Moldova: Independent Moldova: In January 2016 Pavel Filip was named prime minister, but he faced immediate calls for his resignation and the scheduling of early elections.

Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese. His conversion to Christianity enabled the Portuguese to extend their commercial influence into the African interior from their trading base in Mozambique on the East African coast.

João Pessoa, port city, capital of Paraíba estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated at an elevation of 148 feet (45 metres) above sea level on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte River, 11 miles (18 km) above its mouth, 75 miles (121 km) north of Recife, and about 100 miles [160 km]

Sandro Botticelli was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. His The Birth of Venus and La Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. Botticelli’s name is derived from that of his elder brother Giovanni, a pawnbroker who was called

Papua New Guinea: Ethnic groups: government sponsored the immigration of Filipinos in the 1970s to provide workers in skilled professions, and many entered business and intermarried locally. The unauthorized, illegal entry of other immigrants, notably from China, was an ongoing concern of the government in the early 21st century.

Philippi, hill town in the nomós (department) of Kavála, Greece, overlooking the coastal plain and the bay at Neapolis (Kavála). Philip II of Macedon fortified the Thasian settlement called Crenides in 356 bce to control neighbouring gold mines. He derived a fortune from the gold mines but treated

Yorgos Lanthimos: First film projects: …time he crossed paths with Efthymis Filippou, a copywriter whom he met through an advertising agency and who would become his long-term writing partner.

Western architecture: Sardinia and Corsica: …provided with a fortified arrangement; Filitosa, for example, had an elliptical surrounding wall, menhir statuary erected in a place of worship, and defensive towers.

information processing: Query languages: The fill-in-the-blank technique is one in which the user is prompted to enter key words as search statements. The structured query approach is effective with relational databases. It has a formal, powerful syntax that is in fact a programming language, and it is able to accommodate…

Ibn Waḥshīyah: …toxicologist alleged to have written al-Fillāḥah an-Nabaṭīyah (“Nabatean Agriculture”), a major treatise dealing with plants, water sources and quality, weather conditions, the causes of deforestation, soils and their improvement, crop cultivation, and other similar subjects. The Arabic text, although not original, having been derived mainly from Greek sources, especially from…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …first film Renoir directed was La Fille de l’eau (released 1924; Whirlpool of Fate), which again starred his wife. All of his early films were produced in a makeshift way, with technical clumsiness, a lack of means, and a certain amateurishness. Nevertheless, the instinctive genius of the filmmaker found expression…

Charles Lecocq: …Offenbach, especially known for his La Fille de Madame Angot.

Gaetano Donizetti: Success in Paris.: … La fille du régiment (The Daughter of the Regiment), which gained enormous popularity over the years through the performances of the leading sopranos of the day, including Jenny Lind, Adelina Patti, Marcella Sembrich, Emma Albani, and other divas of the 19th century. Later in the same year the Paris…

Dardenne brothers: …movie, La Fille inconnue (2016; The Unknown Girl), centres on a young doctor who, after refusing to open her clinic’s door for a woman who is subsequently murdered, launches her own investigation into the crime. For Le Jeune Ahmed (2019; Young Ahmed), the brothers were named best director at Cannes.…

Jean Dauberval: …choreographed, the best known was La Fille mal gardée (1789), in which Mlle Théodore (Marie-Madeleine Crespé), Dauberval’s wife and one of Noverre’s favourite ballerinas, created the leading role of Lise. La Fille mal gardée was both one of the first comic ballets and one of the first to include realistic…

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: The largest single radio telescope in the world is the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), located in a natural depression in Guizhou province in China. It was completed in 2016. FAST was designed to observe objects within 40° from the zenith.

plastic: Reinforcements: …can be incorporated as particulate fillers. (The use of long or even continuous fibres as reinforcement, especially with thermosets, is described below in Fibre reinforcement.) Incorporating large amounts of particulate filler during the making of plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene can increase their stiffness. The effect is less dramatic…

brazing: …and the addition of a filler metal. This filler metal, which has a lower melting point than the metals to be joined, is either pre-placed or fed into the joint as the parts are heated. In brazing parts with small clearances, the filler is able to flow into the joint…

surface coating: Filler, or extender, pigments: Extensive use is made of pigments to occupy volume in coatings, enhancing their mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties as well as reducing their cost. Filler pigments are differentiated from other pigments in that they usually have little or no effect on…

fillet, (from Latin filum, “thread”), in architecture, the characteristically rectangular or square ribbonlike bands that separate moldings and ornaments. Fillets are common in classical architecture (in which they also may be found between the flutings of columns) and in Gothic architecture. In

filling, in woven fabrics, the widthwise, or horizontal, yarns carried over and under the warp, or lengthwise, yarns and running from selvage to selvage. Filling yarns are generally made with less twist than are warp yarns because they are subjected to less strain in the weaving process and

clothing and footwear industry: Textile fabrics: Types of weft knitting are jersey, rib, purl, run resist, tuck stitch, and interlock. Types of warp knitting are tricot, milanese, and raschel simplex. The classifying is based on principles of linking the yarns in structuring the fabric.

If you’ve read even just a little about Medicare, you may have already come across the synonymous terms Medicare supplement insurance and Medigap. Supplement insurance is optional, and it’s relevant only for the roughly half of all Medicare recipients who enroll in original Medicare, which is

Fillmore, city, seat (1851) of Millard county, west-central Utah, U.S. It lies just west of the Pahvant Range (at an elevation of 5,061 feet [1,543 metres]), 95 miles (153 km) south-southwest of Provo. Settled in 1851, the city was named for U.S. President Millard Fillmore, who appointed Mormon

Lenny Bruce: …26, 1966, at San Francisco’s Fillmore Auditorium. Five weeks later, on August 3, he died of a morphine overdose in his Hollywood Hills home. In 2003, almost 40 years after his death, New York Governor George Pataki issued him an unprecedented posthumous pardon.

San Francisco ballrooms: …Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, Fillmore West, and Winterland: these four venues ushered in the modern era of rock show presentation and grew out of the hippie counterculture of San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district. The first multiband rock show was held at the Ark in Sausalito in 1965 and proved so…

Abigail Fillmore was the American first lady (1850–53), the wife of Millard Fillmore, 13th president of the United States. Powers was the last of the first ladies born in the 1700s. She was the daughter of Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland Powers. Her parents placed great

Harlem Hellfighters: Origins: An early addition was Charles Fillmore, a Spanish-American War veteran who had been instrumental in the campaign to establish an African American regiment. Fillmore was commissioned a captain and made a company commander. However, despite an endorsement from the New York Age, arguably the most influential African American newspaper…

Unity: …City, Missouri, in 1889 by Charles Fillmore (1854–1948), a real-estate agent, and his wife, Myrtle (1845–1931). Mrs. Fillmore believed that spiritual healing had cured her of tuberculosis. As a result, the Fillmores began studying spiritual healing. They were deeply influenced by Emma Curtis Hopkins, a former follower of Mary Baker…

Millard Fillmore was the 13th president of the United States (1850–53), whose insistence on federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 alienated the North and led to the destruction of the Whig Party. Elected vice president in 1848, he became chief executive on the death of President

Myrtle Page Fillmore was an American religious leader who, with her husband, founded Unity, a new religious movement that propounded a pragmatic healing and problem-solving faith. Mary Caroline Page, who later took the name Myrtle, grew up in a strict Methodist home. After a year at Oberlin College

France: The Hollande administration: …by Sarkozy’s former prime minister, François Fillon, a standard-bearer for France’s right-leaning provincial Roman Catholic population. Polls suggested that he likely would face the National Front’s Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election in May 2017.

horse: Form and function: …are called colts and females fillies.

advanced ceramics: Film deposition: …produced as thin or thick films. Thick films are commonly produced by paper-casting methods, described above, or by spin-coating. In spin-coating a suspension of ceramic particles is deposited on a rapidly rotating substrate, with centrifugal force distributing the particles evenly over the surface. On the other hand, truly thin films…

film, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement. A popular form of mass media, film is a remarkably

technology of photography: …scene being photographed onto a film coated with light-sensitive silver salts, such as silver bromide. A shutter built into the lens admits light reflected from the scene for a given time to produce an invisible but developable image in the sensitized layer, thus exposing the film.

electronics: Flat-panel displays: …a transparent yet electrically conducting film such as indium tin oxide. The film layer nearer the viewer is patterned, while the other layer is not. The space between the films is filled with a fluid with unusual electrical and optical properties, so that, if an electrical field is established between…

Samuel Beckett: The humour and mastery: Finally, his film script Film (1967) creates an unforgettable sequence of images of the observed self trying to escape the eye of its own observer.

dosimeter: The film badge is the most popular and inexpensive. In it, photographic or dental X-ray film, wrapped in light-tight paper, is mounted in plastic. Badges are checked periodically, and the degree of exposure of the film indicates the cumulative amount of radiation to which the wearer…

Roger Ebert on the future of the feature film: …receive a Pulitzer Prize for criticism, and he became one of the best-known American film critics through the television show he cohosted with Gene Siskel, eventually known simply as Siskel & Ebert. His essay on film in the 1978 edition of the Britannica publication The Great Ideas Today is long—more…

Lina Wertmüller: …Film d’amore e d’anarchia… (1973; Love and Anarchy), about an anarchist torn between his plot to assassinate Benito Mussolini and his love for a prostitute who has given him shelter in a Rome brothel. Wertmüller’s two finest films are Travolti da un insolito destino nell’azzurro mare d’agosto (1974; Swept Away),…

History of film: Pre-World War I European cinema: …in prewar France was the film d’art movement. It began with L’Assassinat du duc de Guise (“The Assassination of the Duke of Guise,” 1908), directed by Charles Le Bargy and André Calmettes of the Comédie Française for the Société Film d’Art, which was formed for the express purpose of transferring…

advanced ceramics: Film deposition: Advanced ceramics intended for electromagnetic and mechanical applications are often produced as thin or thick films. Thick films are commonly produced by paper-casting methods, described above, or by spin-coating. In spin-coating a suspension of ceramic particles is deposited on a rapidly rotating substrate,…

motion-picture technology: Principal parts: …in the speed of the film drive became necessary. For this and other reasons, the film drive in modern cameras is provided by an accurately controlled electric motor, which maintains the standardized sound speed of 24 frames per second.

Edwin S. Porter: …whose innovative use of dramatic editing (piecing together scenes shot at different times and places) in such films as The Life of An American Fireman (1903) and The Great Train Robbery (1903) revolutionized filmmaking.

film festival, gathering, usually annual, for the purpose of evaluating new or outstanding motion pictures. Sponsored by national or local governments, industry, service organizations, experimental film groups, or individual promoters, the festivals provide an opportunity for filmmakers,

motion-picture technology: Film: The 65-mm format is used chiefly for special effects and for special systems such as IMAX and Showscan. It was formerly used for original photography in conjunction with 70-mm release prints; now 70-mm theatrical films are generally shot in 35-mm and blown up in printing. With some…

surface coating: Polymer film-forming processes: …undergo what is known as film formation. In most film-formation processes, a liquid coating of relatively low viscosity is applied to a solid substrate and is cured to a solid, high-molecular-weight, polymer-based adherent film possessing the properties desired by the user. For most common applications, this film has a thickness…

Film Preservation: A Dire Need: This led to the Film Foundation, which I formed in 1990 with Woody Allen, Francis Ford Coppola, Stanley Kubrick, George Lucas, Sydney Pollack, Robert Redford, and Steven Spielberg. Since then, we’ve made possible the restoration of more than 800 films from around the world. During the ’90s and

film: Framing: The process of framing is intended to eliminate what is unessential in the motion picture, to direct the spectator’s attention to what is important, and to give it special meaning and force. Each frame of film, which corresponds in shape to the image projected…

film noir: Defining the genre: …sometimes designated as “semi-noir,” or film gris (“gray film”), to indicate their hybrid status.

motion-picture camera: Within the camera, the unexposed film is housed in a totally dark chamber called the forward magazine. One or both edges of the film are lined with regularly spaced perforations, or sprocket holes. Sprocket-driven gears grip these perforations, feeding the film into an enclosed exposure chamber. A mechanical claw pulls…

theatre music: Music for motion pictures: …as a basic element in filmmaking has gained recognition only since midcentury as something more than a means to heighten local colour or intensify emotional expression. In the early silent films, all kinds of music were recorded, classified, and adapted to fit different moods (Beethoven overtures for cowboy-Indian chases, for…

film noir, style of filmmaking characterized by such elements as cynical heroes, stark lighting effects, frequent use of flashbacks, intricate plots, and an underlying existentialist philosophy. The genre was prevalent mostly in American crime dramas of the post-World War II era. Early examples of

film: Preservation of film: The permanence of the motion-picture medium—the fact that film can be stored and reproduced indefinitely—makes it not only an enduring theatrical art but also a vivid record of past life. Despite the fact that motion pictures can theoretically last forever, relatively few…

The term “film preservation” now has an official ring to it. In one sense, that’s progress—it means that people take it seriously, which was not always the case. On the other hand, the fact that it has become official means that it has also ceased to be urgent, that the problem has been solved, and

technology of photography: Black-and-white processing and printing: Amateurs usually process films in developing tanks. In this type of development roll or miniature film is wound around a reel with a spiral groove, which keeps adjacent turns separated and allows access by the processing solutions. Once the tank…

Jean-Luc Godard: Later work and awards of Jean-Luc Godard: …experimental collage Film socialisme (2010; Film Socialism); and Adieu au langage (2014; Goodbye to Language), a fragmented narrative about a man, a woman, and a dog, filmed in 3-D. Le Livre d’image (2018; The Image Book) is a cinematic essay, featuring a montage of film clips, photographs, and wartime footage,…

New York Film Festival: …at Lincoln Center (formerly the Film Society of Lincoln Center) hosts the festival, and a selection committee of five people chooses the films from more than 1,500 entrants. The committee often privileges films that it thinks will challenge the audience. Because the process itself is so selective, the organization offers…

film: Film societies, film festivals, and awards: The Film Society of London, for example, was founded in 1925 by H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, Augustus John, John Maynard Keynes, and others who wanted to see French, German, and Soviet pictures that commercial exhibitors did not handle. The movement spread rapidly, and cinema…

speed: …(3) the sensitivity of the film to light.

Vanessa Redgrave: Movies from the 21st century: …misunderstanding (1953), and the movie Film Stars Don’t Die in Liverpool (2017), playing the mother of American actress Gloria Grahame. She then portrayed Juliana Bordereau, an elderly recluse living in a Venetian palazzo in The Aspern Papers (2018), a drama based on Henry James’s novelette (1888). Redgrave had previously portrayed…

motion-picture technology, the means for the production and showing of motion pictures. It includes not only the motion-picture camera and projector but also such technologies as those involved in recording sound, in editing both picture and sound, in creating special effects, and in producing

film theory, theory developed to explain the nature of motion pictures and how they produce emotional and mental effects on the audience. Film theory recognizes the cinema as a distinct art form. See also auteur theory. See also individual directors, such as François Truffaut and Sergey Eisenstein;

History of film, history of cinema, a popular form of mass media, from the 19th century to the present. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) The illusion of films is based on the optical phenomena known as persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. The first of these

technology of photography: The view, or technical, camera: …viewing and focusing) and sheet-film holders. The standards move independently on a rail or set of rails and are connected by bellows. Both standards can also be displaced laterally and vertically relative to each other’s centre and swung or tilted about horizontal and vertical axes. These features provide versatility…

stenciling: Another method, called the film-stencil method, employs stencils cut from a thin sheet of coloured lacquer laminated to a sheet of glassine paper. The design is cut only through the lacquer layer, and the finished stencil is fixed to the underside of the screen. The glassine paper is then…

motion-picture camera: …consists of a body, a film-transport system, lenses, shutter, and a viewing-focusing system. The motor-driven transport system is the chief element that differentiates motion-picture cameras from still cameras. Within the camera, the unexposed film is housed in a totally dark chamber called the forward magazine. One or both edges of…

Sir Robert Filmer was an English theorist who promoted an absolutist concept of kingship. Filmer was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at Lincoln’s Inn. He was knighted by Charles I and had a brother and a son at court. During the English Civil Wars his house in East Sutton was sacked,

Filmfare Awards, annual awards that recognize artistic and technical achievements in Indian cinema. The awards originally honored Bollywood, the Hindi-language film industry of India, but are now presented to films made in several regional languages. Winners receive a black statuette made of bronze

script, in motion pictures, the written text of a film. The nature of scripts varies from those that give only a brief outline of the action to detailed shooting scripts, in which every action, gesture, and implication is explicitly stated. Frequently, scripts are not in chronological order but in

photocomposition, method of assembling or setting type by photographing characters on film from which printing plates are made. The characters are developed as photographic positives on film or light-sensitive paper from a negative master containing all the characters; the film, carrying the

Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy fern family (order Hymenophyllales), containing 7 or more genera and some 600 species. The family is distributed in tropical regions around the world, with only a few species extending into the temperate zone. Members of Hymenophyllaceae are small delicate ferns and are

baklava: …Middle Eastern rich pastry of phyllo (filo) dough and nuts. Phyllo is a simple flour-and-water dough that is stretched to paper thinness and cut into sheets, a process so exacting that it is frequently left to commercial manufacturers. Baklava is among the most common sweets to serve for special occasions…

Yahoo!: …1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, graduate students at Stanford University in California. Yahoo! provides users with online utilities, information, and access to other websites.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Filobasidiales Pathogenic in humans, causing cryptococcosis, parasitic on fungi, insects, and humans, saprotrophic in soil and dung; mitosporic; asexual reproduction as yeasts, which are encapsulated, with colonies ranging in colour from cream to pink, yellow, or brown; sexual reproduction as teleomorph; example genera include Filobasidiella…

Giovanni Boccaccio: Early works: …themes derived from medieval romances: Il filocolo (c. 1336; “The Love Afflicted”), a prose work in five books on the loves and adventures of Florio and Biancofiore (Floire and Blanchefleur); and Il filostrato (c. 1338; “The Love Struck”), a short poem in ottava rima (a stanza form composed of eight…

Russian literature: Works reflecting Muscovite power: Particularly important is the monk Philotheus’ (Filofei’s) epistle to Vasily III (written between 1514 and 1521), which proclaimed that, with the fall of Constantinople (the second Rome), Moscow became the third (and last) Rome. Along with the title tsar (caesar) and the claim that Orthodox Russia was the only remaining…

bird: Feathers: Filoplumes are hairlike feathers with a few soft barbs near the tip. They are associated with contour feathers and may be sensory or decorative in function. Bristlelike, vaneless feathers occur around the mouth, eyes, and nostrils of birds. They are especially conspicuous around the gape…

protist: Pseudopodia: …found among amoeboids include the filopodia and the reticulopodia. The filopodia are hyaline, slender, and often branching structures in which contraction of microfilaments moves the organism’s body along the substrate, even if it is bearing a relatively heavy test or shell. Reticulopodia are fine threads that may not only branch…

protist: Pseudopodia: …found among amoeboids include the filopodia and the reticulopodia. The filopodia are hyaline, slender, and often branching structures in which contraction of microfilaments moves the organism’s body along the substrate, even if it is bearing a relatively heavy test or shell. Reticulopodia are fine threads that may not only branch…

Giovanni Boccaccio: Early works: …Biancofiore (Floire and Blanchefleur); and Il filostrato (c. 1338; “The Love Struck”), a short poem in ottava rima (a stanza form composed of eight 11-syllable lines) telling the story of Troilus and the faithless Criseida. The Teseida (probably begun in Naples and finished in Florence, 1340–41) is an ambitious epic…

Bulgaria: World War II: …government under a notorious Germanophile, Bogdan Filov, and moved steadily closer to the German orbit. This was especially the case after Germany and the Soviet Union, then allied by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, forced Romania to restore the southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in August 1940.

filovirus, any virus belonging to the family Filoviridae. Filoviruses have enveloped virions (virus particles) appearing as variably elongated filaments that are about 80 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in diameter and generally between 650 and 1,400 nm in length. The virions are pleomorphic (varying in

filovirus, any virus belonging to the family Filoviridae. Filoviruses have enveloped virions (virus particles) appearing as variably elongated filaments that are about 80 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in diameter and generally between 650 and 1,400 nm in length. The virions are pleomorphic (varying in

Marburgvirus, genus of viruses in family Filoviridae, known for causing severe disease in humans and other primates. One species has been described, Marburg marburgvirus (formerly Lake Victoria marburgvirus), which is represented by two viruses, Ravn virus (RAVV) and Marburg virus (MARV). In

Francis Bebey: …Le Fils d’Agatha Moudio (Agatha Moudio’s Son, 1971), was published in 1967. Critics found the work a carefully constructed masterpiece of burlesque, and it won the Grand Prix Littéraire de l’Afrique Noire. The following year Embarras et Cie: nouvelles et poèmes (nine short stories, each accompanied by a poem)…

Mouloud Feraoun: Le Fils du pauvre (1950; “The Poor Man’s Son”) is a semiautobiographical story of a Berber youth struggling against poverty and hardship to achieve an education and self-advancement. The portrayal of the simple life in the mountains is filled with nobility, human compassion, and a…

comédie larmoyante: , Dorval; or, The Test of Virtue). The comédie larmoyante also set the stage for the appearance of melodrama in the late 18th century.

George Balanchine: The European years: …and Le Fils prodigue (The Prodigal Son, 1929).

Dardenne brothers: …2002 by Le Fils (The Son). In 2005, with L’Enfant (The Child), the brothers for the second time in six years won the Palme d’Or. Only filmmakers Emir Kusturica and Imamura Shohei had previously won twice. L’Enfant explores life in a poverty-stricken, gritty, industrial region of French-speaking southern Belgium.…

Kentucky Derby: History: …far back as 1784, when John Filson published The Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke. Although horses did not figure prominently in his book, Filson described in glowing terms the landscape, climate, and natural resources of what are now the eastern and central parts of the state.

absorption: …band of wavelengths are called filters.

filter, in photography, device used to selectively modify the component wavelengths of mixed (e.g., white) light before it strikes the film. Filters may be made of coloured glass, plastic, gelatin, or sometimes a coloured liquid in a glass cell. They are most often placed over the camera lens but

filter: …increase is known as the filter factor. Modern cameras with built-in meters measure the light after the filtration and thus take the decrease in intensity into account.

filter feeding, in zoology, a form of food procurement in which food particles or small organisms are randomly strained from water. Filter feeding is found primarily among the small- to medium-sized invertebrates but occurs in a few large vertebrates (e.g., flamingos, baleen whales). In bivalves

filtration: Filter types: …cloth is known as the filter press. This is a batch-operated filter that is used when the filter capacities involved do not warrant investment in more expensive continuous pressure or vacuum filters. The plate-and-frame filter press requires the least floor space per unit of filtering area and usually involves the…

attention: Selective attention: Is an individual able to attend to more than one thing at a time? There is little dispute that human beings and other animals selectively attend to some of the information available to them at the expense of the remainder. One reason advanced…

filter-pressing, process that occurs during the crystallization of intrusive igneous bodies in which the interstitial liquid is separated from the crystals by pressure. As crystals grow and accumulate in a magmatic body, a crystal mesh may be formed, with the remaining liquid distributed in the

Jim Broadbent: …devious bipolar police officer in Filth (2013) and a police detective in the television miniseries The Great Train Robbery (2013), about the famous British heist that occurred in 1963.