Roman road system: …northwest to Genua (Genoa); the Via Flaminia, running north to the Adriatic, where it joined the Via Aemilia, crossed the Rubicon, and led northwest; the Via Valeria, east across the peninsula by way of Lake Fucinus (Conca del Fucino); and the Via Latina, running southeast and joining the Via Appia…

priesthood: Ancient Greece and Rome: The flaminica, the wife of the flamen Dialis, participated in his sacredness and official status, and so vital was her association with him and his office that if she died he ceased to perform his functions.

Titus Quinctius Flamininus was a Roman general and statesman who established the Roman hegemony over Greece. Flamininus had a distinguished military career during the Second Punic War, serving as military tribune under Marcus Claudius Marcellus in 208 bc. Elected quaestor (financial administrator)

Gaius Flaminius was a Roman political leader who was one of the earliest to challenge the senatorial aristocracy by appealing to the people. The Romans called this stance acting as a popularis, or man of the people. The most important Roman historical sources, Polybius (2nd century bc) and Livy

flame thrower: The smaller Flammenwerfer, light enough to be carried by one man, used gas pressure to send forth a stream of flaming oil for a distance of about 20 yards (18 metres). The larger model, based on the same principle, was cumbersome to transport but had a range…

John Flamsteed was the founder of the Greenwich Observatory, and the first astronomer royal of England. Poor health forced Flamsteed to leave school in 1662. He studied astronomy on his own and later (1670–74) continued his education at the University of Cambridge. In 1677 he became a member of the

custard: Flan, or crème caramel, is a custard baked in a dish coated with caramelized sugar that forms a sauce when the custard is unmolded. For crème brûlée, the baked custard is sprinkled with sugar that is caramelized under a broiler or with a hot iron…

coin: Medieval minting: Alterations in the flan (the coin disk, a term deriving from the French flatir, “to beat flat”) led to corresponding changes in the manufacture of dies. In about ad 220 the Sāsānian dynasty of Iran introduced the concept of thin flan coins, issues that were struck in relief…

John J. Flanagan was an Irish-American athlete, the first Olympic hammer throw champion, who won three Olympic gold medals and set 14 world records. A powerfully built man, standing 5 feet 8 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighing 220 pounds (100 kg), Flanagan demonstrated versatility in athletic events

Richard Flanagan is an Australian writer who is known for a series of critically acclaimed works, including the novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North (2013). He is widely considered “the finest Australian novelist of his generation.” Flanagan was raised in Rosebery, a remote mining town in the

Richard Flanagan is an Australian writer who is known for a series of critically acclaimed works, including the novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North (2013). He is widely considered “the finest Australian novelist of his generation.” Flanagan was raised in Rosebery, a remote mining town in the

heraldry: Ordinaries: The flaunch, or flanch, is a segment of a circle drawn from the top of the shield to the base. The lozenge is a parallelogram having equal sides and two acute and two obtuse angles, and a mascle is a lozenge voided. Lozengy is the field…

Celtic literature: Verse: …up the saga material, while Fland Mainistrech collected the work of generations of filid who had labored to synchronize Ireland’s history with that of the outside world. Equally important is a great collection of place lore, written in prose and verse, called the Dindshenchas, which gave appropriate legends to famous…

Flanders, medieval principality in the southwest of the Low Countries, now included in the French département of Nord (q.v.), the Belgian provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders (qq.v.), and the Dutch province of Zeeland (q.v.). The name appeared as early as the 8th century and is believed to

Flanders, region that constitutes the northern half of Belgium. Along with the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region, the self-governing Flemish Region was created during the federalization of Belgium, largely along ethnolinguistic lines, in the 1980s and ’90s. Its elected government has

corn poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), annual (rarely biennial) plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The plant has been introduced into Australia, New Zealand, and North America and is one of the most commonly cultivated garden poppies. The corn poppy is also

Jean Ray was a Belgian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist who is known for his crime fiction and narratives of horror and the fantastic in both French and Flemish (Dutch). De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919–40). He began to publish

Belgium: Relief, drainage, and soils: …the Schelde is the low-lying plain of Flanders, which has two main sections. Maritime Flanders, extending inland for about 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km), is a region of newly formed and reclaimed land (polders) protected by a line of dunes and dikes and having largely clay soils.…

Pierre-Étienne Flandin was a lawyer, politician, and several times a minister during the final years of France’s Third Republic. Flandin was a deputy from 1914 to 1940 and, in addition, held various ministerial posts. He also served as premier from November 1934 to May 1935. When in March 1936 the

Flanders, medieval principality in the southwest of the Low Countries, now included in the French département of Nord (q.v.), the Belgian provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders (qq.v.), and the Dutch province of Zeeland (q.v.). The name appeared as early as the 8th century and is believed to

Belgium: …northern and northeastern provinces (West Flanders, East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen], Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual

Belgium: (West Flanders, East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen], Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual but majority French-speaking Brussels-Capital

Flanders: …Flanders lay in the pagus Flandrensis, an area composed of Brugge (Bruges) and its immediate environs under the administration of the Frankish empire. At first Flandrensis was an inconspicuous district, but beginning in the 9th century, a remarkable line of Flemish counts succeeded in erecting a quasi-independent state on the…

Holocene Epoch: Continental shelf and coastal regions: …where it was named the Flandrian Transgression by Georges Dubois in 1924.

loin: …more or less synonymous with flank, or that portion of the body bounded by the lower ribs, the backbone, and the pelvis.

tactics: Combined infantry and cavalry: …troops came the heavy phalanx, flanked by cavalry on both sides. The action would start with each side’s light troops trying to drive the opponents back upon their phalanx, thus throwing it into disorder. Meanwhile, the cavalry stood on both sides. Usually one wing, commanded either by the king in…

Sukhoi Su-27, Russian air-superiority fighter plane, introduced into the air forces of the Soviet Union beginning in 1985 and now one of the premier fighters of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, India, China, and Vietnam. Versions of the plane are built under license in

ship: Ship maneuvering and directional control: …with a pair of “flanking rudders” for each propeller. These are positioned forward of the propeller, one on each side of the shaft.

John Bernard Flannagan was an American sculptor notable for his technique of direct carving and for his sculptures of animals, birds, fish, and birth themes. Flannagan trained as a painter at the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Institute of Arts (now the Minneapolis College of Art and Design) and

flannel, fabric made in plain or twill weave, usually with carded yarns. It is napped, most often on both sides, the degree of napping ranging from slight to so heavy that the twill weave is obscured. Fibre composition and amount of napping are dependent on the intended use. Flannel is a relatively

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Megalopygidae (flannel moths) 240 species in Central and South America; larvae similar to those of Limacodidae, but with normal prolegs and traces of additional ones; setae very toxic and nettling. Family Zygaenidae (burnet and forester moths) More than 1,000 species, mainly in subtropical and tropical Asia

flannelbush, (Fremontodendron californicum), shrub of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), native to southwestern North America. The lower leaf surfaces have a felty texture. The shrub grows up to 5 metres (16 feet) tall and bears alternate, lobed leaves about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long. The

Hildegarde Flanner was an American poet, essayist, and playwright known for her traditional poems that conjured images of nature and the California landscape and spoke to her passion for the environment. Flanner was the youngest of three daughters born to Francis William and Mary Ellen Hockett

Janet Flanner was an American writer who was the Paris correspondent for The New Yorker magazine for nearly half a century. Flanner was the child of Quakers. She attended the University of Chicago in 1912–14 and then returned to Indianapolis and took a job with the Indianapolis Star, becoming the

Hildegarde Flanner was an American poet, essayist, and playwright known for her traditional poems that conjured images of nature and the California landscape and spoke to her passion for the environment. Flanner was the youngest of three daughters born to Francis William and Mary Ellen Hockett

Tim Flannery is an Australian zoologist and outspoken environmentalist who was named Australian of the Year in 2007 in recognition of his role as an effective communicator in explaining environmental issues and in bringing them to the attention of the Australian public. (Read E.O. Wilson’s

Tim Flannery is an Australian zoologist and outspoken environmentalist who was named Australian of the Year in 2007 in recognition of his role as an effective communicator in explaining environmental issues and in bringing them to the attention of the Australian public. (Read E.O. Wilson’s

Elie Nadelman: In 1919 Nadelman married Viola Spiess Flannery, a wealthy socialite, and the couple, folk-art enthusiasts, opened the Museum of Folk and Peasant Art (later called the Museum of Folk Arts) in Riverdale, New York, in 1926. During the Great Depression, however, the Nadelmans lost their wealth and were forced…

plastic surgery: Grafts and flaps: …blood supply and are called flaps. The pioneering work of Australian plastic surgeon Ian Taylor led to the characterization of angiosomes—the networks of blood vessels that supply flaps—which has allowed for rational matching of flaps to defects. Flaps may be transferred from neighbouring tissue, or they may be disconnected from…

transplant: Flaps: Flaps as used by Tagliacozzi are particularly valuable if adipose (fat) tissue as well as skin has been lost. This is because flaps are thicker than skin grafts; they consist of the full thickness of skin, with fascia and fat, or may also contain…

fluid mechanics: Lift: …take the form of hinged flaps that are lowered at takeoff. Lowering the flaps increases K and therefore also the lift, but the flaps need to be raised when the aircraft has reached its cruising altitude because they cause undesirable drag. The circulation and the lift can also be increased…

flap, in phonetics, a consonant sound produced by a single quick flip of the tongue against the upper part of the mouth, often heard as a short r in Spanish (e.g., in pero, “but”) and similar to the pronunciation of the sound represented by the double letter in American English “Betty” and some

Pembroke table, light, drop-leaf table designed for occasional use, probably deriving its name from Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke (1693–1751), a noted connoisseur and amateur architect. The table has two drawers and flaps on either side that can be raised by brackets on hinges (known as

harbours and sea works: Entrances: …the sliding caisson and the flap gate, or box gate, are perhaps the most popular. The sliding caisson is usually housed in a recess, or camber, at the side of the entrance and can be drawn aside or hauled across with winch and wire rope gear to open and close…

flap-footed lizard, (family Pygopodidae), any of approximately 40 species of lizards that make up the seven genera of the family Pygopodidae. Confined to Australia and southern New Guinea, these lizards have elongated bodies and tails, a transparent scale (or spectacle) over the eye similar to

flapper, young woman known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional societal constraints. Flappers are predominantly associated with the late 1910s and the ’20s in the United States. A typical flapper chose dresses that were of a straight style,

flare, combustible device used to emit a dazzlingly bright light for signaling or illumination on railroads and highways and in military operations. In pyrotechnics the term is applied either to a coloured-fire composition burned in a loose heap or to a similar composition rolled into a paper case

solar flare, sudden intense brightening in the solar corona, usually in the vicinity of a magnetic inversion near a sunspot group. The flare develops in a few minutes, or even seconds, and may last several hours. High-energy particles, electron streams, hard X-rays, and radio bursts are often

petroleum refining: Flares: One of the prominent features of every oil refinery and petrochemical plant is a tall stack with a small flame burning at the top. This stack, called a flare, is an essential part of the plant safety system. In the event of equipment failure…

flare star, any star that varies in brightness, sometimes by more than one magnitude, within a few minutes. The cause is thought to be the eruption of flares much larger than, but otherwise similar to, those observed on the Sun. Flare stars are sometimes called UV Ceti stars, from a prototype star

markhor: The flare-horned markhor (C. f. falconeri) occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India; the straight-horned markhor (C. f. megaceros) lives in Afghanistan and Pakistan; and the Bukharan markhor (C. f. heptneri) is present in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. All subspecies are considered endangered to critically endangered.…

Jeff Beck: Flash (1985), produced by Nile Rodgers, was Beck’s most commercial release. It contained the Grammy Award-winning track “Escape,” as well as a cover of the Impressions’ “People Get Ready,” which featured Stewart on vocals and became Beck’s first hit single. In later years Beck maintained…

Adobe Flash, animation software produced by Adobe Systems Incorporated from 2005 to 2020. The development of Adobe Flash software can be traced back to American software developer Jonathan Gay’s first experiments with writing programs on his Apple II computer in high school during the 1980s. Before

boiler: The flash boiler may not require a steam drum, because the tubes operate at such high temperatures that the feed water flashes into steam and superheats before leaving the tubes. The largest units are found in the central-station power plants of public utilities. Units of substantial…

candling, egg-grading process in which the egg is inspected before a penetrating light in a darkened room for signs of fertility, defects, or freshness. First used to check embryo development in eggs being incubated, candling is used in modern commercial egg production primarily to rate quality.

cereal processing: Starch from tubers: The flash type of dryer, using hot air, is widely employed for starches derived from both tubers and cereals. Sulfurous acid is generally introduced into the process to prevent the development of various microorganisms.

flood: …of this variability is the flash flood, a sudden, unexpected torrent of muddy and turbulent water rushing down a canyon or gulch. It is uncommon, of relatively brief duration, and generally the result of summer thunderstorms or the rapid melting of snow and ice in mountains. A flash flood can…

Flash Gordon, spaceman hero of the science-fiction comic strip Flash Gordon, created in 1934 by illustrator Alex Raymond and writer Don Moore as a Sunday feature for King Features Syndicate. Intended to compete with the popular comic strip Buck Rogers (which it soon surpassed in popularity), the

flash lamp, any of several devices that produce brief, intense emissions of light useful in photography and in the observation of objects in rapid motion. The first flash lamp used in photography was invented in Germany in 1887; it consisted of a trough filled with Blitzlichtpulver (“flashlight

canals and inland waterways: Medieval revival: …developed with the construction of stanches, or flash locks, in the weirs (dams) of water mills and at intervals along the waterways. Such a lock could be opened suddenly, releasing a torrent that carried a vessel over a shallow place. The commercially advanced and level Low Countries developed a system…

flash memory, data-storage medium used with computers and other electronic devices. Unlike previous forms of data storage, flash memory is an EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory) form of computer memory and thus does not require a power source to retain the data. Flash

Internet: Instant broadcast communication: “Flash mobs”—groups of strangers who are mobilized on short notice via websites, online discussion groups, or e-mail distribution lists—often take part in bizarre though usually harmless activities in public places, such as engaging in mass free-for-alls around the world on Pillow Fight Day.)

chemical kinetics: Measuring fast reactions: and George Porter, was the flash-photolysis method, for which Norrish and Porter won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1967. In this technique a flash of light of high intensity but short duration brings about the formation of atomic and molecular species, the reactions of which can be studied kinetically…

flash point, the lowest temperature at which a liquid (usually a petroleum product) will form a vapour in the air near its surface that will “flash,” or briefly ignite, on exposure to an open flame. The flash point is a general indication of the flammability or combustibility of a liquid. Below the

flash lamp: The first flash lamp used in photography was invented in Germany in 1887; it consisted of a trough filled with Blitzlichtpulver (“flashlight powder”), a mixture of magnesium, potassium chlorate, and antimony sulfide. Upon ignition the powder burned quickly, providing a brilliant white light, but it also released…

metallurgy: Matte smelting: Flash smelting is a relatively recent development that has found worldwide acceptance. It is an autogenous process, using the oxidation of sulfides in an unroasted charge to supply the heat required to reach reaction temperatures and melt the feed material. The most widely used furnace…

military communication: The advent of electrical signaling: Vice Admiral Philip Colomb’s flash signaling, adopted in the British navy in 1867, was an adaptation of the Morse code to lights. The first application of the telegraph in time of war was made by the British in the Crimean War in 1854, but its capabilities were not well…

metallurgy: Matte smelting: Flash smelting is a relatively recent development that has found worldwide acceptance. It is an autogenous process, using the oxidation of sulfides in an unroasted charge to supply the heat required to reach reaction temperatures and melt the feed material. The most widely used furnace…

flash spectrum, array of wavelengths detectable in the emissions from the limb of the Sun during the flash periods of a few seconds just after the beginning of totality during a solar eclipse or just before the instant of its termination. When the solar photosphere is occulted by the Moon, the

artillery: Target acquisition: Flash spotting relied upon observers noting the azimuth of gun flashes and plotting these so as to obtain intersections. Both methods were highly effective, and sound ranging remained a major means of target acquisition for the rest of the century. Flash spotting fell into disuse…

geothermal energy: Electric power generation: …power plants, built around the flash steam and binary cycle designs, use a mixture of steam and heated water (“wet steam”) extracted from the ground to start the electrical generation process. Given that the excess water vapor at the end of each process is condensed and returned to the ground,…

flashtube, electric discharge lamp giving a very bright, very brief burst of light, useful in photography and engineering. See flash

the Flash, American comic strip superhero created for DC Comics by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert. The character first appeared in Flash Comics no. 1 (January 1940). In the Flash’s origin story, student Jay Garrick is experimenting one night in the lab at Midwestern University when he

Michael Keaton: Later work: Dopesick and Beetlejuice Beetlejuice: …Batman for the superhero film The Flash (2023). In 2024 he reunited with Tim Burton for Beetlejuice Beetlejuice, a sequel to the 1988 film. Other returning cast mates included Winona Ryder and Catherine O’Hara.

metallurgy: Reduction smelting: …the QSL (Queneau-Schuhmann-Lurgi) and the KIVCET (a Russian acronym for “flash-cyclone-oxygen-electric smelting”). In the QSL reactor a submerged injection of shielded oxygen oxidizes lead sulfide to lead metal, while the KIVCET is a type of flash-smelting furnace in which fine, dried lead sulfide concentrate combines with oxygen in a shaft…

Tohono O’odham: …instead practicing a form of flash-flood farming. After the first rains, they planted seeds in the alluvial fans at the mouths of washes that marked the maximum reach of the water after flash floods. Because the floods could be heavy, it was necessary for the seeds to be planted deeply,…

flashback, in motion pictures and literature, narrative technique of interrupting the chronological sequence of events to interject events of earlier occurrence. The earlier events often take the form of reminiscence. The flashback technique is as old as Western literature. In the Odyssey, most of

flashbulb, one-time light bulb giving a single bright burst of light, used in photography. See flash

Jerry Bruckheimer: …his first major success with Flashdance (1983), which he coproduced with Don Simpson. The two men formed a production company and went on to create a string of blockbusters, including the comedy Beverly Hills Cop (1984), which featured Eddie Murphy, Top Gun (1986), which established Tom Cruise as a star,

Irene Cara: Fame, Flashdance, and pop music stardom: …film’s joyful theme song “Flashdance…What a Feeling,” which hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and remained there for six weeks. Later that year she released her most popular album, What a Feelin’, featuring “Flashdance…What a Feeling” and the hit song “Breakdance,” which peaked at number 8…

stained glass: Developments in the 14th century: …new technique, the abrasion of flashed glass. Ruby glass, whose unique composition made this technique possible, was a laminated glass, although it appears to be coloured intrinsically throughout like all of the other glass in the early windows. Because the metallic agent used to produce its colour was so dense,…

Jāmī: …his mystical treatise Lava’iḥ (Flashes of Light), a clear and precise exposition of the Ṣūfī doctrines of waḥdat al-wujūd (the existential unity of Being), together with a commentary on the experiences of other famous mystics.

geyser: …exceeds its boiling point and flashes into steam, forcing more water from the conduit and lowering the pressure further. This chain reaction continues until the geyser exhausts its supply of boiling water.

brick and tile: Natural colours: The process is known as flashing, and in general the change of colour of the bricks is only on the surface, the body of the unit retaining its natural colour. Some metals, such as manganese, are mixed with the clays to develop special colours.

lighthouse: Identification: This is known as a flashing light. Alternatively, it may exhibit groups of two, three, or four flashes, with a short eclipse between individual flashes and a long eclipse of several seconds between successive groups. The whole pattern is repeated at regular intervals of 10 or 20 seconds. These are…

eye disease: Floaters, blind spots, and flashes: Flashing lights in the field of vision are caused by stimulation of the retina by mechanical means. Most commonly this occurs when the vitreous degenerates and pulls slightly on its attachments to the retina. Similar symptoms also arise when the retina becomes torn or detached,…

flashlight fish, any of three species of fishes in the family Anomalopidae (order Beryciformes), characterized by the presence of luminescent organs just below the eye. They are among the few species of non-deep-sea fishes to possess such organs. Bioluminescent bacteria create the light

flash lamp: The first flash lamp used in photography was invented in Germany in 1887; it consisted of a trough filled with Blitzlichtpulver (“flashlight powder”), a mixture of magnesium, potassium chlorate, and antimony sulfide. Upon ignition the powder burned quickly, providing a brilliant white light, but it also released…

military technology: The matchlock: …contact with powder in the flashpan, a small, saucer-shaped depression surrounding the touchhole atop the barrel. This arrangement made it possible for one gunner to aim and fire, and it was quickly improved on. The first and most basic change was the migration of the touchhole to the right side…

flashtube, electric discharge lamp giving a very bright, very brief burst of light, useful in photography and engineering. See flash

standing to sue: Supreme Court noted in Flast v. Cohen (1968) that “the issue of standing is related only to whether the dispute sought to be adjudicated will be presented in an adversary context and in a form historically viewed as capable of judicial resolution.” Clearly, a plaintiff who claims physical injury…

playa, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the ground water system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom

dice: Cheating with dice: …odds and is called a shape, a brick, or a flat. For example, a cube that has been shaved down on one or more sides so that it is slightly brick-shaped will tend to settle down most often on its larger surfaces, whereas a cube with bevels, on which one…

accidental: …note by a semitone; a flat (♭) lowers it by a semitone; a natural (♮) restores it to the original pitch. Double sharps (×) and double flats (♭♭) indicate that the note is raised or lowered by two semitones. Sharps or flats that are placed at the beginning of a…

flat and round characters, characters as described by the course of their development in a work of literature. Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work. By contrast, round characters are complex and undergo

flat bark beetle, (family Cucujidae), any of approximately 500 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) that are red, yellow, or brown and easily recognized by their narrow, flattened bodies. Cucujids can be found throughout the world. Most are less than 13 mm (0.5 inch) in length and are

Kootenay River, stream in western North America, rising in the Rocky Mountains west of Banff, Alta., Can. It flows southward through Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Can., breaking out of the Rockies to flow generally south in the Rocky Mountain trench. It swings southward into Montana,

agricultural technology: Primary tillage equipment: …of furrows, it is called flat broken. If land is broken in alternate back furrows and dead furrows, it is said to be bedded or listed.

flat bug, (family Aradidae), any of about 1,000 species of small, flat, dark-coloured insects (order Heteroptera) that are usually found under stones, in crevices in dead or dying trees, or under loose bark. Nearly all flat bugs range in size from 3 to 11 mm (0.12 to 0.43 inch) and feed on fungi