Treaty of Greenville, (August 3, 1795), settlement that concluded hostilities between the United States and an Indian confederation headed by Miami chief Little Turtle by which the Indians ceded most of the future state of Ohio and significant portions of what would become the states of Indiana,

Glenn Greenwald is an American journalist, author, and lawyer who throughout 2013 published news stories based on a trove of documents obtained by intelligence contractor and whistleblower Edward Snowden. This reporting revealed large-scale covert information gathering by the U.S. National Security

Greenwashing is the practice of presenting companies or products as more environmentally responsible than they are. A portmanteau of “green” and “whitewash,” greenwashing involves exaggerating or misrepresenting sustainability efforts to mislead you into believing you’re supporting meaningful

Charles City: …historic plantations, notably Berkeley, Westover, Greenway, and Shirley. At Berkeley or Harrison’s Landing, where some claim the first Thanksgiving was observed on Dec. 4, 1619, is the ancestral home of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and of two U.S. presidents—William Henry Harrison (9th) and Benjamin Harrison (23rd).…

Australia: An authoritarian society: Outstanding was the architecture of Francis Greenway, a former convict, who, under Macquarie’s patronage, designed churches and public buildings that remain among the most beautiful in Australia.

Greenwich, royal borough and outer borough of London, England. It lies on the south bank of the River Thames in the historic county of Kent. Greenwich is famous for its naval and military connections and its green spaces. The present borough was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former

Greenwich, urban town (township), Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound. It was founded in 1640 by the New Haven colony agents Robert Feaks and Captain Daniel Patrick, who purchased land from the Siwanoy Indians for 25 English coats, and it was named for Greenwich,

Christopher Wren: Concurrent projects: Greenwich Hospital (later the Royal Naval College) was Wren’s last great work and the only one still in progress after St. Paul’s had been completed in 1710.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the name for mean solar time of the longitude (0°) of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England. The meridian at this longitude is called the prime meridian or Greenwich meridian. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) has been used to clearly designate epoch by avoiding confusing

Greenwich meridian, an imaginary line, last established in 1851, that was used to indicate 0° longitude. It passes through Greenwich, a borough of London, and terminates at the North and South poles. Because it indicated 0° longitude, it was also known as the prime meridian. It served as the

Greenwich: …which is also known as Maritime Greenwich, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. In 1433 Humphrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, enclosed Greenwich Park and built a watchtower on the north-facing hill above the river. Inigo Jones’s Queen’s House, the first Palladian-style building in England, was commissioned as…

Beginning in the early 20th century and especially since the Beat movement of the early 1950s, Greenwich Village had been a mecca for creative radicals—artists, poets, jazz musicians, and guitar-playing folk and blues singers—from all over the United States. In coffeehouses such as the Cafe Wha?

Walter Lang: Films of the 1940s: Set during Prohibition, Greenwich Village (1944) offered Ameche as a classical composer whose music is stolen by a nightclub owner (William Bendix) for his latest show.

Greenwich Village, residential section of Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S. It is bounded by 14th Street, Houston Street, Broadway, and the Hudson River waterfront. A village settlement during colonial times, it became in successive stages an exclusive residential area, a tenement district, and,

Greenwich: The University of Greenwich was founded as Woolwich Polytechnic in 1890; it later became Thames Polytechnic and took on its current name and status in 1992.

Greenwood, city, seat (1871) of Leflore county, northwestern Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Yazoo River, 96 miles (154 km) north of Jackson. The original settlement (1834), known as Williams Landing, was incorporated (1844) and named for the Choctaw chieftain Greenwood Leflore, a wealthy

Tulsa race massacre of 1921: …Tulsa’s prosperous Black neighborhood of Greenwood, known as “Black Wall Street.” More than 1,400 homes and businesses were burned, and nearly 10,000 people were left homeless. Despite its severity and destructiveness, the Tulsa race massacre was barely mentioned in history books until the late 1990s, when a state commission was…

Greenwood, county, western South Carolina, U.S. It consists of a hilly piedmont region bordered to the northeast by Lake Greenwood, which is impounded on the Saluda River by Buzzard Roost Dam. Lake Greenwood State Park and a portion of Sumter National Forest are within the county’s borders. The

Greenwood, city, seat (1897) of Greenwood county, western South Carolina, U.S. The city lies at the northern entrance to the Long Cane Ranger District of Sumter National Forest. It was first settled in 1824 by John McGehee, and its growth was stimulated by the arrival (1852) of the Greenville and

Tulsa: The Greenwood Rising history centre also commemorates the massacre and its victims.) In the following decade Tulsa’s downtown was rebuilt, and the city is now renowned for its many buildings in the Art Deco style, including the Pythian Building, Union Depot, and the Phillips Oil “Philcade.”…

Arthur Greenwood was a British Labour Party politician who was a noteworthy advocate of British resistance to the aggression of Nazi Germany just before World War II. A teacher of economics, Greenwood became a civil servant during World War I and entered the House of Commons in 1922. In the first

Radiohead: …1968, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England), bassist Colin Greenwood (b. June 26, 1969, Oxford, Oxfordshire), guitarist Ed O’Brien (b. April 15, 1968, Oxford), drummer Phil Selway (b. May 23, 1967, Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire), and guitarist-keyboardist Jonny Greenwood (b. November 5, 1971, Oxford).

glassware: England: …surface of the glass, were Frans Greenwood of Dordrecht, the originator of the style, and David Wolff of The Hague, whose work, if uninspired, is of high technical accomplishment.

Henry Barrow: …a friend of the Separatist John Greenwood, Barrow was persuaded by him to accept the Brownist position, named for Robert Browne, who advocated the foundation of churches separate from secular governmental authority. Greenwood and Barrow were subsequently imprisoned after refusing to recant their beliefs. During a brief period of freedom…

Radiohead: …Grey, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire), and guitarist-keyboardist Jonny Greenwood (b. November 5, 1971, Oxford).

English literature: The 1930s: Walter Greenwood’s Love on the Dole (1933) is a bleak record, in the manner of Bennett, of the economic depression in a northern working-class community; and Graham Greene’s It’s a Battlefield (1934) and Brighton Rock (1938) are desolate studies, in the manner of Conrad, of…

Debbie Stabenow is an American Democratic politician who represented Michigan in the U.S. Senate (2001–25); she was the first woman to serve the state in that legislative body. Stabenow previously was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2001). She declined to run for reelection in

Germaine Greer is an Australian-born English writer and feminist who championed the sexual freedom of women. Greer was educated at the Universities of Melbourne and Sydney before taking a doctorate in 1967 in literature at the University of Cambridge. She acted on television, wrote for journals,

Graian Alps, northern segment of the Western Alps along the French-Italian border, bounded by Mont Cenis and the Cottian Alps (southwest), the Isère and Arc valleys (west), the Little St. Bernard Pass (north), and the Dora Baltea River valley (northeast). Many of the peaks are glacier-covered and

greeting card, an illustrated message that expresses, either seriously or humorously, affection, good will, gratitude, sympathy, or other sentiments. Greeting cards are usually sent by mail in observance of a special day or event and can be divided into two general classifications: seasonal and

Bruce Springsteen: Early life and singer-songwriter period: His first two albums, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. and The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle, released in 1973, reflect folk rock, soul, and rhythm-and-blues influences, especially those of Van Morrison, Bob Dylan, and Stax/Volt Records. Springsteen’s voice, a rough

Paul Durcan: Greetings to Our Friends in Brazil (1999) contains some of his most audacious poetry; “Meeting the President” is a strikingly original, dreamlike account of paternal dominance. Durcan’s subsequent elegiac poetry, in collections such as The Laughter of Mothers (2007), recalls his mother’s past in a…

metalwork: 16th century to modern: …relief pieces in Lyon is Roland Greffet, between 1528 and 1568. One can assume that it was he who invented this type of work. A school producing tankards and dishes with relief decoration soon grew up in Lyon. The most common decorative motif was an arabesque, which was used in…

Anna Maria Lenngren: …and “Grefvinnans besök” (1800; “The Countess’s Visit”) are especially pungent. In the latter, a class-conscious parson’s family puts itself at the beck and call of a visiting noblewoman. Although, as Lenngren said, she was “seldom far from home,” she combined clear-sighted knowledge of the world with tolerance of its…

Standing on the dive platform at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea, Greg Louganis prepared for his ninth dive of the preliminary springboard competition. Midway through a reverse 212 somersault in the pike position, the 28-year-old California native hit his head on the board and fell

Pontifical Gregorian University, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Rome. It was founded in 1551 as the Collegium Romanum (College of Rome) by St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Francis Borgia and was constituted as a university by Pope Julius III. It received its present name as the

gregale, strong and cold wind that blows from the northeast in the western and central Mediterranean region, mainly in winter. Most pronounced on the island of Malta, the gregale sometimes approaches hurricane force and endangers shipping there; in 1555 it is reported to have caused waves that

gregarine, any protozoan of the sporozoan class Gregarinidea (or Gregarinea). Gregarines occur as parasites in the body cavities and the digestive systems of invertebrates. Representative genera are Monocystis in earthworms and Gregarina in locusts and cockroaches. Long and wormlike, gregarines may

gregarine, any protozoan of the sporozoan class Gregarinidea (or Gregarinea). Gregarines occur as parasites in the body cavities and the digestive systems of invertebrates. Representative genera are Monocystis in earthworms and Gregarina in locusts and cockroaches. Long and wormlike, gregarines may

Gregg shorthand, system of rapid writing based on the sounds of words that uses the curvilinear motion of ordinary longhand. Devised by the Irishman John Robert Gregg (1867–1948), who originally called it light-line phonography and published under that name in pamphlet form in 1888 in England, the

Green Bay Packers: …Taylor, halfback Paul Hornung, tackle Forrest Gregg, linebacker Ray Nitschke, end Willie Davis, tackle Henry Jordan, cornerback Herb Adderley, and safety Willie Wood. They won championships in 1961 and 1962 and followed with three straight championships starting in the 1965–66 season. On January 15, 1967, in the inaugural Super Bowl

Green Bay Packers: …Taylor, halfback Paul Hornung, tackle Forrest Gregg, linebacker Ray Nitschke, end Willie Davis, tackle Henry Jordan, cornerback Herb Adderley, and safety Willie Wood. They won championships in 1961 and 1962 and followed with three straight championships starting in the 1965–66 season. On January 15, 1967, in the inaugural Super Bowl

John Robert Gregg was an Irish-born American inventor of a shorthand system named for him. Gregg developed an interest in speed-writing when he was 10 years old, and by the age of 21, in Glasgow, he had published a 28-page pamphlet, Light-Line Phonography (1888), presenting his own shorthand

rubella: History: …until 1941, when Australian ophthalmologist N. McAlister Gregg discovered that prenatal infection with the virus was responsible for congenital malformations in children. In 2015, following an intense 15-year vaccination campaign, the Americas were declared to be free of endemic rubella transmission.

Henri Grégoire was a French prelate who was a defender of the Constitutional church, the nationalized Roman Catholic church established in France during the Revolution, and of the rights of Jews and blacks. Born into a poor peasant family, Grégoire entered the priesthood and became curé of

Suzanne Collins: …Collins conceived the children’s novel Gregor the Overlander (2003), about an 11-year-old boy in New York City drawn into a fantastic subterranean world where humans coexist with giant anthropomorphic sewer dwellers such as rats and cockroaches. The book was commended for its vivid setting and sense of adventure, and four…

titanium: …the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth.

Nicephorus Gregoras was a Byzantine humanist scholar, philosopher, and theologian whose 37-volume Byzantine History, a work of erudition, constitutes a primary documentary source for the 14th century. Having gained the favour of the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328) and of ecclesiastics

Nicephorus Gregoras was a Byzantine humanist scholar, philosopher, and theologian whose 37-volume Byzantine History, a work of erudition, constitutes a primary documentary source for the 14th century. Having gained the favour of the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328) and of ecclesiastics

Josef Mengele was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz extermination camp (1943–45) who selected prisoners for execution in the gas chambers and conducted medical experiments on inmates in pseudoscientific racial studies. Mengele’s father was founder of a company that produced farm machinery, Firma Karl

Gregorian calendar, solar dating system now in general use. It was proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a reform of the Julian calendar. By the Julian reckoning, the solar year comprised 365 1 4 days, and the intercalation of a “leap day” every four years was intended to maintain

Gregorian chant, monophonic, or unison, liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, used to accompany the text of the mass and the canonical hours, or divine office. Gregorian chant is named after St. Gregory I, during whose papacy (590–604) it was collected and codified. Charlemagne, king of

Diocletian: Domestic reforms of Diocletian: …during Diocletian’s reign that the Gregorian and Hermogenian codes, of which only fragments remain, were rewritten. But 1,200 extant rescripts show another aspect of the emperor’s personality. A conservative, Diocletian was concerned with the preservation of the ancient virtues: the obligation of children to feed their parents in old age;…

Vatican Museums and Galleries: The Gregorian Etruscan Museum (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco), founded in 1836 by Pope Gregory XVI and reorganized in 1924, houses a collection of objects from Etruscan excavations and features an interactive reconstruction of the Regolini-Galassi tomb, which contained a splendid array of Etruscan jewelry. The Egyptian Museum…

Robert Hooke: …first men to build a Gregorianreflecting telescope, Hooke discovered the fifth star in the Trapezium, an asterism in the constellation Orion, in 1664 and first suggested that Jupiter rotates on its axis. His detailed sketches of Mars were used in the 19th century to

Gregorian Reform, eleventh-century religious reform movement associated with its most forceful advocate, Pope Gregory VII (reigned 1073–85). Although long associated with church-state conflict, the reform’s main concerns were the moral integrity and independence of the clergy. The term Gregorian

church year: Saints’ days and other holy days: The Roman calendar of the Gregorian Sacramentary became the basis of the Western church’s observances with the liturgical reform of Charlemagne (c. 800), but it was constantly supplemented throughout the Middle Ages by new additions from diocesan or provincial areas. It was not until 1634 that the Roman see gained…

psalm tone, melodic recitation formula used in the singing of the psalms and canticles of the Bible, followed by the “Gloria Patri” (“Glory Be to the Father”) during the chanting of the liturgical hours, or divine office. In the Gregorian chant repertory there are eight psalm tones. Because each

Pontifical Gregorian University, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Rome. It was founded in 1551 as the Collegium Romanum (College of Rome) by St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Francis Borgia and was constituted as a university by Pope Julius III. It received its present name as the

James Gregory was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer who discovered infinite series representations for a number of trigonometry functions, although he is mostly remembered for his description of the first practical reflecting telescope, now known as the Gregorian telescope. The son of an

Gregory Of Rimini was an Italian Christian philosopher and theologian whose subtle synthesis of moderate nominalism with a theology of divine grace borrowed from St. Augustine strongly influenced the mode of later medieval thought characterizing some of the Protestant Reformers. In 1357 Gregory was

Gregorio Martínez Sierra: …a book on their collaboration, Gregorio y yo (1953; “Gregory and I”).

Bar Hebraeus was a medieval Syrian scholar noted for his encyclopaedic learning in science and philosophy and for his enrichment of Syriac literature by the introduction of Arabic culture. Motivated toward scholarly pursuits by his father, a Jewish convert to Christianity, Bar Hebraeus emigrated to

Hartmann von Aue: …four extended narrative poems (Erec, Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich, Iwein), two shorter allegorical love poems (Büchlein I and II), and 16 lyrics (13 love songs and three Crusading songs). The lyrical poems and the two Büchlein appear to have been written first, followed by the narrative poems—his most important works—in…

Saint Gregory of Nyssa ; feast day March 9) was a philosophical theologian and mystic, leader of the orthodox party in the 4th-century Christian controversies over the doctrine of the Trinity. Primarily a scholar, he wrote many theological, mystical, and monastic works in which he balanced Platonic

Gregory (VI) was an antipope from May to December 1012. From the middle 10th to the early 11th century, Rome, and particularly the papacy, was chiefly ruled by the Crescentii, a powerful Roman family. After Pope Sergius IV’s death (1012), the Crescentii uncanonically installed their candidate,

Gregory (VIII) was an antipope from 1118 to 1121. A Benedictine educated at the abbey of Cluny, he was made bishop of Coimbra, Port., in 1098. While archbishop of Braga, Port. (consecrated 1111), he quarrelled with Archbishop Bernard of Toledo, Castile, and was suspended by Pope Paschal II in 1114.

Wilmington Ten: The white pastor of Gregory Congregational United Church of Christ, Eugene Templeton, offered his integrated church as a gathering place and school alternative. On February 1, 1971, the national United Church of Christ’s Commission on Racial Justice sent the young Reverend Benjamin Chavis to Wilmington to organize and provide…

St. Gregory the Great ; Western feast day, September 3 [formerly March 12, still observed in the East]) was the pope from 590 to 604, a reformer and excellent administrator, “founder” of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power. His epithet “the Great” reflects his

Gregory II Cyprius was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1283–89) who strongly opposed reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. In the beginning of his career as a cleric in the Byzantine imperial court, Gregory supported the policy of both his emperor, Michael VIII

Saint Gregory II ; feast day February 11) was the pope from 715 to 731. Before his election (May 19) he had served as subdeacon and treasurer of the church. As pope, he greatly encouraged the Christianizing of Germany by SS. Boniface and Corbinian, whom he consecrated bishops in 722. Though a

Saint Gregory III ; feast day November 28) was the pope from 731 to 741. A priest when elected pope by acclamation, he was the last pope to seek approval of his election from the imperial exarch in Ravenna. His pontificate was one of the most critical in papal history. He was immediately confronted

Gregory IV was the pope from 827 to 844. Cardinal priest of St. Mark’s Basilica, Rome, he succeeded Valentine as pope and is chiefly remembered for his mediation in the Carolingian dynastic struggle between Lothar I, the co-emperor, and the emperor Louis the Pious, when his father Louis granted

Gregory IX was one of the most vigorous of the 13th-century popes (reigned 1227–41), a canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives, and founder of the papal Inquisition. Gregory promulgated the Decretals in 1234, a code of canon law that remained the fundamental source of

St. Gregory of Narek ; feast day February 27) was a Christian poet and theologian who is generally considered the first great Armenian poet and the principal literary figure in Armenia during the 10th century. He was renowned for his mystical poems and hymns, biblical commentaries, and sacred

St. Gregory of Narek ; feast day February 27) was a Christian poet and theologian who is generally considered the first great Armenian poet and the principal literary figure in Armenia during the 10th century. He was renowned for his mystical poems and hymns, biblical commentaries, and sacred

St. Gregory of Nazianzus ; Eastern feast day January 25 and 30; Western feast day January 2) was a 4th-century Church Father whose defense of the doctrine of the Trinity (God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) made him one of the greatest champions of orthodoxy against Arianism. Gregory’s father,

St. Gregory of Nazianzus ; Eastern feast day January 25 and 30; Western feast day January 2) was a 4th-century Church Father whose defense of the doctrine of the Trinity (God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) made him one of the greatest champions of orthodoxy against Arianism. Gregory’s father,

Saint Gregory of Nyssa ; feast day March 9) was a philosophical theologian and mystic, leader of the orthodox party in the 4th-century Christian controversies over the doctrine of the Trinity. Primarily a scholar, he wrote many theological, mystical, and monastic works in which he balanced Platonic

Gregory Of Rimini was an Italian Christian philosopher and theologian whose subtle synthesis of moderate nominalism with a theology of divine grace borrowed from St. Augustine strongly influenced the mode of later medieval thought characterizing some of the Protestant Reformers. In 1357 Gregory was

Gregory of Sinai was a Greek Orthodox monk, theologian, and mystic, the most prominent medieval advocate of Hesychasm, a Byzantine form of contemplative prayer directed toward ecstatic mystical experience. Originally a Cypriot monk, Gregory later joined a community on Mt. Sinai. He then travelled

St. Gregory of Tours ; feast day November 17) was a bishop and writer whose Ten Books of Histories (often wrongly called The History of the Franks) is the major 6th-century source for studying the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks. Gregory’s Gallo-Roman family was prominent in both religious and

St. Gregory Palamas ; canonized 1368; feast day November 14) was an Orthodox monk, theologian, and intellectual leader of Hesychasm, an ascetical method of mystical prayer that integrates repetitive prayer formulas with bodily postures and controlled breathing. He was appointed bishop of

biogeographic region: Biotic distributions: …mechanism is seen in the Gregory Rift Valley, the eastern branch of the East African Rift System; distinctive subspecies of wildebeest are represented on either side of the rift valley, with the subspecies Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus occurring on the east side and C. taurinus hecki on the west. Other mammals…

Gregory of Sinai was a Greek Orthodox monk, theologian, and mystic, the most prominent medieval advocate of Hesychasm, a Byzantine form of contemplative prayer directed toward ecstatic mystical experience. Originally a Cypriot monk, Gregory later joined a community on Mt. Sinai. He then travelled

St. Gregory Thaumaturgus ; feast day November 17) was a Greek Christian apostle of Roman Asia and champion of orthodoxy in the 3rd-century Trinitarian (nature of God) controversy. His Greek surname, meaning “wonder worker,” was derived from the phenomenal miracles, including the moving of a

Liturgy of the Preconsecrated Offerings, a communion service used during Lent in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern-rite Catholic churches; the consecration is omitted, and bread and wine reserved from the previous Sunday’s liturgy are distributed to the faithful. The Liturgy of the Preconsecrated

St. Gregory the Great ; Western feast day, September 3 [formerly March 12, still observed in the East]) was the pope from 590 to 604, a reformer and excellent administrator, “founder” of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power. His epithet “the Great” reflects his

Armenian rite: The Liturgy of St. Gregory the Illuminator, used by both Apostolic and Catholic Armenians, is patterned after the Antiochene Liturgy of St. James and the Byzantine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and is usually divided into five parts: (1) the prayers of preparation in the sacristy,…

St. Gregory the Illuminator ; feast day September 30) was, according to tradition, the 4th-century apostle of Christianity in Armenia. Semilegendary 5th-century Armenian chronicles describe Gregory as a Parthian prince who fled the Persian invasion and was educated as a Christian in the Greek

Gregory V was the first German pope, whose pontificate from 996 to 999 was among the most turbulent in history. Grandson of the Holy Roman emperor Otto I the Great, he was the young cousin and chaplain to Otto III, who named him pope (consecrated May 3, 996). On May 21, 996, Gregory crowned Otto

Gregory VI was the pope from 1045 to 1046. He was elected pope on May 5, 1045, after he paid Pope Benedict IX to resign in order to save the papacy from scandal arising from Benedict’s licentious behaviour. But Gregory was accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, Papal States, held by the Holy

St. Gregory VII ; canonized 1606; feast day, May 25) was one of the greatest popes of the medieval church, who lent his name to the 11th-century movement now known as the Gregorian Reform or Investiture Controversy. Gregory VII was the first pope to depose a crowned ruler, Emperor Henry IV

Gregory VIII was the pope from Oct. 21 to Dec. 17, 1187. A Cistercian of noble birth, he was appointed cardinal (1155–56) by Pope Adrian IV before being elected (October 21) at Ferrara, Romagna, to succeed Pope Urban III. Elected with imperial support, he began reforms in the Curia and for the

Blessed Gregory X ; beatified Sept. 12, 1713feast days January 28, February 4) was the pope from 1271 to 1276, who reformed the assembly of cardinals that elects the pope. In 1270 he joined the future king Edward I of England on a crusade to the Holy Land. At St. Jean d’Acre in Palestine, he was

Gregory XI was the last French pope and the last of the Avignonese popes, when Avignon was the papal seat (1309–77). He reigned from 1370 to 1378. Beaufort was made cardinal in 1348 by his uncle, Pope Clement VI. Although not a priest, he was unanimously elected pope at Avignon on December 30,

Gregory XII was the pope from 1406 to 1415. He was the last of the Roman line during the Western Schism (1378–1417), when the papacy was contested by antipopes in Avignon and in Pisa. He was bishop of Castello in the Papal States (1380) and Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (1390) when made a

Gregory XIII was the pope from 1572 to 1585, who promulgated the Gregorian calendar and founded a system of seminaries for Roman Catholic priests. Educated at the University of Bologna, he taught jurisprudence there from 1531 to 1539. Because of his expertise in canon law, he was sent by Pope Pius

Gregory XIV was the pope from 1590 to 1591. Appointed bishop of Cremona in the duchy of Milan (1560), he was made cardinal by Pope Gregory XIII (1583) and elected pope on Dec. 5, 1590. He continued the policies of his immediate predecessors, particularly in furthering the internal reform of the

Gregory XV was the pope from 1621 to 1623. Of noble birth, he was educated at the University of Bologna, where he earned a doctorate in law. He was appointed archbishop of Bologna in 1612 and cardinal in 1616 by Pope Paul V. He succeeded Paul as pope on Feb. 9, 1621. Gregory’s pontificate achieved