Mark Twain: Old age: …years, but he did publish Following the Equator (1897), a relatively serious account of his world lecture tour. By 1898 the revenue generated from the tour and the subsequent book, along with Henry Huttleston Rogers’s shrewd investments of his money, had allowed Clemens to pay his creditors in full. Rogers…

Currency is a fairly easy concept to understand as long as we focus on a single one. For instance, in the United States, everything is priced in dollars. When we think of “monetary value,” the concept is probably tinged with a shade of green along with the images of some dead presidents. Within a

folly, (from French folie, “foolishness”), also called Eyecatcher, in architecture, a costly, generally nonfunctional building that was erected to enhance a natural landscape. Follies first gained popularity in England, and they were particularly in vogue during the 18th and early 19th centuries,

Folquet De Marseille was a Provençal troubadour and cleric. Born into a Genoese merchant family, Folquet left his life as a merchant to become a poet in about 1180. He was widely respected and successful throughout Provence and Aragon. His works, which include love lyrics (often dedicated to his

Folsom complex: …of the importance of the Folsom complex derives from the fact that the initial scholarly excavation at Folsom, N.M., in 1926 (the site was discovered in 1908), marked the first association in the Americas of man-made artifacts with the bones of megafauna from the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700…

Folsom complex, an early archaeological complex of North America, characterized by a distinct leaf-shaped projectile point called a Folsom point. The Folsom complex of artifacts, which also includes a variety of scrapers, knives, and blades, was one variety of the Paleo-Indian hunting cultures. It

Folsom complex: …leaf-shaped projectile point called a Folsom point. The Folsom complex of artifacts, which also includes a variety of scrapers, knives, and blades, was one variety of the Paleo-Indian hunting cultures. It centred in the Great Plains and persisted from approximately 9000 to 8000 bce. Folsom people were generalized hunters and…

Johnny Cash: …some 2,000 inmates at California’s Folsom Prison. The performance was regarded as a risky move by record company executives, but it proved to be the perfect opportunity for Cash to reestablish himself as one of country music’s most relevant artists. He used the success of that album and its follow-up,…

fair use: …Massachusetts circuit court ruled, in Folsom v. Marsh, that the defendant had infringed upon the copyright of the plaintiff by publishing a book containing more than 300 pages copied verbatim from the plaintiff’s previously published work. The dispute, which concerned Pres. George Washington’s collected letters and other papers, helped to…

Frances Cleveland was an American first lady (1886–89; 1893–97), the wife of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th president of the United States, and the youngest first lady in American history. Frances Folsom was the only daughter of Emma Harmon Folsom and Oscar Folsom, a lawyer. She lived comfortably

Ernest Dowson: …some of his best poetry, Adelaide Foltinowicz, whose parents kept a modest restaurant in Soho, London. In that same year he published his best-known poem, “Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae,” popularly known from its refrain as “I have been faithful to thee, Cynara, in my fashion.” Adelaide,…

Clara Shortridge Foltz was a lawyer and reformer who, after helping open the California bar to women, became a pioneering force for women in the profession and a major influence in reforming the state’s criminal justice and prison systems. Clara Shortridge taught school in her youth and in 1864

Fastnachtsspiel: …his younger contemporary, the barber Hans Folz of Worms, who also settled in Nürnberg, were the most notable Fastnachtsspiele playwrights in the mid-15th century. Their plays were formless, uninhibited comedy, usually featuring the traditional character of the Narr, or fool, in the leading role. In the 16th century the plays…

Tachikawa Keiji: …Wide Web-capable cell phone, and FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile Multimedia Access), a cutting-edge mobile phone network. FOMA was the first network to feature high-speed “third-generation” technology capable of giving cell phones many of the same functions as personal computers. In 2004 Tachikawa left NTT to assume the presidency of the…

Maxim Gorky: Plays and novels: The first novel, Foma Gordeyev (1899), illustrates his admiration for strength of body and will in the masterful barge owner and rising capitalist Ignat Gordeyev, who is contrasted with his relatively feeble and intellectual son Foma, a “seeker after the meaning of life,” as are many of Gorky’s…

Fomalhaut, the 18th star (excluding the Sun) in order of apparent brightness. It is used in navigation because of its conspicuous place in a sky region otherwise lacking in bright stars. It lies in the southern constellation Piscis Austrinus, 25 light-years from Earth. A white star, it has an

Fomalhaut: …seemed to show a planet, Fomalhaut b, orbiting inside the dust belt at a distance of 17.8 billion km (11.1 billion miles) from the star. However, subsequent images taken from the Spitzer Space Telescope showed no such planet. Hubble images showed that the planet was fading, and in 2014 Hubble…

Rufino Blanco-Fombona was a Venezuelan literary historian and man of letters who played a major role in bringing the works of Latin American writers to world attention. Jailed during the early years of the dictatorship (1908–35) of Juan Vicente Gómez, Blanco-Fombona fled to Europe, where he

Federal Reserve System: …12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which was authorized in 2010 by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the CFPB assumed some functions of the former Consumer Advisory Council, which existed from 1976 to 2011). There are…

Federal Reserve System: …12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which was authorized in 2010 by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the CFPB assumed some functions of the former Consumer Advisory Council, which existed from 1976 to 2011). There are…

Polyporales: …undersurface of artist’s fungus (Fomes applanatus, or Ganoderma applanatum), which darkens when cut, has been used for etching.

Naro-Fominsk, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (region), western Russia, on the Nara River southwest of the capital. It was formed in 1926 from three villages and textile centres. The town Fominsk was totally destroyed in World War II but later reemerged with its cotton-based

infectious disease: The inanimate environment: …so, they are known as fomites.

fungus: Size range: …specimen of the bracket fungus Fomitiporia ellipsoidea discovered in 2010 on Hainan Island in southern China had a fruiting body measuring 10.8 metres (35.4 feet) in length and 82–88 cm (2.7–2.9 feet) in width. It may have held some 450 million spores and weighed an estimated 400–500 kg (882–1,102 pounds),…

Fomoire, in Irish myth, a race of demonic beings who posed a threat to the inhabitants of Ireland until they were defeated by the god-race, the Tuatha Dé Danann. The name Fomoire may mean “demons from below (the sea),” and their leader Balor had one huge deadly eye. The most important of the gods,

Fon: Their language, also called Fon, is closely related to Ewe and is a member of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family of African languages. The Fon numbered more than 1.7 million in the early 21st century.

Fon, people living in the south of Benin (called Dahomey until 1975) and adjacent parts of Togo. Their language, also called Fon, is closely related to Ewe and is a member of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family of African languages. The Fon numbered more than 1.7 million in the early 21st

Ferran Adrià: The prominent Catalan writer Josep Maria Fonalleras accused Adrià of “talking about dishes as if he were discussing mathematics rather than cooking” and said that “those who watch how…Adrià uses a screwdriver to coil a thread of sugar to make it into a ring will split their sides with…

Fond du Lac, city, seat (1844) of Fond du Lac county, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on the Fond du Lac River, at the southern end of Lake Winnebago, about 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Milwaukee. Ho-Chunk Nation (Winnebago) Indians were early inhabitants of the area. The city originated in

Henry Fonda was an American stage and film actor who appeared in more than 90 films over six decades and created quintessential American heroes known for their integrity. Fonda grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and the surrounding area. He studied journalism at the University of Minnesota but returned

Henry Fonda was an American stage and film actor who appeared in more than 90 films over six decades and created quintessential American heroes known for their integrity. Fonda grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and the surrounding area. He studied journalism at the University of Minnesota but returned

Jane Fonda is an actress and political activist who first gained fame in comedic roles but later established herself as a serious actress, winning Academy Awards for her work in Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978). Jane Fonda is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda; her younger brother, Peter Fonda,

Jane Fonda is an actress and political activist who first gained fame in comedic roles but later established herself as a serious actress, winning Academy Awards for her work in Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978). Jane Fonda is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda; her younger brother, Peter Fonda,

Peter Fonda was an American actor, writer, and director who was a counterculture icon, best known for the cult classic film Easy Rider (1969). He was also a member of a legendary acting family that included his father, sister, and daughter—Henry Fonda, Jane Fonda, and Bridget Fonda, respectively.

Peter Fonda was an American actor, writer, and director who was a counterculture icon, best known for the cult classic film Easy Rider (1969). He was also a member of a legendary acting family that included his father, sister, and daughter—Henry Fonda, Jane Fonda, and Bridget Fonda, respectively.

Titian: Early life and works: …on the frescoes of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi is the point of departure for Titian’s career, and it explains why it is difficult to distinguish between the two artists in the early years of the 16th century. Only ruined outlines of the frescoes survive, the Allegory of Justice being the…

enamelwork: Materials and techniques: …this substance is known as flux or frit—or, in France, fondant. The degree of hardness of the flux depends on the proportions of the components in the mix. Enamels are termed hard when the temperature required to fuse them is very high; the harder the enamel is, the better it…

fondant, confection of sugar, corn syrup, and water—and sometimes milk, cream, or butter—that is cooked and beaten so as to render the sugar crystals imperceptible to the tongue. The candy is characteristically glossy white in colour, velvety in texture, and plastic in consistency. Usually, as a

Cartier Foundation, contemporary art museum in Paris, France, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel and completed in 1994. In addition to housing a permanent collection, the museum exhibits the work of a variety of international contemporary artists. It has featured painting, drawing, video,

Miuccia Prada: …the PradaMilanoarte, later renamed the Prada Foundation (Fondazione Prada), a nonprofit organization dedicated to the support of various up-and-coming contemporary designers, including architects and artists. In the same year, Prada launched a menswear line, and in 1995 she gained international recognition after top Hollywood actress Uma Thurman wore one of…

Fondi, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, south-central Italy. It lies along the Appian Way at the foot of the Aurunci Mountains, northeast of Fondi Lake and 56 miles (90 km) southeast of Rome. Originally a town of the ancient Volsci people, it received Roman citizenship in 188 bc. The town became papal

fondue, Swiss dish of melted cheese, usually including one or more of the varieties Emmentaler, Vacherin, and Gruyère. In its preparation, white wine is heated in a heavy casserole, called a caquelon, that has been rubbed with garlic. The grated cheese is added to the hot wine along with a little

Tuvalu: It is on Fongafale islet, a constituent part of Funafuti Atoll. Together with what is now Kiribati (formerly the Gilbert Islands), Tuvalu formed the British Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony before separately gaining its independence in 1978.

American Samoa: Constitutional framework: …a bicameral legislature, called the Fono, which meets for two sessions each year. It is autonomous in its disposition of local revenues and is the sole lawmaking body, although the governor has the power to veto legislation. The members of American Samoa’s House of Representatives (lower house) are elected by…

Kara Walker: In 2019 Walker exhibited Fons Americanus (“Fountain of America”), a commission for Tate Modern in London. Recalling Buckingham Palace’s Victoria Memorial, which celebrates England’s once-expansive empire using traditional allegorical forms, Fons Americanus instead commemorated, albeit sardonically, the victims of the empire. The nearly 43-foot (13-metre) marblelike fountain featured rough-hewn

Godfrey of Saint-Victor: …his other notable work, the Fons philosophiae (c. 1176; “The Fount of Philosophy”), Godfrey, in rhymed verse, proposed a classification of learning and considered the controversy between Realists and Nominalists (who held that ideas were only names, not real things) over the problem of universal concepts. Fons philosophiae is an…

Ibn Gabirol: Philosophy: …only in the Latin translation, Fons vitae, with the author’s name appearing as Avicebron or Avencebrol; it was re-identified as Ibn Gabirol’s work by Salomon Munk in 1846. It had little influence upon Jewish philosophy other than on León Hebreo (Judah Abrabanel) and Benedict de Spinoza, but it inspired the…

Sandinista: …was founded in 1962 by Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga, and Tomás Borge Martínez as a revolutionary group committed to socialism and to the overthrow of the Somoza family. Over the next 10 years the FSLN organized political support among students, workers, and peasants. By the mid-1970s its attacks on…

Salamanca: …remaining old residential college, the Colegio de Fonseca (1527–78), generally known as the Colegio de los Irlandeses because it was ceded after the Peninsular War (1808–14) to the Irish as a seminary and was so used until World War II. The faculty of law adjoins the university, and the faculty…

Gulf of Fonseca, sheltered inlet of the Pacific Ocean, bounded northwest by El Salvador, northeast by Honduras, and southeast by Nicaragua. Discovered in 1522, it reaches inland for approximately 40 miles (65 km) and covers an area of about 700 square miles (1,800 square km). Its entrance, marked

Manuel da Fonseca was a Portuguese novelist and poet who wrote realistic works about his homeland, the agricultural province of Alentejo. A collegiate boxing champion, da Fonseca came of age during the turmoil of the Spanish Civil War. His literary career began with the publication of the poem

Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca was the nominal leader of the coup that toppled Emperor Pedro II. He became the first president of the Brazilian republic. The son of an army officer, Fonseca was trained for a military career. He distinguished himself in the Paraguayan War (1864–70) and subsequently rose

Aristotelianism: From the Renaissance to the 18th century: …commentaries and of detailed interpretation; Pedro de Fonseca, the “Portuguese Aristotle,” in the 16th century and Sylvester Maurus, author of short but pithy commentaries on all of Aristotle’s works, in Rome in the 17th century are noteworthy examples. Insofar as the different Scholasticisms were living and interesting philosophical movements, however,…

Rubem Fonseca was a Brazilian short-story and novel writer known best for his gritty crime fiction that shed light on urban life in Brazil. Fonseca became a police officer in 1952 in the suburbs just outside Rio de Janeiro, for which he wrote regular crime-scene reports. His exposure to the grisly

Mahinda Rajapaksa: Presidency: Retired general Sarath Fonseka, who had commanded the Sri Lankan army in the final battle against the Tigers, emerged as his main opposition. In the January election Rajapaksa easily defeated Fonseka, winning 58 percent of the vote, though the general protested the results. Despite questions arising from…

Irving Penn: In 1950 he married model Lisa Fonssagrives, whom he photographed for much of his best work. His austere fashion images communicated elegance and luxury through compositional refinement and clarity of line rather than through the use of elaborate props and backdrops.

Lucien Gaudin: …was the second fencer, after Ramón Fonst of Cuba, to win the gold medal in both the individual foil and épée events in a single Olympic Games (1928). Gaudin was also on the Olympic silver-medal-winning foil team in 1920, the gold-medal-winning foil and épée teams in 1924, and the silver-medal-winning…

font, assortment or set of type (alphanumeric characters used for printing), all of one coherent style. Before the advent of computers, fonts were expressed in cast metal that was used as a template for printing. Fonts are now stored as digitized images that can be scaled and otherwise modified for

Adobe Inc.: Font wars: Adobe made its initial public stock offering in 1986. Although revenues grew to $168.7 million by 1990, Adobe’s relations with Apple deteriorated in the late 1980s over PostScript licensing fees, and in 1989 Apple announced plans to sell its Adobe stock, collaborate with…

Font-de-Gaume, cave near Les Eyzies, in Dordogne, France, known for its lavish prehistoric wall paintings. First discovered as a locus of art in 1901, the cave has a high, narrow main gallery and several side passages. It contains about 230 engraved and painted figures, including 82 bison, horses,

art criticism: The avant-garde problem: …appreciative spirit, the French critic André Fontainas praised Gauguin for “his complete sincerity,” “surging emotions,” and the very modern “violent oppositions” of his colors. In an 1895 letter to Gauguin, the Swedish writer August Strindberg called him a “savage, who hates a whimpering civilization,” and wants to “create a new…

Hippolyte Fontaine was a French engineer who discovered that a dynamo can be operated in reverse as an electric motor; he was also the first to transmit electric energy (1873). After completing his education at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers at Châlons-sur-Marne, he traveled

Nîmes: The pleasant Jardin de la Fontaine, situated on the edge of the city, was designed in 1745. The fountain and the canals that flow through it are partly Roman. The Archaeological Museum, which is housed in a former Jesuit college, has a fine collection of Roman objects,…

Jean de La Fontaine was a poet whose Fables rank among the greatest masterpieces of French literature. La Fontaine was born in the Champagne region into a bourgeois family. There, in 1647, he married an heiress, Marie Héricart, but they separated in 1658. From 1652 to 1671 he held office as an

Joan Fontaine was an English American actress who was known for her portrayals of troubled beauties. De Havilland was born in Tokyo, where her English father worked as a patent attorney and language professor; her mother was an actress. In 1919 she and her elder sister, Olivia, moved with their

Octave Crémazie was a poet considered the father of French Canadian poetry. An extraordinarily learned man, educated at the Seminary of Quebec, Crémazie started a bookshop in 1844 that became the centre of an influential literary circle later referred to as the Patriotic School of Quebec (or the

La Fontaine was a French ballerina and the first woman professional ballet dancer. Before La Fontaine’s debut in 1681 at the Paris Opéra as première danseuse in Jean-Baptiste Lully’s ballet Le Triomphe de l’amour, girls’ roles on the public stage had been taken by young men. Although hampered by

Western architecture: France: …Paris were Charles Percier and Pierre-François Fontaine, who were responsible for the extensive planning scheme at the beginning of the 19th century that included the rue de Castiglione, the rue and Place des Pyramides, and the rue de Rivoli. The Arc du Carrousel was built to their designs in 1806–08…

Western architecture: France: …Paris were Charles Percier and Pierre-François Fontaine, who were responsible for the extensive planning scheme at the beginning of the 19th century that included the rue de Castiglione, the rue and Place des Pyramides, and the rue de Rivoli. The Arc du Carrousel was built to their designs in 1806–08…

Fontainebleau, town, Seine-et-Marne département, Île-de-France région, northern France, 40 miles (65 km) south-southeast of Paris by road. The town is situated in the Forest of Fontainebleau, 2 miles from the left bank of the Seine. The famous château southeast of the town is one of the largest

Fontainebleau: …situated in the Forest of Fontainebleau, 2 miles from the left bank of the Seine. The famous château southeast of the town is one of the largest residences built by the kings of France. Originally a medieval royal hunting lodge enlarged by Louis IX, or St. Louis (1214–70), it was…

20th-century international relations: Hammering out the treaty: …late March Lloyd George’s eloquent Fontainebleau Memorandum warned that vindictiveness in the hour of victory would serve not justice and reconciliation but German revanchism and Bolshevik propaganda. Nevertheless Clemenceau, under attack from President Poincaré, Marshal Foch, and the parliament for “giving up the Rhine,” dared not compromise further. On April…

school of Fontainebleau, the vast number of artists, both foreign and French, whose works are associated with the court of Francis I at Fontainebleau during the last two-thirds of the 16th century. There is both a first and a second school of Fontainebleau. The earlier works are the more important.

house of Bourbon: Solidarity and discord: …treaty and the similarly conceived Treaty of Fontainebleau (1743) are sometimes called the First and the Second Family Compact, and the term Family Compact, or Pacte de Famille, was actually used in a third treaty, signed in Paris in 1761, during the Seven Years’ War. By this last treaty France…

Ignazio Silone: …Silone produced his first novel, Fontamara, which was published in Zürich (1930; Eng. trans., 1934). It is a realistic and compassionate story of the exploitation of peasants in a southern Italian village, brutally suppressed as they attempt to obtain their rights. Fontamara became an international sensation and was translated into…

Fontana, city, San Bernardino county, southwestern California, U.S. Lying just west of the city of San Bernardino, the site was once part of the Rancho San Bernardino land grant (1813). The community, then known as Rosena, was developed in 1903 after it was bought by Fontana Development Company. It

Benito Pérez Galdós: …success of his first novel, La fontana de oro (1870; “The Fountain of Gold”), he began a series of novels retelling Spain’s history from the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) to the restoration of the Bourbons in Spain (1874). The entire cycle of 46 novels would come to be known as…

Trevi Fountain, fountain in Rome that is considered a late Baroque masterpiece and is arguably the best known of the city’s numerous fountains. It was designed by Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini in 1762. According to legend, those who toss coins into its waters will return to Rome.

Carlo Fontana was an Italian architect, engineer, and publisher whose prolific studio produced widely imitated designs for fountains, palaces, tombs, and altars, as well as the curved facade on the S. Marcello al Corso (1682–83). His many international students included M.D. Poppelmann of Germany,

Elvis Presley: From Tupelo to Sam Phillips and Sun Records: …musical change came when drummer D.J. Fontana was added, first for the Hayride shows but also on records beginning with “Mystery Train.”)

Domenico Fontana was an Italian architect who worked on St. Peter’s Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples. Fontana went to Rome in 1563, where he was employed by Cardinal Montalto (later Pope Sixtus V) to design a chapel in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore (1585). When Cardinal

history of photography: Developments from the 1970s to the 1990s: …Stephen Shore, Barbara Kasten, and Franco Fontana were among the other prominent photographers of the period who used colour expressively in landscapes, interiors, still lifes, and street scenes.

Lavinia Fontana was an Italian painter of the Mannerist school and one of the most important portraitists in Bologna during the late 16th century. She was one of the first women to execute large, publicly commissioned figure paintings. Fontana studied with her father, Prospero Fontana (c. 1512–97),

Italy: Visual arts: Argentinian-born Lucio Fontana’s work exemplifies the modern artist’s quest for form, expressed, for example, by a blank canvas slashed open by a knife. Modern additions to the Italian tradition of sculpture include the works of Giacomo Manzù, Gio Pomodoro, Marino Marini, Luciano Minguzzi, Alberto Viani, Harry…

Theodor Fontane was a writer who is considered the first master of modern realistic fiction in Germany. He began his literary career in 1848 as a journalist, serving for several years in England as correspondent for two Prussian newspapers. From this position he wrote several books on English life,

fontanel, soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane. There are six such spots at the junctions of the cranial bones; they allow for molding of the fetal head during passage through the birth canal. Those at the sides of the head are irregularly shaped and located at

fontanel, soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane. There are six such spots at the junctions of the cranial bones; they allow for molding of the fetal head during passage through the birth canal. Those at the sides of the head are irregularly shaped and located at

Louis, marquis de Fontanes was a French man of letters who represented Catholic and conservative opinion during the First Empire and was appointed grand master of the University of Paris by Napoleon. As a young man, Fontanes lived in Paris and associated with the important literary figures of the

Japanese art: Western-style painting: Most influential among them was Antonio Fontanesi. Active as an instructor in Japan for only a year, Fontanesi, a painter of the Barbizon school, established an intensely loyal following among his Japanese students. His influence is seen in the works of Asai Chū, who later studied in Europe. Asai’s contemporary…

dress: Europe, 1500–1800: Ladies wore a tall headdress—the fontange—consisting of tiers of wired lace decorated by ribbons and lappets.

Tianjin Massacre: …June 21 the French consul, Henri Fontanier, fired into a crowd of locally prominent representatives, missing the district magistrate but killing his servant; immediately the consul and some 20 others, mostly French, were killed and mutilated by the mob.

Lunt and Fontanne: Meanwhile, Fontanne had studied under Ellen Terry in England, made her road-show debut in 1905, and won her first London role in 1909 in the Drury Lane Pantomime and her first New York City role in 1910. In 1916 she returned to New York at the…

Lunt and Fontanne: Meanwhile, Fontanne had studied under Ellen Terry in England, made her road-show debut in 1905, and won her first London role in 1909 in the Drury Lane Pantomime and her first New York City role in 1910. In 1916 she returned to New York at the…

Jacopo della Quercia: …received the commission for the Fonte Gaia in the Piazza del Campo at Siena, now replaced by a copy; the original is in the loggia of the town hall. The scheme of this celebrated and highly original fountain seems to have been repeatedly modified, the most effective work being done…

feminism: The ancient world: …broadside by another Venetian author, Moderata Fonte, was published posthumously. Defenders of the status quo painted women as superficial and inherently immoral, while the emerging feminists produced long lists of women of courage and accomplishment and proclaimed that women would be the intellectual equals of men if they were given…

Fontéchevade, a cave site in southwestern France known for the 1947 discovery of ancient human remains and tools probably dating to between 200,000 and 120,000 years ago. The fossils consist of two skull fragments. Unlike Neanderthals and Homo sapiens of the time, the frontal skull fragment lacks

Fontéchevade: The fossils consist of two skull fragments.

Western architecture: Burgundy: Fontenay Abbey (1139 and later) represented the personal preference of St. Bernard, and it is almost Roman, with its very simple and substantial scheme of pointed barrel vaulting. In general, however, the Cistercian churches came more and more to approximate Gothic designs. In the ground…

Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle was a French scientist and man of letters, described by Voltaire as the most universal mind produced by the era of Louis XIV. Many of the characteristic ideas of the Enlightenment are found in embryonic form in his works. Fontenelle was educated at the Jesuit

Battle of Fontenoy, (May 11, 1745), confrontation that led to the French conquest of Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the most famous victory of the French marshal Maurice, Count de Saxe. The battle was fought 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Tournai (in modern Belgium),