate the diameters of the first four known asteroids. The results established that Ceres was the largest asteroid, having a diameter estimated…

Philaret was a Russian Orthodox biblical theologian and metropolitan, or archbishop, of Moscow whose scholarship, oratory, and administrative ability made him the leading Russian churchman of the 19th century. Upon his graduation from the Trinity Monastery, near Moscow, in 1803, Philaret was

Filarete was an architect, sculptor, and writer, who is chiefly important for his Trattato d’architettura (“Treatise on Architecture”), which described plans for an ideal Renaissance city. Filarete is thought to have been trained under Lorenzo Ghiberti in Florence. From 1433 to 1445 he was employed

filarial worm, any of a group of parasitic worms of the family Filariidae (phylum Nematoda) that usually require two hosts, an arthropod (the intermediate host) and a vertebrate (the primary host), to complete the life cycle. The larval phase occurs within the body of a biting insect. The mature

filariasis, a group of infectious disorders caused by threadlike nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea that invade the subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of mammals, producing reactions varying from acute inflammation to chronic scarring. In the form of heartworm disease, it may be fatal to

filariasis: Types of filariasis: …form of filariasis known as filariasis malayi closely resembles Bancroftian filariasis in its symptoms and pathological changes; it is caused by Brugia malayi, found chiefly in eastern Asia. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is caused by Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by flies of the genus

filarial worm, any of a group of parasitic worms of the family Filariidae (phylum Nematoda) that usually require two hosts, an arthropod (the intermediate host) and a vertebrate (the primary host), to complete the life cycle. The larval phase occurs within the body of a biting insect. The mature

filariasis: …threadlike nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea that invade the subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of mammals, producing reactions varying from acute inflammation to chronic scarring. In the form of heartworm disease, it may be fatal to dogs and other mammals.

Alien Tort Claims Act: …the Second Circuit ruled in Filártiga v. Peña-Irala that the ATCA could be used to sue a Paraguayan police officer for acts of torture that he had committed in Paraguay. The “well-established universal” prohibition of torture under international law, the court held, must be honoured in U.S. courts, regardless of…

Moldova: Independent Moldova: …for European Integration (AEI), and Vlad Filat of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM) was named prime minister. Despite their victory, however, the four parties fell short of the three-fifths majority required to choose a president.

Odesa: …renowned research establishment is the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy. There are a number of museums and theatres, including the opera house and ballet theatre, dating from 1809. The seashore south of the harbour is a popular resort area, with numerous sanatoriums and holiday camps. Pop. (2001)…

hazelnut, (genus Corylus), genus of about 15 species of shrubs and trees in the birch family (Betulaceae) and the edible nuts they produce. The plants are native to the north temperate zone. Several species are of commercial importance for their nuts, and a number are valuable hedgerow and

Filchner Ice Shelf, large body of floating ice, lying at the head of the Weddell Sea, which is itself an indentation in the Atlantic coastline of Antarctica. It is more than 650 feet (200 m) thick and has an area of 100,400 square miles (260,000 square km). The shelf extends inland on the east side

Wilhelm Filchner was a scientist and explorer who led the German Antarctic expedition of 1911–12. In 1900 Filchner crossed the Pamirs, the mountainous region of central Asia now chiefly within Tajikistan, and he made an expedition to Tibet in 1903–05. Sailing for Antarctica in the Deutschland

Filchner Ice Shelf: …at Berkner Island, the name Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf is frequently applied to the whole ice mass. The ice shelf, named for the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner, was claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and by Argentina (1942). Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States have operated research stations along…

coleopteran: Sound production: …scraper) against another part (the file). These stridulating organs are generally present in both sexes and probably serve for mutual sex calling. Some beetles have a filelike area on the head that is rasped by the front margin of the prothorax. Among the cerambycids, sound is produced either by rubbing…

database: …database is stored as a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or…

filé, powdered leaves of the sassafras tree, used as a spice and as a thickener for soups and sauces. Its use originated with the Choctaw Indians in the American South. Filé is an essential ingredient of Louisiana gumbo and other Creole dishes. Because cooking makes it stringy, the filé is

file, in hardware and metalworking, tool of hardened steel in the form of a bar or rod with many small cutting edges raised on its longitudinal surfaces; it is used for smoothing or forming objects, especially of metal. The cutting or abrading action of the file results from rubbing it, usually by

chess: How do you play chess?: …in eight vertical rows called files and eight horizontal rows called ranks. These squares alternate between two colours: one light, such as white, beige, or yellow; and the other dark, such as black or green. The board is set between the two opponents so that each player has a light-coloured…

Robert Siodmak: …familiar turf with the noirish The File on Thelma Jordan (1949), in which Barbara Stanwyck gave an acclaimed performance as a murder suspect; Wendell Corey played the district attorney who falls for her.

Internet: File sharing: College students have been at the leading edge of the growing awareness of the centrality of intellectual property in a digital age. When American college student Shawn Fanning invented Napster in 1999, he set in motion an ongoing legal battle over digital rights.…

file snake, (genus Gonionotophis), any of about 15 species of nonvenomous African snakes classified within the genus Gonionotophis (formerly Mehelya) in the family Lamprophiidae and known for their triangular body cross section and rough-keeled (ridged) scales. Most file snakes are less than 1

computer science: Information management: This file structure was particularly popular in the early days of computing, when files were stored on reels of magnetic tape and these reels could be processed only in a sequential manner. Sequential files are generally stored in some sorted order (e.g., alphabetic) for printing of…

FTP, computer application used in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to transfer files from one computer to another over a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet. First proposed by engineers in 1971 and developed for use on host computers at the Massachusetts

filefish, any of the shore-frequenting marine fishes of the family Monacanthidae, found in warm seas around the world. Close relatives of the triggerfishes, they are sometimes included with them in the family Balistidae. Filefishes are small-mouthed and flattened from side to side, and they have

humanism: Realism: …the work of Giannozzo Manetti, Francesco Filelfo, and Paracelsus; it is embodied eloquently in Montaigne’s final essay, “Of Experience.” Humanistic tradition, rather than revolutionary inspiration, would lead Francis Bacon to assert in the early 17th century that the passions should become objects of systematic investigation. The realism of the humanists…

Filene’s, a Boston department store that pioneered a number of retailing innovations. It was founded in 1881 by Prussian immigrant William Filene and his sons, Edward and Lincoln. Well-known for its high-quality fashion merchandise, Filene’s became famous for its Automatic Bargain Basement. This

Lincoln Filene was an American merchant and philanthropist, chairman of the department store William Filene’s Sons Company in Boston and of the chain of Federated Department Stores. Filene’s father, William Filene (originally Filehne), founded his speciality store in Boston in 1881 and turned it

Edward A. Filene was an American department-store entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social reformer. His father, William Filene (originally Filehne), emigrated from Prussia to the United States in 1848, opened (and closed) a series of stores in Massachusetts and New York, and finally, in 1881, set

Edward A. Filene was an American department-store entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social reformer. His father, William Filene (originally Filehne), emigrated from Prussia to the United States in 1848, opened (and closed) a series of stores in Massachusetts and New York, and finally, in 1881, set

Lincoln Filene was an American merchant and philanthropist, chairman of the department store William Filene’s Sons Company in Boston and of the chain of Federated Department Stores. Filene’s father, William Filene (originally Filehne), founded his speciality store in Boston in 1881 and turned it

Edward A. Filene: …was a coinventor of the Filene-Finlay simultaneous translator that was later used for the Nürnberg war crime trials and for sessions of the United Nations.

filet lace, (from French filet, “network”), knotted netting, either square or diamond mesh, that has been stretched on a frame and embroidered, usually with cloth or darning stitch. Of ancient origin, it was called opus araneum in the 14th century, lacis in the 16th, and in the 19th filet guipure

filet lace, (from French filet, “network”), knotted netting, either square or diamond mesh, that has been stretched on a frame and embroidered, usually with cloth or darning stitch. Of ancient origin, it was called opus araneum in the 14th century, lacis in the 16th, and in the 19th filet guipure

filet mignon, a slice of beef cut from the small, narrow end of the tenderloin, generally the most expensive steak on the market. Located at the top of a cow or steer just ahead of the hind legs, the tenderloin has few connective tissues and carries no weight, earning it the tender portion of its

Malta: Land: …islets of Kemmunett (Comminotto) and Filfla—lying some 58 miles (93 km) south of Sicily, 180 miles (290 km) north of Libya, and about 180 miles (290 km) east of Tunisia, at the eastern end of the constricted portion of the Mediterranean Sea separating Italy from the African coast.

therapeutics: Hematopoietic growth factors: Filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) is used to stimulate the production of white blood cells, which prevents infection in patients whose white blood cell count has diminished because of the effects of anticancer drugs. G-CSF also mobilizes stem cells, prompting them to enter the peripheral…

Latin American dance: Brazil: …of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé groups, Filhos de Gandhy, was founded in the 1940s as a way to exhibit themes of brotherhood, peace, and tolerance within an environment that was rife with discrimination. This group organized an all-male afoxé unit dressed as the followers of the Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi. Drumming…

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

Western architecture: Russia: …Intercession of the Virgin at Fili (1693) on the estate of Boyarin Naryshkin, whose name had become identified with this phase of the Russian Baroque.

animal learning: Circumstances that produce learning: For instance, the phenomenon of filial imprinting, first seriously analyzed by the Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz, appears to be a highly specialized form of learning in which a newborn animal (e.g., a chick, duckling, or gosling) rapidly learns to follow the first salient, moving object it sees. Normally this object…

xiao, in Confucianism, the attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one’s parents and elder family members that is the basis of individual moral conduct and social harmony. Xiao consists in putting the needs of parents and family elders over self, spouse, and children, deferring to parents’

bivalve: Internal features: …may be further qualified as filibranch, pseudolamellibranch, or eulamellibranch. In filibranchs the filaments are only weakly united by cilia, and often the ctenidium retains some inherent sorting mechanism. Collection and sorting of potential food has not yet been definitively ascribed to gills and labial palps, respectively. In the pseudolamellibranch ctenidium,…

A filibuster is a parliamentary means for blocking a legislative body’s vote on an issue. As Encyclopaedia Britannica explains, a filibuster is “used in the U.S. Senate by a minority of the senators—sometimes even a single senator—to delay or prevent parliamentary action by talking so long that the

filibuster, in legislative practice, the parliamentary tactic used in the U.S. Senate by a minority of the senators—sometimes even a single senator—to delay or prevent parliamentary action by talking so long that the majority either grants concessions or withdraws the bill. Unlike the U.S. House of

filibustering, originally, in U.S. history, the attempt to take over countries at peace with the United States via privately financed military expeditions, a practice that reached its peak during the 1850s. In U.S. legislative usage, the term refers to obstructive delaying tactics (see filibuster).

José Rizal: A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long…

Italian literature: Poetry and prose: …the century a patriotic sonneteer, Vincenzo da Filicaia, and Alessandro Guidi, who wrote exalted odes, were hailed as major poets and reformers of the excesses of the Baroque. Though they retained much of the earlier bombast, their consciousness of the need for rational reform led to the foundation of the…

fern: Annotated classification: Order Polypodiales (known as Filicales in some older literature) Suborder Lindsaeineae Family Lindsaeaceae (lace ferns) Plants mostly in soil or on rocks; rhizomes short- to long-creeping, hairy or scaly; leaves 1 to 3 times pinnately compound, usually

fern, (class Polypodiopsida), class of nonflowering, herbaceous vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spores. The number of known extant fern species is about 10,500, but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000, the number varying because certain

plant: Annotated classification: Polypodiopsida (leptosporangiate ferns) Vascular plants; sporophyte differentiated into stem (rhizome), roots, and leaves (fronds); leaves entire or, more often, divided; arrangement of vascular tissue in stem variable, primary growth only; sporangia usually clustered into sori, often located on the under (abaxial) surface of sporophylls; mostly…

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

filigree, delicate, lacelike ornamental openwork composed of intertwined wire threads of gold or silver, widely used since antiquity for jewelry. The art consists of curling, twisting, or plaiting fine, pliable metal threads and soldering them at their points of contact with each other and, if

Filing taxes can feel like a hassle, but not everyone needs to file a return. If you started a new job or are recently retired or unemployed, your income may be low enough that you’re not required to submit a return. Still, filing may be worth it—if taxes were withheld from your paycheck, you might

We all have to deal with some level of financial burden at some point in our lives. Most burdens are manageable; some are only just tolerable. But in the rare event that the weight of financial hardship goes from heavy to crushing, then sometimes, the dreaded prospect of bankruptcy may be your only

The start of the new year brings the trickle of forms for tax-filing season and the annual debate over whether to go it alone or opt to get some help in preparing your tax return. What’s certain is the April 15 filing deadline will arrive sooner than you might like. You may be among those wondering

Hervé Filion was a harness-race driver, trainer, and owner who was one of the most successful North American harness-racing drivers. Filion was born on his family’s farm, one of 10 children; many of his eight brothers, notably his younger brother Henri, also became harness drivers. Hervé left

Filioque, (Latin: “and the Son”), phrase added to the text of the Christian creed by the Western church in the Middle Ages and considered one of the major causes of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. The Filioque clause, inserted after the words “the Holy Spirit,…who proceeds from

Filioque, (Latin: “and the Son”), phrase added to the text of the Christian creed by the Western church in the Middle Ages and considered one of the major causes of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. The Filioque clause, inserted after the words “the Holy Spirit,…who proceeds from