Anser, bird genus of the family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). For a general discussion of the genus, see goose; for A. Albifrons, see white-fronted goose; for A. anser, see greylag; for A. caerulescens, see snow

hairstreak: …larva of the North American gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus), which bores into fruit and seeds.

grouse: …Old World member is the black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), of Wales, Scotland, Scandinavia, and north-central Europe; a related form (L. mlokosiewiczi) occurs in the Caucasus. The male, known as blackcock, may be 55 cm (22 inches) long and weigh almost 2 kg (about 4 pounds). He is iridescent blue-black, with…

heron: …the similar but slightly smaller gray, or common, heron (A. cinerea), widespread in the Old World. Largest of all is the goliath heron (A. goliath) of Africa, a 150-cm (59-inch) bird with a reddish head and neck. The purple heron (A. purpurea) is a darker and smaller Old World form.

cast iron: …cast iron is either so-called gray iron or white iron, the colours shown by fracture. Gray iron contains more silicon and is less hard and more machinable than is white iron. Both are brittle, but a malleable cast iron produced by a prolonged heat treatment was developed in France in…

aardwolf, (Proteles cristatus), insectivorous carnivore that resembles a small striped hyena. The shy, mainly nocturnal aardwolf lives on the arid plains of Africa. There are two geographically separate populations, one centred in South Africa and the other in East Africa. The aardwolf, whose name

jay: The gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis) inhabits the northern reaches of the United States and most of Canada.

chicken: …there is evidence that the gray jungle fowl (G. sonneratii) of southern India and other jungle fowl species, also members of Gallus, may have contributed to the bird’s ancestry. There is some debate about what the chicken’s scientific name should be. Although many taxonomists and ornithologists consider it as a…

kangaroo: Descriptions of selected species: Gray kangaroos can clear more than 9 metres (30 feet) at a bound—13.5 metres has been recorded—and can attain a speed of 55 km/hr (kilometres per hour; 34 mph [miles per hour]). Research has revealed a remarkable advantage to bipedal hopping. Although at low speeds…

langur: The gray, or Hanuman, langur (S. entellus) of the Indian subcontinent is almost black when newborn and gray, tan, or brown as an adult. Regarded as sacred in Hinduism, it spends a good deal of time on the ground and roams at will in villages and temples of…

Dhanush: Bollywood and Hollywood: …venture, the high-action espionage thriller The Gray Man (2022), whose star cast includes Ryan Gosling and Billy Bob Thornton, created ripples worldwide, and Dhanush’s powerful action sequence fetched much praise and attention. Filmmakers Anthony and Joe Russo (often called the Russo brothers), who directed The Gray Man, are also helming…

brain: …a convoluted (wrinkled) layer of gray matter. The degree of convolution is partly dependent on the size of the body. Small mammals (e.g., lesser anteater, marmoset) generally have smooth brains, and large mammals (e.g., whale, elephant, dolphin) generally have highly convoluted ones.

gray mold rot, disease of plants growing in humid areas that is caused by fungi in the genus Botrytis, usually B. cinerea. Most vegetables, fruits, flowers, and woody plants are susceptible. The disease primarily affects flowers and buds, though infections on fruits, leaves, and stems can occur.

gray mold rot, disease of plants growing in humid areas that is caused by fungi in the genus Botrytis, usually B. cinerea. Most vegetables, fruits, flowers, and woody plants are susceptible. The disease primarily affects flowers and buds, though infections on fruits, leaves, and stems can occur.

gray mold rot, disease of plants growing in humid areas that is caused by fungi in the genus Botrytis, usually B. cinerea. Most vegetables, fruits, flowers, and woody plants are susceptible. The disease primarily affects flowers and buds, though infections on fruits, leaves, and stems can occur.

John Grisham: Other novels: … (2011), The Racketeer (2012), and Gray Mountain (2014) among his later works in the genre. In Sycamore Row (2013)—a follow-up to A Time to Kill, centering on the lawyer from that book, Jake Brigance—Grisham returned to the racial politics that drove the events of the first novel, this time examining…

sand tiger shark, any of three species of sharks classified in the genera Carcharias and Odontaspis in family Odontaspididae (order Lamniformes), named for their predatory habits and tendency to frequent inshore habitats in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide. The name sand tiger shark

Maggie Kuhn: …however, it was dubbed the “Gray Panthers” by a television newsman who likened them to the militant Black Panthers, and the name held. From their office in a Philadelphia church basement, they launched a crusade to end age discrimination and other social injustices through such means as the group’s National…

African gray parrot, (Psittacus erithacus), species of parrot (order Psittaciformes) characterized by distinctive scalloped gray plumage. The African gray is native to a wide swathe of Africa, from offshore islands in the Atlantic Ocean, including Sao Tome and Principe to eastern Côte d’Ivoire

partridge: …partridge of Europe is the gray partridge (Perdix perdix), called Hungarian (or hun) partridge in North America, where it was introduced in 1889 (Virginia) and again, much more successfully, in 1908–09 (Alberta). It ranges throughout the British Isles and across Europe to the Caspian region. The gray partridge has a…

phalarope: …the Arctic Circle are the red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), called gray phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called red-necked phalarope in Britain. Both species winter on tropical oceans, where they are known as sea snipe. Wilson’s phalarope (P. tricolor) breeds primarily in interior western North America and…

poplar: Common species: The gray poplar (P. ×canescens), a close relative of the white poplar, has deltoid (roughly triangular) leaves with woolly grayish undersides. The black poplar, or black cottonwood (P. nigra), has oval fine-toothed leaves, is long-trunked, and grows to a height of 35 metres (115 feet). Columnar…

Galapagos shark, (Carcharhinus galapagensis), shark species belonging to the family Carcharhinidae. Galapagos sharks are considered to be a circumtropical species with strong preferences for warm, clear waters near reef systems or oceanic islands and generally over continental shelf areas. Although

gray seal, (Halichoerus grypus), seal of the family Phocidae, found in North Atlantic waters along the coast of Newfoundland, in the British Isles, and in the Baltic region. It is spotted gray and black and is characterized by a robust appearance and heavy head. The male grows to about 3 metres (10

seriema: …black-legged, or Burmeister’s, seriema (Chunga burmeisteri), sometimes called gray seriema, which inhabits wooded areas, is darker and grayer, with a shorter crest and shorter legs.

carcharhinid: …classification of many, especially the gray sharks, or whalers (Carcharhinus), is uncertain and may be revised after further study.

loris: …loris [Loris tardigradus] and the gray slender loris [L. lydekkerianus]) of India and Sri Lanka are about 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) long and have long slender limbs, small hands, a rounded head, and a pointed muzzle. Slender lorises feed mostly on insects (predominantly ants) and are solitary. The female usually…

snapper: …and white Indo-Pacific fish; the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus), a gray, reddish, or greenish Atlantic fish; the yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), a swift-moving Atlantic species with a broad, yellow stripe from the nose to the wholly yellow tail; and the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), a bright-red fish (one…

snow mold: Gray snow mold, or typhula blight, is caused by Typhula incarnata, T. ishikariensis and T. idahoensis. It produces roughly circular bleached-tan areas up to about 60 cm in diameter. When moist, these patches are covered with a fluffy bluish gray to almost black mycelium. Minute…

snub-nosed monkey: The gray snub-nosed monkey (R. brelichi) is somewhat smaller, long-tailed, and dark gray with a red patch on the crown and a white patch between the shoulders. It lives only on Mount Fanjing in southern China (Guizhou province) at about 1,500 metres.

tree frog: …Asia and into Japan, the gray tree frog (H. versicolor), the green frog (H. cinerea), and the Pacific tree frog (H. regilla). The smallest is the little grass frog (Pseudacris, or Limnoaedus, ocularis), which does not exceed 1.75 cm (0.69 inch) in length and is found in cypress swamps in…

lake trout, (Salvelinus namaycush), large, voracious char, family Salmonidae, widely distributed from northern Canada and Alaska, U.S., south to New England and the Great Lakes basin. It is usually found in deep, cool lakes. The fish are greenish gray and covered with pale spots. In spring, lake

gerrymandering: In 1963, in Gray v. Sanders, the Court first articulated the principle of “one person, one vote” in striking down Georgia’s county-based system for counting votes in Democratic primary elections for the office of U.S. senator. One year later, in Wesberry v. Sanders, the Court declared that congressional…

darknet: …be contrasted with the “gray web,” which is a part of the surface Internet that one does not need special services to access but is similarly associated with illegal activity. The darknet and dark web are also occasionally confused with the “intellectual dark web,” a loose collection of neo-reactionary…

gray whale, (Eschrichtius robustus), a slender baleen whale having a profusion of external parasites that give it the appearance of a barnacle-encrusted rock. The gray whale attains a maximum length of about 15 metres (49 feet). It is gray or black, mottled with white, and has short yellow baleen

gray wolf, (Canis lupus), largest wild member of the dog family (Canidae). It inhabits vast areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Between 5 and 24 subspecies of gray wolves are recognized in North America and 7 to 12 are recognized in Eurasia, with 1 in Africa. Wolves were domesticated several thousand

Steven Soderbergh: Breakthrough: sex, lies, and videotape; Erin Brockovich; and Traffic: …from traditional narrative film with Gray’s Anatomy (1996)—a filmed monologue by Spalding Gray—and the experimental comedy Schizopolis (1996), in which he also starred.

Merritt Lyndon Fernald: …the centennial edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany (1950), one of the best books ever written on the flora of the United States. In 1925 Fernald made a major contribution to glacial geology by refuting the popular theory that nearly all of the northeastern United States and adjacent parts of…

Alasdair Gray was a Scottish novelist, playwright, and artist best known for his surreal atmospheric novel Lanark (1981). Gray’s family was evacuated from Glasgow during World War II. He later returned to attend Whitehill Senior Secondary School, where he wrote and drew for the school magazine, and

Asa Gray was an American botanist whose extensive studies of North American flora did more than the work of any other botanist to unify the taxonomic knowledge of plants of this region. His most widely used book, Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and

The Day the Earth Stood Still: Cast: Assorted Referencesdiscussed in biographyrole of Neal

Robert O’Hara Burke: …William John Wills, and by Charles Gray and John King. The four reached northern Australia in February 1861 but could not penetrate the swamps and jungle scrub that lay between them and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Dorian Gray, fictional character, the hedonistic protagonist of Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891). He exchanges his soul for youth that never

Elisha Gray was a U.S. inventor and contestant with Alexander Graham Bell in a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone. Gray invented a number of telegraphic devices and in 1869 was one of two partners who founded what became Western Electric Company. On Feb. 14, 1876, the day that

American civil rights movement: Black Lives Matter and Shelby County v. Holder: …as well as that of Freddie Gray in Baltimore in 2015, prompted widespread protest. The fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed Black teenager, in Sanford, Florida, in February 2012, by George Zimmerman, a neighbourhood watch volunteer, and Zimmerman’s subsequent acquittal on charges of second-degree murder sparked the founding online…

J. Robert Oppenheimer security hearing: It was chaired by Gordon Gray, president of the University of North Carolina and former secretary of the army. Also on the panel were Thomas A. Morgan, former president of the Sperry Corporation, and Ward V. Evans, professor of chemistry at Loyola University Chicago.

Harold Gray was an American cartoonist and creator of “Little Orphan Annie,” one of the most popular comic strips of all time. After graduating from Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, in 1917, Gray joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune, to which he returned after brief service in the U.S.

Harold Gray was an American cartoonist and creator of “Little Orphan Annie,” one of the most popular comic strips of all time. After graduating from Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, in 1917, Gray joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune, to which he returned after brief service in the U.S.

Horace Gray was a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1881–1902. Admitted to the bar in 1851, Gray practiced law in Massachusetts and was active in Free-Soil and, later, Republican party affairs. In 1860 he ran unsuccessfully for state attorney general. He served with distinction for many years at

James Nicholas Gray was an American computer scientist and winner of the 1998 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his “seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation.” Gray attended the University of

John Gray is an American self-help author and pop psychologist who built a business empire out of his most famous book, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992). As a teenager Gray became involved in the Transcendental Meditation (TM) movement and eventually became the personal assistant of

obiter dictum: American legal scholar John Chipman Gray stated, “In order that an opinion may have the weight of a precedent…it must be an opinion the formation of which is necessary for the decision of a particular case; in other words, it must not be obiter dictum.” Dicta frequently take…

Dallas: …alcoholic wife, Sue Ellen (Linda Gray). As the ruthless, devious oil tycoon that audiences loved to hate, Hagman redefined the soap opera villain-protagonist. The show borrowed a familiar premise from Romeo and Juliet—young lovers from feuding families—for one of its key plotlines: the marriage and subsequent drama between J.R.’s…

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: Robert Gray continued the tradition of spare, almost Imagistic lyric verse in such volumes of his as Piano (1988) and Certain Things (1993). Robert Adamson and John Tranter wrote more experimental verse, as is evinced, respectively, in The Clean Dark (1989) and The Floor of…

Robert Gray was the captain of the first U.S. ship to circumnavigate the globe and explorer of the Columbia River. Gray went to sea at an early age, and after serving in the Continental Navy during the Revolutionary War, he entered the service of a Massachusetts trading company. In command first of

Anglicanism: Developments in worldwide Anglicanism: The archbishop of Cape Town, Robert Gray (who was High Church, or traditionalist), wanted the bishop of Natal, John Colenso (who was Low Church, or Evangelical), to be arraigned on charges of heresy for holding what were then regarded as advanced views of the Creation stories in the opening chapters…

Simon Gray was a British dramatist whose plays, often set in academia, are noted for their challenging storylines, witty, literary dialogue, and complex characterizations. Gray alternately lived in Canada and England, attending Westminster School in London; Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Can.

Simon Gray was a British dramatist whose plays, often set in academia, are noted for their challenging storylines, witty, literary dialogue, and complex characterizations. Gray alternately lived in Canada and England, attending Westminster School in London; Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Can.

Sir James Gray was an English zoologist who played a leading part in changing the main objective of 20th-century zoological research from evolutionary comparative anatomy to the functional analysis of living cells and living animals, particularly through his editorship (1925–54) of the Journal of

Copley Medal: …was awarded in 1731 to Stephen Gray, a self-made naturalist whose experiments and spectacular public demonstrations of electrical conduction were well known to the Society. In 1736 it was decided to use Copley’s bequest to pay for a gold medal that would be given annually as an honorary prize to…

Thomas Gray was an English poet whose “An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard” is one of the best known of English lyric poems. Although his literary output was slight, he was the dominant poetic figure in the mid-18th century and a precursor of the Romantic movement. Born into a prosperous but

seismograph: Development of the first seismographs: …James Alfred Ewing, Scottish engineer Thomas Gray, and English geologist John Milne, who were working in Japan at the time, began to study earthquakes. Following a severe earthquake that occurred at Yokohama near Tokyo in that year, they organized the Seismological Society of Japan. Under its auspices various devices, forerunners…

The Confessions of Nat Turner: …5, 1831, to his attorney, Thomas R. Gray, who asked the questions in the text and included an occasional comment of his own. Turner was hanged on November 11, and Confessions was published just a few weeks later. The transcription below appeared in The Anglo-African Magazine, December 1859.

Walter de Gray was an English churchman who rose to high ecclesiastical office through service to King John. He became chancellor of England in 1205 and, after John had made his peace with the church, was elected bishop of Worcester (1214). In 1215 John advanced him as a candidate for the see of

Dexter Gordon: …mock-battles with fellow tenor saxophonist Wardell Gray during the late 1940s. While serving a prison term for narcotics-related charges he made his acting debut in the film Unchained (1955).

mouse: Natural history: The gray-bellied pygmy mouse (M. triton) of sub-Saharan Africa, for example, apparently does not burrow but uses pathways made by larger rodents.

mangabey: The gray-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena) is found from eastern Nigeria eastward into Uganda; it has a gargoylelike face with thinly haired gray or white cheeks and scruffy hair on the crown. Living in dispersed troops of several males and females, they rest between feeding bouts characteristically…

migration: Origin and evolution of migration: …typically North American species, the gray-cheeked thrush (Hylocichla minima), which has extended its breeding area to northeastern Siberia, returns to spend the winter in the central regions of South America.

Asia: Semidesert and desert: …while gray desert soils (sierozems) develop in the arid subtropics. A great deal of saline soil is present there, and agriculture is possible only with the use of irrigation, which gives rise to specific cultivated types of sierozems.

eagle: Asian species include the gray-headed, or greater, fishing eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

lapwing: Others are the gray-headed lapwing (Microsarcops cinereus), of eastern Asia, and the long-toed lapwing (Hemiparra crassirostris), of Africa.

douc: …1990s a third species, the gray-legged douc (P. cinerea), was discovered in Vietnam in a few isolated forests around 14° N.

tattler: …tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) and the Polynesian, or gray-rumped, tattler (H. brevipes). Both closely resemble the yellowlegs but are short-legged and have barred underparts in summer. The wandering tattler nests on gravel bars in Alaskan rivers and winters from Mexico to western Pacific islands. The slightly smaller Polynesian tattler does not…

wastewater treatment: Wastewater reuse: The use of gray-water recycling systems in new commercial buildings offers a method of saving water and reducing total sewage volumes. These systems filter and chlorinate drainage from tubs and sinks and reuse the water for nonpotable purposes (e.g., flushing toilets and urinals). Recycled water can be marked…

trumpeter: …common, or gray-winged, trumpeter (Psophia crepitans). The others are the pale-winged, or white-winged, trumpeter (P. leucoptera), and the dark-winged, or green-winged, trumpeter (P. viridis), of Brazil.

alewife, (Pomolobus, or Alosa, pseudoharengus), important North American food fish of the herring family, Clupeidae. Deeper-bodied than the true herring, the alewife has a pronounced saw-edge on the underside; it grows to about 30 cm (1 foot). Except for members of a few lake populations, it spends

sugarcane: Pests: …greatest crop losses is the grayback beetle in its larval stage. Effective grub control is obtained by applying the insecticide benzene hexachloride after the young cane plant has germinated and stooled, though this chemical has been banned in many countries. Sugarcane can be protected against wireworms by applying insecticides when…

Bartmannkrug, type of 16th-century German jug, characterized by a round belly and a mask of a bearded man applied in relief to the neck. This salt-glazed stoneware jug is associated particularly with Cologne and Frechen, where it was manufactured in considerable numbers. It was sometimes called a

graybird, any of numerous cuckoo-shrikes of the genus Coracina. See

Greyhound, the fastest dog breed and one of the most ancient, long symbolic of aristocracy. Its likeness appears on an Egyptian tomb dating from about 3000 bce. Streamlined, slender, and strong, the Greyhound can attain a speed of about 45 miles (72 km) per hour. It has a narrow head, a long neck,

greylag, (Anser anser), most common Eurasian representative of the so-called gray goose and ancestor of all Occidental domestic geese. It belongs to the subfamily Anserinae, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). It nests in temperate regions and winters from Britain to North Africa, India, and

greylag, (Anser anser), most common Eurasian representative of the so-called gray goose and ancestor of all Occidental domestic geese. It belongs to the subfamily Anserinae, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). It nests in temperate regions and winters from Britain to North Africa, India, and

grayling, (Thymallus), any of several troutlike game fishes, family Salmonidae, found in cold, clear streams of Eurasia and northern North America. Graylings are handsome, silvery-purple fishes, which reach a length of about 40 cm (16 inches). They have rather large scales, large eyes, a small

Grayling, city, seat (1879) of Crawford county, north-central Michigan, U.S. It is located on the Au Sable River, one of the most-celebrated trout streams in the Midwest, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Traverse City. Named for the once-plentiful grayling, the city was settled in 1874 and developed

Los Angeles Dodgers, American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles that plays in the National League (NL). The team has won eight World Series titles and 25 NL pennants. Founded in 1883, the Dodgers were originally based in Brooklyn, New York, and were known as the Atlantics. The team

Idaho: Plant and animal life: Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, in the southeastern corner of the state, was the site of a long-term attempt to reintroduce the whooping crane, one of North America’s endangered birds, and to use sandhill cranes as surrogate parents to further increase the birds’ population size…

graysby, species of sea bass

Ray Stannard Baker was an American journalist, popular essayist, literary crusader for the League of Nations, and authorized biographer of Woodrow Wilson. A reporter for the Chicago Record (1892–98), Baker became associated with Outlook, McClure’s, and the “muckraker” American Magazine. He explored

wacke, sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains (0.063–2 mm [0.0025–0.078 inch]) with a fine-grained clay matrix. The sand-sized grains are frequently composed of rock fragments of wide-ranging mineralogies (e.g., those consisting of pyroxenes, amphiboles, feldspars, and quartz). The grains

Graz, city, capital of Bundesland (federal state) Steiermark, southeastern Austria. The country’s second largest city, it lies on the Mur River between the Styrian Alps and a wide, fertile basin, the Grazerfeld, about 95 miles (155 km) south-southwest of Vienna. In the 9th century there was

Spain: Spain and Europe: …de Oñate, negotiated the secret Treaty of Graz (1617) by which the Jesuit-educated archduke Ferdinand of Styria (later Emperor Ferdinand II) was designated as heir to Matthias. In return for giving up Philip III’s claims to the Austrian succession, which Madrid had never seriously pursued in any case, Oñate obtained…

Fritz Pregl: …a medical degree from the University of Graz (1894), where he was associated for most of his professional life with the Medico-Chemical Institute. About 1905 he began researches on bile acids and other substances. The difficulty of obtaining these materials in quantities sufficient for the use of conventional analytic techniques…

grassland: Biota: The large grazing mammals of the North American prairies included the bison and pronghorn antelope, whose typical predator was the gray wolf. The badger and several rabbit and hare species were widespread, as were many small burrowing rodents. Among the invertebrate fauna, grasshoppers were and still are…

Arrested Development: …produced by Ron Howard and Brian Grazer. Arrested Development aired from 2003 to 2006 on the Fox network, followed by a two-season reboot on Netflix in 2013 and 2018–19. The series follows the dysfunctional Bluth family as it goes from riches to rags when its housing development company crumbles because…

Bulgaria: Bulgaria’s transition: …in July 2009, the centre-right Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (Grazhdani za Evropeisko Razvitie Balgariya; GERB), led by former Sofia mayor Boiko Borisov, garnered nearly 40 percent of the votes and secured 116 seats in the 240-seat National Assembly, while the Socialist-led Coalition for Bulgaria claimed only 40 seats.…

Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer’s Diary and other works: …editorship of the conservative journal Grazhdanin (“The Citizen”), where he published an irregular column entitled “Dnevnik pisatelya” (“The Diary of a Writer”). He left Grazhdanin to write Podrostok (1875; A Raw Youth, also known as The Adolescent), a relatively unsuccessful and diffuse novel describing a young man’s relations with his…

Rodolfo Graziani, marquess di Neghelli was an Italian field marshal, administrator, and adherent of Benito Mussolini. After service in Eritrea and Libya before World War I and in Macedonia and Tripolitania subsequently, Graziani became commander in chief of Italian forces in Libya (1930–34),

Gregory VI was the pope from 1045 to 1046. He was elected pope on May 5, 1045, after he paid Pope Benedict IX to resign in order to save the papacy from scandal arising from Benedict’s licentious behaviour. But Gregory was accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, Papal States, held by the Holy

Rocky Graziano was an American boxer and world middleweight champion (1947–48). (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) In his youth Graziano was close friends with future fighter Jake La Motta, and both troubled youths attended the same juvenile reform school. Graziano was drafted

Ugo Foscolo: …his highly acclaimed unfinished poem, Le grazie (published in fragments 1803 and 1818, in full 1822; “The Graces”). In 1813 Foscolo returned to Milan.