• fist hatchet (tool)

    Acheulean industry: …characteristic Acheulean tools are termed hand axes and cleavers. Considerable improvement in the technique of producing hand axes occurred over the long period; anthropologists sometimes distinguish each major advance in method by a separate number or name. Early Acheulean tool types are called Abbevillian (especially in Europe); the last Acheulean…

  • Fist of God, The (novel by Forsyth)

    Frederick Forsyth: >The Fist of God (1994), Icon (1996; TV movie 2005), Avenger (2003; TV movie 2006), The Kill List (2013), and The Fox (2018). Among his short-story collections were No Comebacks (1982) and The Veteran (2001). Many of his novels and

  • Fiste, Erma Louise (American humorist)

    Erma Bombeck was an American humorist who turned her views of daily life in the suburbs into satirical newspaper columns and such best-selling books as I Lost Everything in the Post-Natal Depression (1973); The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank (1976), which was adapted (1978) into a

  • Fistful of Dollars, A (film by Leone [1964])

    A Fistful of Dollars, Italian western film, released in 1964, that popularized the “spaghetti western” subgenre and was a breakthrough movie for director Sergio Leone and star Clint Eastwood. A mysterious stranger (played by Eastwood) drifts into a small Mexican town only to find a virtual war

  • Fists of Fury (film by Lo Wei [1971])

    Bruce Lee: ], or The Big Boss [Hong Kong English title]) and Jing wu men (1972; The Chinese Connection [U.S.], or Fist of Fury [Hong Kong English title]).

  • fistula (pathology)

    fistula, abnormal duct or passageway between organs. Fistulas can form between various parts of the body, including between the uterus and the peritoneal cavity (metroperitoneal, or uteroperitoneal, fistula), between an artery and a vein (arteriovenous fistula), between the bronchi and the pleural

  • Fistulariida (fish)

    cornetfish, (family Fistulariida), any of about four species of extremely long and slim gasterosteiform fishes that constitute the genus Fistularia. They are found in tropical and temperate nearshore marine waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans that are characterized by soft bottoms

  • Fistulina hepatica (Polyporales species)

    Agaricales: Other families and genera: Fistulina hepatica, commonly called beefsteak fungus, is an edible species found in the autumn on oaks and other trees, on which it causes a stain called brown oak. Its common name is derived from its colour, which resembles that of raw beef.

  • fistulotomy (surgery)

    fistula: …repaired through a procedure called fistulotomy, in which the passageway of the fistula is opened and combined with the anal canal. Fistulas of the vagina can be repaired by intravaginal surgery; in severe cases, reconstructive surgery is necessary to rebuild damaged tissues. Fibrin glue, which is typically made from the…

  • fit (literature)

    fit, in literature, a division of a poem or song, a canto, or a similar division. The word, which is archaic, is of Old English date and has an exact correspondent in Old Saxon fittea, an example of which occurs in the Latin preface of the Heliand. It probably represents figurative use of a common

  • FIT (diagnostic test)

    colorectal cancer: Diagnosis: A fecal immunochemical test (FIT) may also be used to detect the presence of blood in the stool. FIT tests can be completed at home and then mailed to a laboratory for testing. Results are sent to the patient’s physician. If colorectal cancer is suspected, the…

  • FITA (sports organization)

    archery: History: …with the founding of the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA; Federation of International Target Archery) in Paris.

  • FITA round (archery)

    FITA round, in the sport of archery, a form of target shooting competition used in international and world championship events, authorized by the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA), the world governing body of the sport. The round consists of 144 arrows, 36 at each of 4 distances. For

  • FITA World Outdoor Target Archery Champions

    The Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA; Federation of International Target Archery) was organized in 1931. Since then, world championship archery matches have been held on an annual or biennial basis (except during World War II). FITA target distances are 90, 70, 50, and 30 metres (295,

  • fitch (fur industry)

    fitch, fur trade name for the polecat, especially the European, or common,

  • Fitch, Bill (American basketball coach)

    Cleveland Cavaliers: Coached by Bill Fitch and playing in the antiquated Cleveland Arena, the Cavs finished their first season with the worst record in the league, a frustrating exercise that was epitomized by John Warren unwittingly shooting at and scoring in the opponent’s basket during one game. The team’s…

  • Fitch, Clyde (American playwright)

    Clyde Fitch was an American playwright best known for plays of social satire and character study. Fitch graduated from Amherst College in 1886. In New York City he began writing short stories for magazines. A prolific writer, he produced 33 original plays and 22 adaptations, including Beau Brummel

  • Fitch, Dennis (American pilot)

    United Airlines Flight 232: Dennis Fitch, a United Airlines DC-10 training instructor, was a passenger in the first-class section, and he volunteered to help. Haynes instructed Fitch to operate the thrusters that powered the two remaining engines, which gave very minimal control over the aircraft’s direction and orientation, while…

  • Fitch, John (American industrialist)

    John Fitch was a pioneer of American steamboat transportation who produced serviceable steamboats before Robert Fulton. Fitch served in the American Revolution (1775–83) and later surveyed land along the Ohio River. Settling in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1785, he became interested in building

  • Fitch, Lucy (American writer)

    Lucy Fitch Perkins was an American writer of children’s books, best remembered for her Twins series of storybooks that ranged in setting among different cultures and times. Lucy Fitch attended the Museum of Fine Arts School in Boston (1883–86). She worked as an illustrator for the Prang Educational

  • Fitch, Ralph (British explorer)

    Ralph Fitch was a merchant who was among the first Englishmen to travel through India and Southeast Asia. In February 1583, together with John Newberry, John Eldred, William Leedes, and James Story, Fitch embarked in the Tiger and reached Syria in late April. (Act I, scene 3 of William

  • Fitch, Val Logsdon (American physicist)

    Val Logsdon Fitch was an American particle physicist who was corecipient, with James Watson Cronin, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1980 for experiments conducted in 1964 that disproved the long-held theory that particle interaction should be indifferent to the direction of time. Fitch’s early

  • Fitch, William Clyde (American playwright)

    Clyde Fitch was an American playwright best known for plays of social satire and character study. Fitch graduated from Amherst College in 1886. In New York City he began writing short stories for magazines. A prolific writer, he produced 33 original plays and 22 adaptations, including Beau Brummel

  • Fitchburg (Massachusetts, United States)

    Fitchburg, city, Worcester county, north-central Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Mohawk Trail scenic highway and a branch of the Nashua River, just northwest of Leominster and about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Boston. The site was first settled in 1740; originally known as Turkey Hills, it

  • fitchet (mammal)

    ferret, either of two species of carnivores, the common ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and the black-footed ferret (M. nigripes), belonging to the weasel family (Mustelidae). The common ferret is a domesticated form of the European polecat, which it resembles in size and habits and with which it

  • Fitinghoff, Laura (Swedish author)

    children’s literature: National and modern literature: …realistic breakthrough was achieved by Laura Fitinghoff, whose historical novel about the famine of the 1860s, Barnen från Frostmofjället (1907; Eng. trans., Children of the Moor, 1927), ranks as a classic.

  • Fitna (motion picture)

    Geert Wilders: …the next year he produced Fitna (“Strife”), a controversial short film that interlaces passages from the Qurʾān with graphic images of Islamist terrorist attacks. Unable to find a commercial distributor for Fitna, Wilders released the film on the Internet. He then embarked on a promotional tour and made headlines in…

  • fitnah (Islamic history)

    fitnah, in Islamic usage, a heretical uprising—especially the first major internal struggle within the Muslim community, which resulted in both civil war (656–661 ce) and religious schism between the Sunnis and the Shiʿah. The third caliph, ʿUthmān (reigned 644–656), a member of the Umayyad family

  • fitness centre (health and recreation)

    gymnasium: …20th century by the terms health club and fitness centre.

  • Fitness of the Environment, The (book by Henderson)

    Lawrence Joseph Henderson: Henderson wrote two philosophical works, The Fitness of the Environment (1913) and The Order of Nature (1917), in which he argued that the planet’s natural environment is perfectly suited for the development of life. Furthermore, he felt that “unique physical properties of matter” made a steadily increasing variety of chemical…

  • fitness walking (exercise)

    walking: Recreational and fitness walking: Organized noncompetitive walking is extremely popular in the United States and Europe. Millions participate for the relaxation and exercise it offers. Walking for recreation or fitness is differentiated from hiking by its shorter distances, less challenging settings, and the lack of need for…

  • fitness, Darwinian (biology)

    kin selection: …play when evaluating the genetic fitness of a given individual. It is based on the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). Kin selection occurs when…

  • Fito, Mount (mountain, Samoa)

    Upolu: …3,608 feet (1,100 metres) at Mount Fito, in O Le Pupu-Puʿe National Park (1978). The island has a densely forested interior, fertile coastal soils, and a wet tropical climate; the endangered flying fox and several types of tropical birds are found there. The port of Apia, the main commercial and…

  • Fitrat, Abdalrauf (author)

    Tajikistan: Literature: They included Abdalrauf Fitrat, whose dialogues Munazärä (1909; The Dispute) and Qiyamät (1923; Last Judgment) have been reprinted many times in Tajik, Russian, and Uzbek, and Sadriddin Ayni, known for his novel Dokhunda (1930; The Mountain Villager) and for his autobiography, Yoddoshtho (1949–54; published in English as…

  • fits, theory of (optics)

    physical science: Optics: …attempted to explain by his theory of fits of easy transmission and fits of easy reflection. Notwithstanding the fact that he generally conceived of light as being particulate, Newton’s theory of fits involves periodicity and vibrations of ether, the hypothetical fluid substance permeating all space (see above).

  • Fitter (Soviet aircraft)

    attack aircraft: …West by the NATO-assigned name Fitter), a single-seat, single-engine aircraft that entered service in the late 1950s and was progressively improved after that time. Soviet development efforts culminated in the late 1970s and ’80s with the MiG-27 Flogger-D and the Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot, both of which remained staples in the…

  • fittest, survival of the (biology)

    survival of the fittest, term made famous in the fifth edition (published in 1869) of On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin, which suggested that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing. Darwin borrowed the term from

  • Fittig, Rudolf (German chemist)

    Rudolf Fittig was a German organic chemist who contributed vigorously to the flowering of structural organic chemistry during the late 19th century. After studying for his Ph.D. (1856-58) under Friedrich Wöhler at the University of Göttingen, Fittig was assistant to Wöhler, then became professor at

  • Fitton, Mary (literary subject)

    Mary Fitton was an English lady considered by some to be the still-mysterious “dark lady” of William Shakespeare’s sonnets, though her authenticated biography does not suggest acquaintance with him. The identification is now discounted in most serious scholarship. She became maid of honour to

  • Fitts, Dudley (American teacher, critic, poet and translator)

    Dudley Fitts was an American teacher, critic, poet, and translator, best known for his contemporary English versions of classical Greek works. While a student at Harvard University (B.A., 1925), Fitts edited the Harvard Advocate, which published his first writings. His poetry and criticism also

  • Fitz Roy, Mount (mountain, Argentina)

    Los Glaciares National Park: Mount Fitz Roy (11,073 feet [3,375 meters]) is the highest point in the park. Wildlife includes guanacos, chinchillas, pudu and guemal (two species of small deer), condors, and rheas. The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1981.

  • Fitz, Reginald H. (American physician)

    appendicitis: …acute appendicitis was American physician Reginald H. Fitz in 1886. His article, “Perforating Inflammation of the Vermiform Appendix with Special Reference to Its Early Diagnosis and Treatment,” was published in the American Journal of Medical Science and led to the recognition that appendicitis is one of the most common causes…

  • Fitz-Boodle (British author)

    William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist whose reputation rests chiefly on Vanity Fair (1847–48), a novel of the Napoleonic period in England, and The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. (1852), set in the early 18th century. Thackeray was the only son of Richmond Thackeray, an administrator

  • Fitz-Gerald, Sarah (Australian athlete)

    Sarah Fitz-Gerald is an Australian squash rackets player who dominated the sport in the early years of the 21st century and retired at the top of her game. Fitz-Gerald grew up in Melbourne. Her mother was a four-time Australian Open squash champion who became a coach. Fitz-Gerald’s potential was

  • Fitz-James, Duc de (English noble and marshal of France)

    James Fitzjames, duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed was an English nobleman and marshal of France who was a leading military commander in the French service in the earlier wars of the 18th century. Fitzjames was the “illegitimate” son of James, duke of York (later King James II of England), and Arabella

  • Fitzalan family (Scottish family)

    Scotland: David I (1124–53): …Ayrshire and Lauderdale, and the Fitzalans, who became hereditary high stewards and who, as the Stewart dynasty, were to inherit the throne in Renfrewshire. (After the 16th century the Stewart dynasty was known by its French spelling, Stuart.) Such men were often given large estates in outlying areas to bolster…

  • Fitzalan, Henry (English noble)

    Henry Fitzalan, 12th earl of Arundel was a prominent English lord during the reign of the Tudors, implicated in Roman Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth I. Son of William Fitzalan (1483–1544), the 11th earl, he succeeded to the earldom in 1544. He took part in the siege of Boulogne (1544) and

  • Fitzalan, Richard (English noble)

    Richard Fitzalan, 4th earl of Arundel was one of the chief opponents of Richard II. He began as a member of the royal council during the minority of Richard II and about 1381 was made one of the young king’s governors. About 1385 he joined the baronial party led by the King’s uncle, Thomas of

  • Fitzalan, Thomas (English noble)

    Thomas Fitzalan Arundel, 11th earl of Surrey was the only surviving son of Richard Fitzalan, the 4th earl, and a champion of Henry IV and Henry V of England. King Richard II made him a ward of John Holland, duke of Exeter, from whose keeping he escaped about 1398 and joined his uncle, Archbishop

  • Fitzalan, Walter (English noble)

    Renfrewshire: In 1314 Walter Fitzalan, high steward of Scotland, who resided in Renfrew, married Marjory, daughter of King Robert the Bruce and mother of Robert II. In 1404 Robert III designated the barony of Renfrew and the Stuart estates a separate county.

  • Fitzcarraldo (film by Herzog [1982])

    Werner Herzog: …ship over a mountain for Fitzcarraldo. Herzog’s subject matter has often led to such offbeat casting choices as dwarfs in Auch Zwerge haben klein angefangen and Bruno S., a lifelong inmate of prisons and mental institutions, in The Mystery of Kaspar Hauser and Stroszek.

  • FitzClarence, Charles (British brigadier general)

    First Battle of Ypres: The Battle of the Yser and the main German attack: Charles FitzClarence and delivered by the 2nd Battalion Worcestershire Regiment against Gheluvelt from the north drove the Germans out of the village. Later in the day this success was confirmed by another counterattack on a larger scale organized and directed by Maj. Gen. Edward Bulfin.…

  • Fitzempress, Henry (king of England)

    Henry II was the duke of Normandy (from 1150), count of Anjou (from 1151), duke of Aquitaine (from 1152), and king of England (from 1154), who greatly expanded his Anglo-French domains and strengthened the royal administration in England. His quarrels with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury,

  • Fitzgerald (Georgia, United States)

    Fitzgerald, city, seat (1906) of Ben Hill county, south-central Georgia, U.S., about 80 miles (130 km) south of Macon. It was settled in 1895 after the governor of Georgia, William J. Northern, sponsored a relief train to Midwesterners suffering from a severe drought. Philander H. Fitzgerald of

  • Fitzgerald, Barry (Irish actor)

    And Then There Were None: Cast:

  • FitzGerald, Edward (British author)

    Edward FitzGerald was an English writer, best known for his Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, which, though it is a very free adaptation and selection from the Persian poet’s verses, stands on its own as a classic of English literature. It is one of the most frequently quoted of lyric poems, and many of

  • Fitzgerald, Ella (American singer)

    Ella Fitzgerald was an American jazz singer who became world famous for the wide range and rare sweetness of her voice. She became an international legend during a career that spanned some six decades. As a child, Fitzgerald wanted to be a dancer, but when she panicked at an amateur contest in 1934

  • Fitzgerald, Ella Jane (American singer)

    Ella Fitzgerald was an American jazz singer who became world famous for the wide range and rare sweetness of her voice. She became an international legend during a career that spanned some six decades. As a child, Fitzgerald wanted to be a dancer, but when she panicked at an amateur contest in 1934

  • Fitzgerald, F. Scott (American writer)

    F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American short-story writer and novelist famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age (the 1920s). His most brilliant work, The Great Gatsby (1925), has been called the Great American Novel. Fitzgerald’s private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became

  • Fitzgerald, Francis Scott Key (American writer)

    F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American short-story writer and novelist famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age (the 1920s). His most brilliant work, The Great Gatsby (1925), has been called the Great American Novel. Fitzgerald’s private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became

  • FitzGerald, Garret (prime minister of Ireland)

    Garret FitzGerald was the taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland (June 1981–March 1982, December 1982–March 1987), as leader of the Fine Gael party in coalition with the Labour Party. FitzGerald was born into a political family of revolutionary persuasions during the infancy of the Irish Free State;

  • FitzGerald, Garret Michael (prime minister of Ireland)

    Garret FitzGerald was the taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland (June 1981–March 1982, December 1982–March 1987), as leader of the Fine Gael party in coalition with the Labour Party. FitzGerald was born into a political family of revolutionary persuasions during the infancy of the Irish Free State;

  • FitzGerald, George Francis (Irish physicist)

    George Francis FitzGerald was a physicist who first suggested a method of producing radio waves, thus helping to lay the basis of wireless telegraphy. He also developed a theory, now known as the Lorentz–-FitzGerald contraction, which Einstein used in his own special theory of relativity.

  • FitzGerald, James (New Zealand politician)

    New Zealand: Responsible government: Henry Sewell and James FitzGerald, of Canterbury, led the representatives in this struggle; heading the opposition against them was Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who, having first moved the resolution for responsible government, then secretly opposed it while serving as extra-official adviser to the acting governor. The Colonial Office (which…

  • Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice (Irish noble)

    James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald was an Irish Roman Catholic nobleman who led two unsuccessful uprisings against English rule in the province of Munster in southwest Ireland. In 1568, following the arrest and imprisonment of his cousin Gerald Fitzgerald, 14th earl of Desmond, on charges of resisting

  • Fitzgerald, Lord Edward (Irish rebel)

    Lord Edward Fitzgerald was an Irish rebel renowned for his gallantry and courage. He was a leading conspirator behind the uprising of 1798 against British rule in Ireland. The son of James Fitzgerald, 1st duke of Leinster, he joined the British army and in 1781 fought against the colonists in the

  • Fitzgerald, P. A. (British philosopher)

    animal rights: Animals and the law: Repeating the phrase, P.A. Fitzgerald’s 1966 treatise Salmond on Jurisprudence declared, “The law is made for men and allows no fellowship or bonds of obligation between them and the lower animals.” The most important consequence of this view is that animals have long been categorized as “legal things,”…

  • Fitzgerald, Patrick (American lawyer)

    Patrick Fitzgerald is an American lawyer who, as the U.S. attorney (Northern District of Illinois) in Chicago (2001–12) and as a special prosecutor, supervised a number of high-profile investigations in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Fitzgerald was born to Irish immigrant parents in New York City.

  • Fitzgerald, Patrick J. (American lawyer)

    Patrick Fitzgerald is an American lawyer who, as the U.S. attorney (Northern District of Illinois) in Chicago (2001–12) and as a special prosecutor, supervised a number of high-profile investigations in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Fitzgerald was born to Irish immigrant parents in New York City.

  • Fitzgerald, Penelope (British author)

    Penelope Fitzgerald was an English novelist and biographer noted for her economical, yet evocative, witty, and intricate works often concerned with the efforts of her characters to cope with their unfortunate life circumstances. Although she did not begin writing until she was in her late 50s, she

  • Fitzgerald, Peter (United States senator)

    Carol Moseley Braun: …seat to her Republican challenger, Peter Fitzgerald. From 1999 to 2001 she served as U.S. ambassador to New Zealand. She unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party presidential nomination in 2004. Moseley Braun subsequently founded (2005) an organic food company. In 2010 she announced that she would run for mayor of Chicago,…

  • FitzGerald, R.D. (Australian poet)

    R.D. FitzGerald was an Australian poet known for his technical skill and seriousness. FitzGerald studied science at the University of Sydney but left after two years to become a surveyor in Fiji. During World War II he worked on engineering surveys in New South Wales, then with the Department of

  • Fitzgerald, Robert (American poet)

    Robert Fitzgerald was an American poet, educator, and critic who was best known for his translations of Greek classics. Fitzgerald grew up in Springfield, Illinois, and attended Harvard University, from which he received a B.A. in 1933. He worked as a journalist at the New York Herald Tribune

  • FitzGerald, Robert David (Australian poet)

    R.D. FitzGerald was an Australian poet known for his technical skill and seriousness. FitzGerald studied science at the University of Sydney but left after two years to become a surveyor in Fiji. During World War II he worked on engineering surveys in New South Wales, then with the Department of

  • Fitzgerald, Robert Stuart (American poet)

    Robert Fitzgerald was an American poet, educator, and critic who was best known for his translations of Greek classics. Fitzgerald grew up in Springfield, Illinois, and attended Harvard University, from which he received a B.A. in 1933. He worked as a journalist at the New York Herald Tribune

  • Fitzgerald, Rose Elizabeth (American political figure)

    Rose Kennedy was an American political figure who, as the matriarch of the Kennedys, a family that created a political dynasty in the United States, drew on her Roman Catholic faith to endure what she characterized as a life of agonies and ecstasies. Though she held no political position herself,

  • Fitzgerald, Roy (American actor)

    Rock Hudson was an American actor noted for his good looks and movie roles during the 1950s and ’60s and popular television series in the 1970s. A well-liked actor of modest talent, Hudson was one of the first known Hollywood celebrities to die of AIDS-related complications; the extensive publicity

  • Fitzgerald, Thomas, 10th Earl of Kildare (Irish leader)

    Thomas Fitzgerald, 10th earl of Kildare was the leader of a major Irish rebellion against King Henry VIII of England. The failure of the uprising ended the Fitzgerald family’s hereditary viceroyalty of Ireland and led to the tightening of English control over the country. When his father, the Irish

  • Fitzgerald, Zelda (American writer and artist)

    Zelda Fitzgerald was an American writer and artist, best known for personifying the carefree ideals of the 1920s flapper and for her tumultuous marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Zelda was the youngest daughter of Alabama Supreme Court Justice Anthony Dickinson Sayre and Minnie Buckner Machen Sayre.

  • Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, The (work by Goodwin)

    Doris Kearns Goodwin: Goodwin’s next book, The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (1987), was a best seller and was made into a television miniseries in 1990, but in 2002 it became publicly known that the book contained unattributed quotations from author Lynne McTaggart. Goodwin maintained that her plagiarism was unintentional and was…

  • Fitzgibbon, Catherine (American Roman Catholic nun)

    Sister Irene Fitzgibbon was an American Roman Catholic nun who established programs in New York City for the welfare of foundling children and unwed mothers. Fitzgibbon immigrated to the United States with her parents in 1832 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In 1850 she entered the novitiate of

  • Fitzgibbon, Sister Irene (American Roman Catholic nun)

    Sister Irene Fitzgibbon was an American Roman Catholic nun who established programs in New York City for the welfare of foundling children and unwed mothers. Fitzgibbon immigrated to the United States with her parents in 1832 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In 1850 she entered the novitiate of

  • Fitzgibbons, Sally (Australian surfer)

    Sally Fitzgibbons is an Australian surfer who combined power and finesse to win 12 individual surfing events on the professional tour during her career. She is also the first surfer to win four individual gold medals (2008, 2018, 2021, and 2024) at the International Surfing Association (ISA) World

  • FitzHamon, Robert (Norman landowner)

    Cardiff: The Norman landowner Robert FitzHamon built a fortification within the remains of the Roman fort, possibly as early as 1081. Cardiff Castle became the base of the lords of Glamorgan, governing the county on behalf of the English crown for the next 450 years. By 1150 a stone…

  • Fitzhenry, Henry (king designate of England)

    Henry The Young King was the second son of King Henry II of England by Eleanor of Aquitaine; he was regarded, after the death of his elder brother, William, in 1156, as his father’s successor in England, Normandy, and Anjou. In 1158 Henry, only three years of age, was betrothed to Margaret,

  • Fitzherbert, Maria (British consort)

    Maria Fitzherbert was the secret wife of the prince of Wales, the future George IV of Great Britain. Of an old Roman Catholic family, she was educated at a French convent. Her first marriage, in 1775, was to Edward Weld, who died within a year, and her second, in 1778, was to Thomas Fitzherbert,

  • Fitzherbert, Maria Anne (British consort)

    Maria Fitzherbert was the secret wife of the prince of Wales, the future George IV of Great Britain. Of an old Roman Catholic family, she was educated at a French convent. Her first marriage, in 1775, was to Edward Weld, who died within a year, and her second, in 1778, was to Thomas Fitzherbert,

  • Fitzjames, James (English noble and marshal of France)

    James Fitzjames, duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed was an English nobleman and marshal of France who was a leading military commander in the French service in the earlier wars of the 18th century. Fitzjames was the “illegitimate” son of James, duke of York (later King James II of England), and Arabella

  • FitzMary, Simon (English sheriff)

    Bedlam: …outside the London wall, by Simon FitzMary, former sheriff of London; it was then known as the Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (from which sprang the variant spellings Bedlam and Bethlem). Bedlam was mentioned as a hospital in 1329, and some permanent patients were accommodated there by 1403. In…

  • Fitzmaurice, George (film director)

    The Son of the Sheik: Production notes and credits:

  • Fitzneale, Richard (English bishop)

    Richard Fitzneale was the bishop of London and treasurer of England under kings Henry II and Richard I and author of the Dialogus de scaccario (“Dialogue of the Exchequer”). Fitzneale was the son of Nigel, bishop of Ely (1133), and the great nephew of Roger, bishop of Salisbury, who had organized

  • FitzOsbern, William, 1st Earl of Hereford, Seigneur de Bréteuil (French noble)

    William FitzOsbern, 1st earl of Hereford was a Norman soldier and lord, one of William the Conqueror’s closest supporters. The son of Osbern (or Obbern) de Crépon, seneschal of Normandy, FitzOsbern himself became seneschal of Normandy and in 1060 was given the lordship and castle of Bréteuil. He

  • FitzOsbern, William, 1st Earl Of Hereford, Seigneur De Bréteuil (French noble)

    William FitzOsbern, 1st earl of Hereford was a Norman soldier and lord, one of William the Conqueror’s closest supporters. The son of Osbern (or Obbern) de Crépon, seneschal of Normandy, FitzOsbern himself became seneschal of Normandy and in 1060 was given the lordship and castle of Bréteuil. He

  • FitzOsbert, William (English crusader)

    William FitzOsbert was an English crusader and populist, a martyr for the poorer classes of London. A London citizen of good family, FitzOsbert took part in the English expedition against the Muslims in Portugal (1190). On his return he made himself leader of the common people of London against the

  • Fitzpatrick, Cathryn (Australian cricketer)

    28 Notable Women Cricketers: Cathryn Fitzpatrick: Cathryn Fitzpatrick was one of the fastest bowlers in women’s cricket during her career. She played a key role in two Australian women’s ODI World Cup winning sides, in 1997 and 2005. Her 180 women’s ODI wickets are an Australian record. Fitzpatrick also…

  • Fitzpatrick, Cathryn Lorraine (Australian cricketer)

    28 Notable Women Cricketers: Cathryn Fitzpatrick: Cathryn Fitzpatrick was one of the fastest bowlers in women’s cricket during her career. She played a key role in two Australian women’s ODI World Cup winning sides, in 1997 and 2005. Her 180 women’s ODI wickets are an Australian record. Fitzpatrick also…

  • Fitzpatrick, Sean (New Zealand athlete)

    Sean Fitzpatrick is a New Zealand rugby union football player who was a powerful and mobile hooker who came to be regarded by many as the all-time greatest at his position. At the time of his retirement in 1997, Fitzpatrick had appeared in more Test (international) matches than any other forward in

  • Fitzroy River (river, Western Australia, Australia)

    Fitzroy River, river in northern Western Australia. It rises in the Durack Range in east Kimberley and traces a 325-mile (525-kilometre) course that flows southwest through the rugged King Leopold Ranges and the Geikie Gorge (where many freshwater crocodiles are found) and turns northwest through

  • Fitzroy River (river, Queensland, Australia)

    Fitzroy River, river in eastern Queensland, Australia, formed by the confluence of the Dawson and Mackenzie rivers, on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range. The united stream flows northeast across the Broadsound Range and then southeast through distributaries to enter Keppel Bay of the Coral Sea

  • Fitzroy, Augustus Henry (prime minister of United Kingdom)

    Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd duke of Grafton was the 3rd duke of Grafton and a British prime minister (1768–70). He was a prominent figure in the period of the American Revolutionary War. Grandson of the 2nd duke, Charles Fitzroy (1683–1757), and great-grandson of the 1st, he was educated at