Flickr, photo- and video-sharing website owned by SmugMug and headquartered in San Francisco. Ad-supported and free to the public, it allows users to upload photos or videos from their computers to share online either publicly or privately. In the early 2000s Flickr gained popularity for its many

Christianity: Care for the sick: She was an inspiration to Theodor Fliedner, who founded the first Protestant hospital in Kaiserswerth in 1836 and created at the same time the female diaconate, an order of nurses that soon found worldwide membership and recognition. Florence Nightingale received training at Kaiserswerth, which was an important model for modern…

locomotive: Diesel development: There, the Fliegende Hamburger, a two-car, streamlined, diesel-electric train, with two 400-horsepower engines, began running between Berlin and Hamburg on a schedule that averaged 124 km (77 miles) per hour. By 1939 most of Germany’s principal cities were interconnected by trains of this kind, scheduled to run…

Flying Dutchman: …the basis of the opera Der fliegende Holländer (1843) by the German composer Richard Wagner.

Charlotte Flair is an American professional wrestler with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), known for her athleticism and regal persona as well as for holding the record for most women’s world championships in WWE history as of 2023. The daughter of legendary wrestler Ric Flair (byname of

French literature: Sartre: …such as Les Mouches (1943; The Flies) and Huis-Clos (1944; No Exit, also published as In Camera) and in the treatise L’Être et le néant (1943; Being and Nothingness). After Liberation, the writer and his ideas set the tone for a postwar generation that congregated in the cafés and cellar…

Sigmund Freud: Early life and training: …friendship, with the Berlin physician Wilhelm Fliess, whose role in the development of psychoanalysis has occasioned widespread debate. Throughout the 15 years of their intimacy Fliess provided Freud an invaluable interlocutor for his most daring ideas. Freud’s belief in human bisexuality, his idea of erotogenic zones on the body, and…

Franz Josef Land: …easternmost includes Rudolf Island, whose Fligeli Cape is the northernmost point in Russia, and the large islands of Zemlya Vilcheka and Greem-Bell (Graham Bell). This group is separated from the central group, which contains most of the islands, by the Avstriysky (Austrian) Strait. The western group, divided from the rest…

Robert Zemeckis: …to traditional live-action filmmaking with Flight (2012), a drama about an airplane pilot (Denzel Washington) whose heroic actions on the job are undermined by the revelation of his substance abuse, and The Walk (2015), about Frenchman Philippe Petit’s (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) 1974 high-wire walk between the towers of the World Trade…

aviation, the development and operation of heavier-than-air aircraft. The term military aviation refers to the development and use of military aircraft, while the term civil aviation refers to all nonmilitary aviation, such as air transportation provided by airlines or the carrying of cargo by

Sherman Alexie: Literary career: His novel Flight (2007) centers on a teenage orphan who travels through time, viewing moments of historical and personal significance through the eyes of others. Blasphemy (2012) collected new and previously published short stories. Alexie also contributed writing on a variety of subjects to the Seattle weekly…

Frank Capra: Early life and work: Flight (also released in 1929) was notable for Capra’s insistence on staging and filming all of its aerial action without tricks or special effects.

flight, in animals, locomotion of either of two basic types—powered, or true, flight and gliding. Winged (true) flight is found only in insects (most orders), most birds, and bats. The evolutionary modifications necessary for true flight in warm-blooded animals include those of the forelimbs into

Shanksville: …passengers are commemorated by the Flight 93 National Memorial near the crash site. The first stage of the memorial—a walkway and wall displaying the victims’ names—was opened in 2011, on the 10th anniversary of the crash. In 2015 new elements were added to the memorial, including a museum and a…

Barbara Kingsolver: …warming parable set in Appalachia, Flight Behavior (2012) chronicles a community’s reactions to the astonishing arrival of thousands of monarch butterflies, which have forgone their winter migration because of warming temperatures in northern climes. In Unsheltered (2018) Kingsolver chronicled the struggles of two families that lived in the same house…

airplane: Primary flight controls: All four forces—lift, thrust, drag, and weight—interact continuously in flight and are in turn affected by such things as the torque effect of the propeller, centrifugal force in turns, and other elements, but all are made subject to the pilot by means of…

conveyor: Flight conveyors have scrapers, or flights, mounted at intervals perpendicular to the direction of travel on endless power-driven chains operating within a trough. Bulk materials such as sawdust, sand, gravel, coal, and chemicals may be pushed along the trough.

flight recorder: …of two functional devices, the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), though sometimes these two devices are packaged together in one combined unit. The FDR records many variables, not only basic aircraft conditions such as airspeed, altitude, heading, vertical acceleration, and pitch but also hundreds of…

Air travel often comes with unexpected challenges, from delayed flights to cancellations and overbooked planes. Although these situations can be frustrating, understanding your rights as an airline passenger can help you navigate them more effectively. Whether it’s seeking compensation for a

astronaut: Astronaut training: …group was chosen to become mission specialist astronauts. These candidates were not required to be pilots (though some were); rather, they were individuals with advanced scientific, medical, or engineering training or experience. Beginning in 1992, in anticipation of participating in missions to the International Space Station (ISS), a number of…

integument: Birds: The wing tract includes the flight feathers proper (remiges) and their coverts (tectrices). The remiges include the primaries, arising from the “hand” and digits and attached to the hand’s skeleton; the secondaries, arising from the forewing and attached to the ulna; and the tertials (when present), arising from the upper…

Iris Murdoch: …Under the Net (1954) and The Flight from the Enchanter (1956), that were admired for their intelligence, wit, and high seriousness. These qualities, along with a rich comic sense and a gift for analyzing the tensions and complexities in sophisticated sexual relationships, continued to distinguish her work. With what is…

airport: Air traffic control: …as it flies through successive flight information regions (FIRs). Upon approaching an airport at which a landing is to be made, the aircraft passes into the terminal control area (TCA). Within this area, there may be a greatly increased density of air traffic, and this is closely monitored on radar…

David Storey: Other novels followed: Flight into Camden (1960), about an independent young woman who defies her mining family; Radcliffe (1963), about the struggle for power in a homosexual relationship; Pasmore (1972), on the regeneration of a man who had given himself up for lost; and Saville (1976, Booker Prize),…

Arthur Schnitzler: …Flucht in die Finsternis (1931; Flight into Darkness) he showed the onset of madness, stage by stage. In the play Professor Bernhardi (1912) and the novel Der Weg ins Freie (1908; The Road to the Open) he analyzed the position of the Jews in Austria. His other works include plays,…

Christology: The Middle Ages through the 19th century: Pieter Bruegel’s Flight into Egypt (1563), and even more so his complex The Way to Calvary (1564), are illustrative of the late medieval and early modern tendency to depict scenes from the life of Jesus in a contemporary idiom. In the latter painting, the centre of the…

Adam Elsheimer: Flight into Egypt (1609) is one of the first nocturnal landscape paintings in which the Moon and the stars are the principal sources of light. Elsheimer greatly influenced the Dutch and Italian schools, and particularly Rembrandt and Claude Lorrain. His early death had a disturbing…

Jacopo Bassano: …the Elders (1534–36) and the Flight into Egypt (c. 1536), reveal the influence of his master, Bonifacio Veronese (Bonifacio de’ Pitati), a minor Venetian painter, as well as the art of Lorenzo Lotto and the atmospheric light of Titian. As Bassano’s art matured, his brushstrokes became looser and the forms…

Andrea Solari: …works, such as the “Flight into Egypt” (1515; Poldi Pezzoli Museum, Milan), with its harmonious and detailed landscape background. To this period belong the “Woman Playing a Guitar” and the portrait of Chancellor Morone, which vividly recalls the style of Hans Holbein the Younger.

printmaking: The Netherlands: …changed the figures, making it The Flight into Egypt (1653).

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: In Flugasche (Flight of Ashes), written in East Germany during the 1970s but not published until 1981 and then in West Germany, Monika Maron depicted the tension between inner and outer reality in the attempt of a young woman journalist to present unpleasant truths about the lives…

Western painting: United States: “The Flight of Florimell” (1819; Detroit Institute of Arts) illustrates this later style.

Taika Waititi: Flight of the Conchords and What We Do in the Shadows: …the cult favorite comedy series Flight of the Conchords.

Robert Aldrich: The 1960s: The Flight of the Phoenix (1965) was exciting in its own right, a survival yarn set in the Sahara desert. Although the film is long, its tension rarely lags. The superlative cast included James Stewart, Richard Attenborough, and Peter Finch.

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …Voyage du ballon rouge (Flight of the Red Balloon). Set in Paris, it tells the story of a Chinese student who tends to the son of a distracted artist, a single mother played by Juliette Binoche. The red balloon that appears throughout the movie becomes a metaphor for a…

Rosario Ferré: …and in 2001 she released Flight of the Swan, about a stranded Russian ballet company caught up in Puerto Rico’s independence movement.

rocket and missile system: Design principles: The flight path of a ballistic missile has three successive phases. In the first, called the boost phase, the rocket engine (or engines, if the missile contains two or three stages) provides the precise amount of propulsion required to place the missile on a specific ballistic…

traffic control: Conventional control techniques: Flight plans are checked and possible exit corridors from the flight path, in case of emergency, are determined. Flight plans are relayed to control towers and approach control centres. As the aircraft taxis out, under instructions from the ground controller, the pilot waits to be…

flight recorder, instrument that records the performance and condition of an aircraft in flight. Governmental regulatory agencies require these devices on commercial aircraft to make possible the analysis of crashes or other unusual occurrences. Flight recorders actually consist of two functional

flight shooting, in archery, a form of competition in which shooting for maximum distance is the object, with little or no regard for accuracy. Bows used may be heavy-draw, conventional handbows or even heavier foot bows, which are strapped to the feet and drawn with both hands while the archer

flight simulator, any electronic or mechanical system for training airplane and spacecraft pilots and crew members by simulating flight conditions. The purpose of simulation is not to completely substitute for actual flight training but to thoroughly familiarize students with the vehicle concerned

aerospace engineering: Aerospace engineering functions: The final phase concerns flight-testing the prototype. Engineers and test pilots work together to assure that the vehicle is safe and performs as expected. If the prototype is a commercial transport aircraft, the vehicle must meet the requirements specified by government organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration in…

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: Pilote de guerre (1942; Flight to Arras) is a personal reminiscence of a reconnaissance sortie in May 1940 accomplished in a spirit of sacrifice against desperate odds. While in America he wrote Lettre à un otage (1943; Letter to a Hostage), a call to unity among Frenchmen, and Le…

Ishmael Reed: Flight to Canada (1976) depicts the anachronistic adventures of an enslaved man from the American Civil War era who escapes to freedom via bus and airplane.

Harold Bloom: …Divine (2005), and the novel The Flight to Lucifer (1979)—to deal with religious subjects.

aerospace industry: Tertiary systems: …full flight simulators (FFSs) and flight training devices (FTDs). FFSs are complex machines that consist of a cockpit, motion system, and visual system controlled by high-speed computers. Some models provide such realism that pilots can make the transition to a new model of aircraft solely by simulator training, a process…

In the history of flight, the most important landmarks and events include an understanding of the dynamic reaction of lifting surfaces (or wings), building absolutely reliable engines that produce sufficient power to propel an airframe, and solving the problem of flight control in three dimensions.

hunting: Hunting methods: Sitting up, usually in blinds, is the most popular method of hunting waterfowl, with or without calling. It is called flighting in Great Britain. Hunting by calling involves waiting in hiding and making imitative noises by voice or with a call mechanism to attract the…

anomalure: The flightless anomalure (Z. insignis) is about 20 cm long and has a tail slightly shorter than its body.

flightless bird, any of several birds that have, through evolution, lost the ability to fly as they adapted to new environments. Most living forms belong to the order Struthioniformes (a group that includes the ostrich, the rhea, the cassowary, the kiwi, and the emu); however, they are more

flightless bird, any of several birds that have, through evolution, lost the ability to fly as they adapted to new environments. Most living forms belong to the order Struthioniformes (a group that includes the ostrich, the rhea, the cassowary, the kiwi, and the emu); however, they are more

Olga Tokarczuk: …International Prize in 2018 for Flights (2017)—the English translation of her sixth novel, Bieguni (2007).

Ernesto Cardenal: … (1978), Vuelos de victoria (1985; Flights of Victory), Cántico cósmico (1989; Cosmic Canticles), Pluriverse: New and Selected Poems (2009), and El Origen de las Especies, y Otros Poemas (2011; Origin of the Species, and Other Poems). He won numerous awards and honours.

Irvin Kershner: From B-24s to Laura Mars: In 1967 Kershner directed The Flim-Flam Man, a profile of a Southern con man played by George C. Scott.

protozoan: Flagellar propulsion: …have slender, simpler hairs called flimmer filaments. Either structure improves the effectiveness of the flagellar stroke, altering the movement of water produced by undulations of the flagellum by reversing its flow toward the flagellar base. Swimming speeds achieved by flagella are relatively low.

Flin Flon, city, western Manitoba, Canada, north of Athapapuskow Lake. A portion of Flin Flon lies in Saskatchewan and is jointly administered by both provinces. The name was derived (1915) from a fictional prospector, Professor Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin, in the dime novel The Sunless City by

Govert Flinck was a Baroque painter of portraits, genre, and narrative subjects, and one of Rembrandt’s most-accomplished followers. Flinck first studied in Leeuwarden and later entered Rembrandt’s studio. As a painter of biblical and allegorical subjects, he at first modeled his style closely on

navigation: The liquid magnetic compass: …soft iron bar called the Flinders bar, which originated in recommendations made by the English navigator Matthew Flinders.

Flinders Island, northernmost and largest island of the Furneaux Group, northern Tasmania, southeastern Australia. It lies in eastern Bass Strait, between Tasmania and the Australian mainland, and is named for Matthew Flinders, the English navigator who surveyed its coasts in 1798. The island, with

Australian Open: …the National Tennis Centre at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia.

Flinders Ranges, mountain region in South Australia, extending some 500 miles (800 km) northward from near Crystal Brook to a point between Marree and Lake Callabonna (dry), where it falls away to flat grazing land. Southward beyond Crystal Brook, the highland region continues as the Mount Lofty

Flinders River, longest river in Queensland, Australia, rising on the southwestern slopes of the Gregory Range (Eastern Highlands) in the northern section of the state, 100 mi (160 km) west of Charters Towers, and flowing west past Hughenden and Richmond; it then curves northwest and north to enter

Adelaide: …city is also home to Flinders University (1966) and the University of South Australia (1991). The biennial Adelaide Festival of Arts (1960) was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia. Pop. (2006) local government area, 16,659; urban agglom., 1,105,840.

Matthew Flinders was an English navigator who charted much of the Australian coast. Flinders entered the Royal Navy in 1789 and became a navigator. In 1795 he sailed to Australia, where he explored and charted its southeast coast and circumnavigated the island of Tasmania. As commander of the

Flint, city, seat (1836) of Genesee county, eastern Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Flint River, 60 miles (100 km) northwest of Detroit. It originated in 1819 as a trading post opened by Jacob Smith. Laid out beginning in 1830 and named for the river (which the Native Americans called Pawanunking,

chert and flint: flint, very fine-grained quartz (q.v.), a silica mineral with minor impurities. Several varieties are included under the general term chert: jasper, chalcedony, agate (qq.v.), flint, porcelanite, and novaculite.

Flintshire, county in the northeastern corner of Wales, bounded on the east by the River Dee and England and bounded on the west by Denbighshire. The present county of Flintshire encompasses an area along the lower Dee and the Dee estuary and extends inland to the Clwydian Range. The historic

corn: Types of corn: Flint corn, containing little soft starch, has no depression; it is used for decoration and is eaten as hominy in the Americas. Flour corn, composed largely of soft starch, has soft, mealy, easily ground kernels and is an important source of corn flour.

flint glass, heavy and durable glass characterized by its brilliance, clarity, and highly refractive quality. Developed by George Ravenscroft (q.v.) in 1675, it ushered in a new style in glassmaking and eventually made England the leading glass producer of the world. Ravenscroft’s experimentation

Flint: The Flint Institute of Arts, the Robert T. Longway Planetarium, and the Alfred P. Sloan Museum (which displays carriages and antique autos) form part of the Flint Cultural Center, a cultural complex founded in 1957. Inc. city, 1855. Pop. (2010) 102,434; Flint Metro Area, 425,790; (2020)…

Flint Island, southernmost coral island in the Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Tahiti. With a land area of 1 square mile (3 square km) in an elongated diamond shape about 2.5 miles by 0.5 mile (4 km by 0.8 km), the

Flint Ridge Cave System, complex of caves and underground rivers in west-central Kentucky, U.S. The surveyed areas of the system are entirely within Mammoth Cave National Park. The caverns are interconnected to a great extent, and some of them have been explored. Flint Ridge is a plateau capped by

Flint water crisis, human-made public health crisis (April 2014–June 2016) involving the municipal water supply system of Flint, Michigan. Tens of thousands of Flint residents were exposed to dangerous levels of lead, and outbreaks of Legionnaire disease killed at least 12 people and sickened

Austin Flint was one of the most eminent of 19th-century physicians, and a pioneer of heart research in the United States. He discovered a disorder—now known as the Austin Flint murmur—characterized by regurgitation of blood from the aorta into the heart before contraction of the ventricles. As

F.S. Flint was an English poet and translator, prominent in the Imagist movement (expression of precise images in free verse), whose best poems reflect the disciplined economy of that school. The son of a commercial traveler, Flint left school at the age of 13 and worked at a variety of jobs. At

F.S. Flint was an English poet and translator, prominent in the Imagist movement (expression of precise images in free verse), whose best poems reflect the disciplined economy of that school. The son of a commercial traveler, Flint left school at the age of 13 and worked at a variety of jobs. At

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Rachael Heyhoe Flint: Rachael Heyhoe Flint was a pioneer of women’s cricket and helped popularize and promote the sport both during and after her career. She played a key role in organizing the first women’s ODI World Cup in 1973, two years before the first…

flintlock, ignition system for firearms, developed in the early 16th century. It superseded the matchlock and wheel lock and was itself outmoded by the percussion lock in the first half of the 19th century. The best-developed form, the true flintlock, was invented in France in the early 17th

Flintshire, county in the northeastern corner of Wales, bounded on the east by the River Dee and England and bounded on the west by Denbighshire. The present county of Flintshire encompasses an area along the lower Dee and the Dee estuary and extends inland to the Clwydian Range. The historic

John Goodman: Film career: …baseball legend Babe Ruth, and The Flintstones (1994), a remake of the classic cartoon. He reteamed with the Coen brothers for Barton Fink (1991); The Big Lebowski (1998), in which he costarred with Jeff Bridges and Steve Buscemi, portraying a Vietnam War veteran still reliving the past; and O Brother,…

The Flintstones, American animated television sitcom that aired on ABC from September 30, 1960, to September 2, 1966. The show is notable for being the first original animated series to air in prime time and for its appeal to adults as well as children. The original series aired a total of 166

Jeremiah Flintwinch, fictional character in the novel Little Dorrit (1855–57) by Charles Dickens. Originally the Clennam family butler, Flintwinch becomes the business partner of Mrs. Clennam after he comes into possession of confidential information about the family and its financial dealings. His

Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP), oceanographic study platform developed in the United States. It combines the advantages of extreme stability while floating on site and ease of movement to new areas. In the horizontal position, FLIP, 109 m (357 feet) long, can be towed behind a ship. When

Wesley Dennis: …literature by writing and illustrating Flip (1941), a book about a playful Kentucky colt; he published two sequels, Flip and the Cows (1942) and Flip and the Morning (1951). Henry discovered Dennis’s work when she was searching for an illustrator for her story Justin Morgan Had a Horse (1945). That…

Flip Wilson: The Flip Wilson Show: …fame with his own program, The Flip Wilson Show. Wilson’s show was unique in that he used a theater-in-the-round studio and minimal sets, which emphasized the talents of the performers. During its run, the show featured guest spots by a dazzling array of celebrities from all genres of entertainment, including…

Hüsker Dü: …including New Day Rising (1985), Flip Your Wig (1985), and Warehouse: Songs and Stories (1987). Mould later had success with solo projects and as a member of the band Sugar.

roller coaster: Coney Island amusement park: …when Lina Beecher installed the Flip-Flap Railway at Paul Boyton’s Sea Lion Park in Coney Island. Though uncomfortable and still dangerous, the 25-foot (7.5-metre) circular loop became popular despite operating for only a few years.

computer memory: Semiconductor memory: Static RAM (SRAM) consists of flip-flops, a bistable circuit composed of four to six transistors. Once a flip-flop stores a bit, it keeps that value until the opposite value is stored in it. SRAM gives fast access to data, but it is physically relatively large. It is used primarily for…

Arabic literature: Modern Arabic drama: …whose celebrated play Al-Farāfīr (1964; The Farfoors, or The Flipflap) combined elements of traditional comic forms of dramatic presentation with such Brechtian effects as the presence of an “author” as a stage character and the use of theatre-in-the-round staging. Alfred Faraj took a somewhat different course, invoking tales and incidents…

Rob Reiner: Later films: Flipped (2010), a teenage romance, failed to find an audience, and The Magic of Belle Isle (2012), while remarked for the skill of Freeman’s performance as an alcoholic writer, did not reach a large viewership. Reiner’s next effort, And So It Goes (2014), a romantic…

cetacean: Locomotor adaptations: …but are reduced to finlike flippers having shortened arm bones and no individual fingers. The hind limbs are lost entirely; only vestigial elements sometimes remain internally. Pelvic remnants occur in all cetacea but the dwarf and pygmy sperm whales. Flippers help to steer, while the back muscles, which are very…

Television in the United States: A potpourri of genres: …animal shows (Lassie [CBS, 1954–71]; Flipper [NBC, 1964–68]), and a collection of sitcoms and dramas featuring lawyers, cops, doctors, and detectives all made the Nielsen top-30 lists during this decade.

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: …process of chair-chair interconversion (called ring-flipping) interconverts the six axial and six equatorial hydrogen atoms in cyclohexane. Chair-chair interconversion is a complicated process brought about by successive conformational changes within the molecule. It is different from simple whole-molecule motions, such as spinning and tumbling, and because it is a conformational…

police: Mobility: …passive infrared unit sometimes called forward-looking infrared (FLIR), provides night vision. FLIR units can measure the heat energy emitted by objects and living things, enabling ground units to be directed to a particular location. The police also employ fixed-wing aircraft for operations such as border patrols and drug surveillance, police-personnel…

figure skating: Ice shows: The show, called Flirting in St. Moritz, created a sensation in New York City, ran for 300 days, and inspired The Frozen Warning (1916), the first motion picture centered on skating. Another pioneer ice show, Ice Follies, was first produced in 1936 by Oscar Johnson, Edward Shipstad, and…

Alan Alda: … (1978), Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), Flirting with Disaster (1996), What Women Want (2000), Tower Heist (2011), Wanderlust (2012), The Longest Ride (2015), Bridge of Spies (2015), and Marriage Story (2019). He received an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actor for

Sebastian Klonowic: In the Polish poem Flis (1595; The Boatman), he vividly described the valley of the Vistula River and the life and customs of its raftsmen. Worek Judaszów (1600; “Judas’s Sack”), also in Polish, is a satiric and didactic work on the low life of Lublin. In the satirical and…

Model T, automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance. More than 15 million Model Ts were built in

Frederick Shepherd Converse: …idiom in the symphonic fantasy Flivver Ten Million (1927), written to celebrate the production of the 10,000,000th Ford automobile. He also wrote six symphonies, chamber music, and many songs.

Tómas Gudmundsson: During this period Fljótid helga (1950; “The Holy River”) was published. It addressed many of the social issues that were brought to light by World War II and revealed Gudmundsson as a mature philosopher of loss and resignation, though his light touch and rich humour remained. An edition…