De La Soul: …by Ghostface Killah, Common, and Flavor Flav. In 2006 De La Soul and the virtual group Gorillaz shared the Grammy Award for best pop collaboration with vocals for the song “Feel Good Inc.” De La Soul subsequently issued several mixtapes before releasing the Kickstarter-funded And the Anonymous Nobody (2016), a…

flavouring, any of the liquid extracts, essences, and flavours that are added to foods to enhance their taste and aroma. Flavourings are prepared from essential oils, such as almond and lemon; from vanilla; from fresh fruits by expression; from ginger by extraction; from mixtures of essential oils

Alanis Morissette: Morissette’s other recordings included Flavors of Entanglement (2008); Havoc and Bright Lights (2012), which featured lush textures and a spiritual focus; and the simmering, introspective Such Pretty Forks in the Road (2020).

flavor, attribute of a substance that is produced by the senses of smell, taste, and touch and is perceived within the mouth. Tasting occurs chiefly on the tongue through the taste buds. The taste buds are stimulated by five fundamental taste sensations—sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

flavour, in particle physics, property that distinguishes different members in the two groups of basic building blocks of matter, the quarks and the leptons. There are six flavours of subatomic particle within each of these two groups: six leptons (the electron, the muon, the tau, the

flavouring, any of the liquid extracts, essences, and flavours that are added to foods to enhance their taste and aroma. Flavourings are prepared from essential oils, such as almond and lemon; from vanilla; from fresh fruits by expression; from ginger by extraction; from mixtures of essential oils

heterocyclic compound: Six-membered rings with one heteroatom: The flavylium cation is the parent of the anthocyanidines, substances that in chemical combination with sugars form the anthocyanin pigments, the common red and blue colouring matters of flowers and fruits. The colour range from yellow to reddish orange is provided by anthoxanthins, which constitute a…

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: Patrick White’s Flaws in the Glass (1981) was of particular interest. Malouf and Koch both wrote a volume of essays, and these too were interesting for the light they shed upon the writers as well as being fine examples of the essay form. Travel writing continued to…

flax, (Linum usitatissimum), flowering plant cultivated both for its fiber, from which linen yarn and fabric are made, and for its nutritious seeds, called flaxseed or linseed, from which linseed oil is obtained. Though flax has lost some of its value as a commercial fiber crop owing to the

Linaceae, the flax family, comprising about 14 genera of herbaceous plants and shrubs, in the order Malpighiales, of cosmopolitan distribution. The genus Linum includes flax, perhaps the most important member of the family, grown for linen fibre and linseed oil and as a garden ornamental.

community ecology: Gene-for-gene coevolution: …wild flax (Linum marginale) and flax rust (Melampsora lini) in Australia. Local populations of flax plants and flax rust harbour multiple matching genes for resistance and avirulence. The number of genes and their frequency within local populations fluctuate greatly over time as coevolution continues. In small populations, the resistance genes…

Max Liebermann: In works such as The Flax Spinners (1887), Liebermann did for German painting what Millet had done for French art, portraying scenes of rural labour in a melancholy, yet unsentimental, manner.

John Flaxman was an English sculptor, illustrator, and designer, a leading artist of the Neoclassical style in England. As a youth, Flaxman worked in his father’s plaster-casting studio in London while studying Classical literature, which was to be a continual source of inspiration. In 1770 he

flaxseed, edible seeds harvested from flax (Linum usitatissimum) plants, used as a health food and as a source of linseed, or flaxseed, oil. Consumed as food by the ancient Greeks and Romans, flaxseed has reemerged as a possible “superfood” because of its high dietary fibre and omega-3 fatty acid

linseed oil, edible and industrial vegetable oil made from the seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseeds and food-grade linseed oil (called flaxseed oil in some places) are considered to have health benefits and are ingested as a food. Lower quality linseed oil, which typically has a

Bobby Flay is an American chef, restaurateur, and television personality who was best known for his frequent appearances on the cable station Food Network, where he first garnered attention as one of the original competitors on Iron Chef America. Flay, who grew up on New York City’s Upper East

Bobby Flay is an American chef, restaurateur, and television personality who was best known for his frequent appearances on the cable station Food Network, where he first garnered attention as one of the original competitors on Iron Chef America. Flay, who grew up on New York City’s Upper East

Noam Chomsky: Philosophy of mind and human nature: …computational system alone, whereas the faculty in the broad sense (FLB) includes perceptual-articulatory systems (for sound and sign) and conceptual-intentional systems (for meaning). These are the systems with which the computational system interacts at its interfaces. Regarding evolution, the authors point out that, although there are homologues and analogs in…

Damon Albarn: …the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ Flea on bass.

flea, (order Siphonaptera), any of a group of bloodsucking insects that are important carriers of disease and can be serious pests. Fleas are parasites that live on the exterior of the host (i.e., are ectoparasitic). As the chief agent transmitting the Black Death (bubonic plague) in the Middle

flea beetle, (subfamily Alticinae), any member of a subfamily of leaf beetles found worldwide. Flea beetles are important pests of cultivated plants: the adults feed on the leaves and the larvae on the roots. Some flea beetles carry plant diseases such as early potato blight. They are unrelated to

flea market, event where vendors sell used and antique goods. Flea markets often take place outside or in large contained spaces. Vendors are generally asked to pay a set fee to display their goods in a designated area or stall. In some states a seller’s permit or license is required to sell goods

fourth wall: …Off (1986) and the series Fleabag (2016–19) were widely celebrated for their skillful use of the concept.

fleabane, any of the plants of the genus Erigeron of the family Asteraceae, order Asterales, containing about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs native primarily to temperate parts of the world. Some species are cultivated as rock garden or border ornamentals, especially E.

Cabinda: …of various factions of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) as well as other groups, which were fighting for Cabindan independence from Angola. In 2004 some of the groups formed an umbrella organization, Cabinda Forum for Dialogue (which also included civil and religious groups), and…

flèche, in French architecture, any spire; in English it is an architectural term for a small slender spire placed on the ridge of a church roof. The flèche is usually built of a wood framework covered with lead or occasionally copper and is generally of rich, light, delicate design, in which

metalwork: Pewter: …technique known in German as Flecheln, in which the straight line made by the burin is broken up into a series of long or short zigzag strokes. The last method makes the design look fuller and broader and also makes it stand out more sharply. This type of decoration first…

hard-target munition: …long thin rod called a fléchette surrounded by a casing (or sabot) that allows the round to fit into the barrel of the firing weapon. After the round is fired, the sabot falls away, and the fléchette continues to the target. Upon impact, the nose of the fléchette splits in…

Béla Fleck is an American musician recognized as one of the most inventive and commercially successful banjo players of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Throughout his career, Fleck garnered more than a dozen Grammy Awards in multiple categories—including pop, jazz, classical crossover, and

Béla Fleck is an American musician recognized as one of the most inventive and commercially successful banjo players of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Throughout his career, Fleck garnered more than a dozen Grammy Awards in multiple categories—including pop, jazz, classical crossover, and

Richard Flecknoe was an English poet, dramatist, and traveller, whose writings are notable for both the praise and the ridicule they evoked. Flecknoe was possibly a Jesuit of Irish extraction. The most authentic information about him is contained in his Relation of Ten Years’ Travels in Europe,

Béla Fleck: The Flecktones: …in 1988, Fleck assembled the Flecktones, the group with which he would record most consistently for the next two decades. The original lineup of the band included harmonica and keyboard player Howard Levy, bassist Victor Wooten, and drummer Roy (“Futureman”) Wooten. Levy left the Flecktones in 1992, and the group…

inflection, in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. English inflection indicates noun plural (cat, cats), noun case (girl, girl’s, girls’), third person singular

frog and toad: Direct development from egg to froglet: In Flectonotus and Fritziana the eggs are contained in one large basinlike depression in the back, whereas in other genera, such as the Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) and its relatives, each egg occupies its own individual depression. In Hemiphractus gill-like structures and cords similar to those…

Bricriu’s Feast, in early Irish literature, a comic, rowdy account of rivalry between Ulster warriors. One of the longest hero tales of the Ulster cycle, it dates from the 8th century and is preserved in The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100). Bricriu, the trickster, promises the hero’s portion of his

Die Fledermaus, operetta by the Austrian composer Johann Strauss the Younger (German libretto by Carl [or Karl] Haffner and Richard Genée) that premiered in Vienna on April 5, 1874. It is the best-known stage work by Strauss, whose fame rested mainly on his ballroom dance pieces. Die Fledermaus was

Octavia E. Butler: …of the Talents (1998), and Fledgling (2005). Butler’s short story Speech Sounds won a Hugo Award in 1984, and her story Bloodchild, about human male slaves who incubate their alien masters’ eggs, won both Hugo and Nebula awards. Her collection Bloodchild and Other Stories was published in 1995. That same…

John Dyer: Dyer’s longest poem, The Fleece (1757), a blank-verse poem on the subject of tending sheep, is a typically 18th-century attempt to imitate Virgil’s Georgics. Dyer also wrote The Ruins of Rome (1740), which again combines description and meditation.

military unit: …which in turn form a fleet. For operations, however, many navies organize their vessels into task units (3–5 ships), task or battle groups (4–10 ships), task forces (2–5 task groups), and fleets (several task forces).

admiral: Navy a fleet admiral ranks with a general of the army or general of the air force. Admiral ranks with general and vice admiral with lieutenant general. The upper half of the rear admirals’ list rank with major generals, the lower half with brigadier generals. Rank insignia…

rackets: History.: In Fleet Prison the game was well established by the middle of the 18th century, and in the new Fleet of 1782 it achieved such popularity that its fame spread to taverns and other public houses. Robert Mackey, an inmate of Fleet, is listed as the…

Spanish treasure fleet, from the 16th to the 18th century, Spanish convoy of ships transporting European goods to the Spanish colonies in the Americas and transporting colonial products, especially gold and silver, back to the mother country. Beginning in the 1560s, shipping between Spain and the

Paul Cadmus: …that program that he painted The Fleet’s In! (1934), a work of social satire that depicts sailors on shore leave and contains elements of prostitution, homoeroticism, and drunkenness. The work infuriated navy officials, and it was pulled from an exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., in 1934…

Titanic: Final hours: Two lookouts, Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee, were stationed in the crow’s nest of the Titanic. Their task was made difficult by the fact that the ocean was unusually calm that night: because there would be little water breaking at its base, an iceberg would be more…

Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe: …the Amalgamated Press (from 1959 Fleetway Press), the largest periodical-publishing empire in the world.

yacht: Transatlantic racing and global circumnavigation: 6-metre length: Fleetwing, Vesta, and Henrietta. Henrietta, owned by the American newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett, won in 13 days of sailing. The first single-sailor transatlantic voyage was made in a 6-metre boat by Alfred Johnson in 1876 to commemorate the centenary of U.S. independence. The first…

Wyre: Fleetwood is the major fishing port on the west coast of England and is an important port for containerized shipping. Chemicals, plastics, and leather goods are the principal products manufactured at Fleetwood. Retired people favour the seaside resorts of Thornton Cleveleys and Fleetwood. Poulton-le-Fyld, in…

Fleetwood Mac, British blues band that evolved into the hugely popular Anglo-American pop-rock group whose 1977 album Rumours was one of the biggest-selling albums of all time. The original members were Mick Fleetwood (b. June 24, 1947, Redruth, Cornwall, England), John McVie (b. November 26, 1945,

Charles Fleetwood was an English Parliamentary general, son-in-law and supporter of Oliver Cromwell. He joined the Parliamentary army at the beginning of the Civil War between Parliament and King Charles I and fought in the major Parliamentary victories at Naseby (June 1645), Dunbar (September

Fleetwood Mac: The original members were Mick Fleetwood (b. June 24, 1947, Redruth, Cornwall, England), John McVie (b. November 26, 1945, London, England), Peter Green (original name Peter Greenbaum; b. October 29, 1946, London—d. July 25, 2020, Canvey Island, Sussex), and Jeremy Spencer (b. July 4, 1948, West Hartlepool, Durham, England).…

Eduard Robert Flegel was a German explorer in Africa who was the first European to reach the source of the Benue River. In 1879 Flegel travelled about 525 miles (845 kilometres) up the Benue River and in 1880 went by way of the Niger to Sokoto, in northwestern Nigeria, where he obtained permission

Dutch Schultz was an American gangster of the 1920s and ’30s who ran bootlegging and other rackets in New York City. Born in the Bronx, Schultz took his alias from an old-time Bronx gangster and advanced from burglaries to bootlegging, ownership of breweries and speakeasies, and policy rackets in

Naples: … to the east and the Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) to the northwest. The most recent eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 1944. In 1980 an earthquake damaged Naples and its outlying towns, and since then Pozzuoli to the west has been seriously afflicted by bradyseism (a phenomenon involving a fall or…

chemoreception: Terrestrial vertebrates: This is called flehmen and is seen during courtship, when it is used by males to assess the estrus state of females, and during the investigation of new odors, when it is used by both males and females to explore their surroundings. Changes in the internal volume of…

Fleischer brothers, American brothers, producers of animated cartoons featuring such characters as Betty Boop and Popeye. Producer Max Fleischer (b. July 19, 1883, Vienna, Austria—d. Sept. 11, 1972, Woodland Hills, Calif., U.S.) and director Dave Fleischer (b. July 14, 1894, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d.

White House press secretary: Press secretaries in the 21st century: Ari Fleischer, who served George W. Bush, was remembered for his performance following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Though already televised, the daily briefing gained new audiences, and the press secretary gained new stature. When President Bush’s approval ratings dropped in his second…

Fleischer brothers: Brother Dave’s on-camera performance in a clown suit was rotoscoped into the character Ko-Ko the Clown, who starred in the Out of the Inkwell series (1919–29), produced and distributed by the Bray Studio in New York City. The basic premise for the series is a live-action…

Fleischer brothers: The mechanically inclined Max invented the rotoscope, a time- and labour-saving device in which live-action film frames are traced as a guide for animated action. Brother Dave’s on-camera performance in a clown suit was rotoscoped into the character Ko-Ko the Clown, who starred in the Out of the…

Nat Fleischer was an American sports journalist who was an outstanding authority on boxing. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Fleischer, a sportswriter for the New York Press, was encouraged by the promoter Tex Rickard to found the authoritative monthly magazine The Ring, the

Nat Fleischer was an American sports journalist who was an outstanding authority on boxing. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Fleischer, a sportswriter for the New York Press, was encouraged by the promoter Tex Rickard to found the authoritative monthly magazine The Ring, the

Richard Fleischer was an American filmmaker who directed a number of popular movies, notably the science-fiction classics 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), Fantastic Voyage (1966), and Soylent Green (1973). Fleischer, the son of animation pioneer Max Fleischer, attended Brown University before

Anni Albers was a German-born textile designer who was one of the most influential figures in textile arts in the 20th century. In addition to creating striking designs for utilitarian woven objects, she helped to reestablish work in textiles as an art form. She was married to the innovative

Leon Fleisher was an American pianist and conductor who overcame a debilitating neurological condition to resume playing his full concert repertoire. A child prodigy, Fleisher began studying the piano at age four, gave his first public recital at eight, and at nine was taken under the wing of the

Claire Danes: TV success: Temple Grandin and Homeland: …appeared in another TV adaptation, Fleishman Is in Trouble. The miniseries, based on a novel by Taffy Brodesser-Akner, centers on the breakdown of a couple’s marriage, as viewed from different perspectives.

Bertholet Flémalle was a Franco-Flemish painter, a pioneer of the classicist movement in his country. Flémalle studied under Henri Trippet and Gérard Douffet. He went to Italy in 1638, returning via Paris, where he decorated the churches of the Grands Augustines and the Carmes Déchaussés. He

Bertholet Flémalle was a Franco-Flemish painter, a pioneer of the classicist movement in his country. Flémalle studied under Henri Trippet and Gérard Douffet. He went to Italy in 1638, returning via Paris, where he decorated the churches of the Grands Augustines and the Carmes Déchaussés. He

Bertholet Flémalle was a Franco-Flemish painter, a pioneer of the classicist movement in his country. Flémalle studied under Henri Trippet and Gérard Douffet. He went to Italy in 1638, returning via Paris, where he decorated the churches of the Grands Augustines and the Carmes Déchaussés. He

Master of Flémalle was a leading artist of the northern Renaissance, whose work is characterized by naturalistic and sculptural conceptions that signalize the replacement of the decorative International Style of the late Middle Ages. By the late 20th century, after several decades of controversy, a

Fleming and Walloon, members of the two predominant cultural and linguistic groups of modern Belgium. The Flemings, who constitute more than half of the Belgian population, speak Dutch (sometimes called Netherlandic), or Belgian Dutch (also called Flemish by English-speakers), and live mainly in

La Salle: Fleming Mill, a four-story conical windmill built in 1816, is a local landmark.

railroad: Canadian railroads: A Canadian Pacific Railway survey was begun under the direction of Sandford Fleming, former chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway in the Maritime Provinces. There was some question as to the best route across the Canadian Shield from Callender in eastern Ontario (then the head of steel production in…

electronics: The vacuum tube era: Coolidge and Fleming’s thermionic valve (a two-electrode vacuum tube) for use in radio receivers. The detection of a radio signal, which is a very high-frequency alternating current (AC), requires that the signal be rectified; i.e., the alternating current must be converted into a direct current (DC) by a…

electromagnetism: Experimental and theoretical studies of electromagnetic phenomena: …was able to express the right-hand rule for the direction of the force on a current in a magnetic field. He also established experimentally and quantitatively the laws of magnetic force between electric currents. He suggested that internal electric currents are responsible for permanent magnets and for highly magnetizable materials…

Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of

Jeopardy!: Jeopardy! hosts: …first Jeopardy! episode, hosted by Art Fleming, aired on March 30, 1964, during the day on NBC, with Don Pardo as announcer, and eventually went into syndication; it aired in various formats until 1979. The show relaunched in 1984 (considered the first season of the modern version of the show)…

Ian Fleming was a suspense-fiction novelist whose character James Bond, the stylish, high-living British secret service agent 007, became one of the most successful and widely imitated heroes of 20th-century popular fiction. The son of a Conservative MP and the grandson of a Scottish banker,

Ian Fleming was a suspense-fiction novelist whose character James Bond, the stylish, high-living British secret service agent 007, became one of the most successful and widely imitated heroes of 20th-century popular fiction. The son of a Conservative MP and the grandson of a Scottish banker,

Paul Fleming was an outstanding lyrical poet of 17th-century Germany. He brought a new immediacy and sincerity to the innovations of metre and stanza introduced by his teacher, Martin Opitz. The son of a Lutheran pastor, Fleming was studying medicine and composing Latin verse at Leipzig when he met

Peggy Fleming is an American figure skater who dominated world-level women’s competition from 1964 through 1968. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Fleming began skating at age nine. She worked with many coaches, including Carlo Fassi, who would eventually guide her to an

Peggy Fleming is an American figure skater who dominated world-level women’s competition from 1964 through 1968. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Fleming began skating at age nine. She worked with many coaches, including Carlo Fassi, who would eventually guide her to an

John McEnroe: With partner Peter Fleming, McEnroe won several doubles titles at the U.S. Open and Wimbledon, as well as Championship Tennis tournaments. From 1983 to 1985 he won 75 matches on indoor carpet, setting a record for most consecutive victories on one surface; his record was broken in…

Renée Fleming is an American soprano noted for the beauty and richness of her voice and for the thought and sensitivity she brought to the texts. Fleming’s repertoire is extraordinarily broad, spanning three centuries and ranging from Handel and Mozart through 19th-century bel canto to the works of

Richard H. Fleming was a Canadian-born American oceanographer who conducted wide-ranging studies in the areas of chemical and biochemical oceanography, ocean currents (particularly those off the Pacific coast of Central America), and naval uses of oceanography. Fleming joined the Scripps

Richard H. Fleming was a Canadian-born American oceanographer who conducted wide-ranging studies in the areas of chemical and biochemical oceanography, ocean currents (particularly those off the Pacific coast of Central America), and naval uses of oceanography. Fleming joined the Scripps

Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist best known for his discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of

Sir Arthur Percy Morris Fleming was an English engineer who was a major figure in developing techniques for manufacturing radar components. In 1900 Fleming went to the United States to undergo training at the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa. Upon returning to

Sir John Ambrose Fleming was an English engineer who made numerous contributions to electronics, photometry, electric measurements, and wireless telegraphy. After studying at University College, London, and at Cambridge University under James Clerk Maxwell, Fleming became a consultant to the Edison

Sir Sandford Fleming was a civil engineer and scientist who was the foremost railway engineer of Canada in the 19th century. Fleming emigrated in 1845 from Scotland to Canada, where he was trained as an engineer. By 1857 he had become chief engineer for the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway (now

Victor Fleming was an American filmmaker who was one of Hollywood’s most popular directors during the 1930s. He was best known for his work on the 1939 classics Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz. Fleming started in the film industry as a stunt car driver in 1910. A year later he began working

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming was an American astronomer who pioneered in the classification of stellar spectra. Mina Stevens was educated in public schools and from age 14 was a teacher as well as student. In May 1877 she married James O. Fleming, with whom she immigrated to the United States

Melbourne: Recreation: …Rules football, and at the Flemington Racecourse, where the valuable Melbourne Cup race is held every November. Melbourne hosted the 1956 Summer Olympic Games. New sports facilities, including a large tennis stadium near the Melbourne Cricket Ground, have been added since the Olympics. Sailing and fishing on Port Phillip Bay…

Fleming and Walloon, members of the two predominant cultural and linguistic groups of modern Belgium. The Flemings, who constitute more than half of the Belgian population, speak Dutch (sometimes called Netherlandic), or Belgian Dutch (also called Flemish by English-speakers), and live mainly in

Flemish art, art of the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries in Flanders and in the surrounding regions including Brabant, Hainaut, Picardy, and Artois, known for its vibrant materialism and unsurpassed technical skill. From Hubert and Jan van Eyck through Pieter Bruegel the Elder to Peter Paul

Flemish bond, in masonry, method of bonding bricks or stones in courses. See

Belgium: >Flemish Brabant, Antwerp, and Limburg). Just north of the boundary between Walloon Brabant (Brabant Walloon) and Flemish (Vlaams) Brabant lies the officially bilingual but majority French-speaking Brussels-Capital Region, with approximately one-tenth of the total population. (See also

Dutch language, a West Germanic language that is the national language of the Netherlands and, with French and German, one of the three official languages of Belgium. Although speakers of English usually call the language of the Netherlands “Dutch” and the language of Belgium “Flemish,” they are

Guy Verhofstadt: …of the PVV to the Liberal and Democratic Flemish Party (VLD) in hopes of attracting more centrist voters. In 1997 he was reelected as president of the VLD. In elections in 1999 the VLD defeated Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene’s centre-left coalition, and Verhofstadt became the first liberal prime minister of…

Flemish literature, the body of written works in the Flemish- (Dutch-) language produced by Belgians. The other literatures of Belgium are discussed in Belgian literature. Any consideration of the Dutch-language literature of Belgium must take into account that the Belgian territories were broadly

Flemish movement, the 19th- and 20th-century nationalist movement of Flemish-speaking people in Belgium. It has sought political and cultural equality with, or separation from, the less numerous but long-dominant French-speaking Walloons. The movement had its origins in the 1830s; at first, under

Flanders, region that constitutes the northern half of Belgium. Along with the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region, the self-governing Flemish Region was created during the federalization of Belgium, largely along ethnolinguistic lines, in the 1980s and ’90s. Its elected government has