Finland: Union with Sweden: …by 1374 a Swedish nobleman, Bo Jonsson Grip, had gained title to all of Finland. Grip died in 1386, and Finland soon after became part of the Kalmar Union.

glacier: Information from deep cores: …some locations, such as the Greenland Ice core Project/Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GRIP/GISP2) sites at the summit of Greenland, these annual layers can be traced back more than 40,000 years, much like counting tree rings. The result is a remarkably high-resolution record of climatic change. When individual layers are…

children’s literature: National and modern literature: …children, has been developed by Maria Gripe, whose Hugo and Josephine trilogy may become classic; Gunnel Linde’s Tacka vet jag Skorstensgränd (1959; Eng. trans., Chimney-Top Lane, 1965); and Anna Lisa Warnlöf, writing under the pseudonym of “Claque,” whose two series about Pella and Fredrika show an intuitive understanding of lonely…

Bertel Johan Sebastian, Baron Gripenberg was one of the foremost Finnish poets who wrote in Swedish. Gripenberg studied law at the University of Helsinki, became a freelance writer, and spent the last years of his life on his estate at Sääksmäki in southwestern Finland. His first collection, Dikter

Johan August, Baron Gripenstedt was a politician who initiated and guided Sweden’s transition to a capitalist economy. He also played a decisive part in turning Sweden away from a Pan-Scandinavian foreign policy in the 1860s. After a career as an artillery officer in the Swedish army, Gripenstedt

human evolution: Background and beginnings in the Miocene: …may be either Kenyapithecus or Griphopithecus.

influenza, an acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, together with varying degrees of soreness in the head and abdomen. Influenza is caused by any of several closely related

floor covering: Loom-formed pile: On the gripper loom, each tuft is held by its beak-like gripper and taken from its yarn carrier to the fell of the carpet, the point at which the warp and weft intersect, after being precisely cut away by a traversing knife blade. One type of spool-gripper…

Lake Mälaren: Near Mariefred is the castle of Gripsholm, begun in 1537 by Gustav I Vasa and known today for its portrait collection. In the episcopal palace at Strängnäs, Gustav I Vasa was elected king of Sweden in 1523. The island of Drottningholm (Queen’s Island) has a 17th-century palace that is…

Griqua, 19th-century people, of mixed Khoekhoe and European ancestry, who occupied the region of central South Africa just north of the Orange River. In 1848 they were guaranteed some degree of autonomy by a treaty with the British governor of South Africa. Under the leadership of Adam Kok III, the

Griqualand East, historical region of South Africa that now lies within interior southwestern KwaZulu-Natal province and adjacent areas of Eastern Cape province. In 1861 Adam Kok III, the chief of the Griqua people (a group of mixed white and Khoekhoe ancestry), led his people from what had become

Griqualand West, historical and contemporary region in Northern Cape province, South Africa. The region lies directly northwest of the juncture of the Vaal and Orange rivers. It is an arid plateau settled in the late 18th century by the Griqua, a group of mixed white and Khoekhoe ancestry fleeing

Juan Gris was a Spanish painter whose lucidly composed still lifes are major works of the style called Synthetic Cubism. Gris studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures from 1902 to 1904, but he soon began making drawings for newspapers in the sensuously curvilinear Art

griseofulvin, drug produced by the molds Penicillium griseofulvum and P. janczewski and used in the treatment of ringworm, including athlete’s foot and infections of the scalp and nails. Griseofulvin exerts its antimicrobial activity by binding to microtubules, cellular structures responsible for

grisaille, painting technique by which an image is executed entirely in shades of gray and usually severely modeled to create the illusion of sculpture, especially relief. This aspect of grisaille was used particularly by the 15th-century Flemish painters (as in the outer wings of the van Eycks’

Betsy Ross was an American seamstress who, according to family stories, fashioned and helped design the first flag of the United States. Elizabeth Griscom, the eighth of 17 children, was brought up as a member of the Society of Friends, educated in Quaker schools, and became an apprentice to a

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

Sofía Vergara: …Griselda Blanco in the miniseries Griselda (2024). For her performance, Vergara received an Emmy nomination.

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

Apiales: Other families: Griselinia is the only genus in Griseliniaceae; its six species occur in New Zealand and southern South America. Torricelliaceae has three genera: Torricellia, with three species native to the Himalayan region and western China; Aralidium, with one species in western Malesia; and Melanophylla, with seven…

Apiales: Other families: …families in Apiales are Pennantiaceae, Griseliniaceae, Torricelliaceae, and Myodocarpaceae, which are woody species with separate male and female plants; their flowers are clustered at the ends of branches, and their fruits are single-seeded. Pennantia is the only genus in Pennantiaceae, with four species native to northeastern Australia, Norfolk Island, and…

griseofulvin, drug produced by the molds Penicillium griseofulvum and P. janczewski and used in the treatment of ringworm, including athlete’s foot and infections of the scalp and nails. Griseofulvin exerts its antimicrobial activity by binding to microtubules, cellular structures responsible for

amanita: rubescens), and the grisette (A. vaginata). See also mushroom poisoning.

Grisette, stock character in numerous 19th-century French novels, a pretty young woman who usually works as a laundress, milliner, or seamstress and who is an easy sexual conquest. Typically, such a character is hardworking and lighthearted, her cheerful disposition sometimes masking hunger or

John Grisham is an American writer, attorney, and politician whose legal thrillers often top best-seller lists and are adapted for film. In the late 20th century, Grisham became one of the fastest-selling writers of modern fiction, a reputation that continued into the 21st century. Grisham grew up

Yevgeny Grishin was a Russian speed skater of the 1950s and ’60s who was a four-time Olympic champion and winner of the Soviet Union’s first gold medal in the sport. Grishin, an engraver by trade, competed as a cyclist at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki. By 1956, however, he had switched to speed

Krasnoarmiysk, city, eastern Ukraine. It is an old coal-mining centre of the Donets Basin coalfield, and mining began there in 1884. Other industries have included railway servicing and the production of construction materials. It is the centre of a significant agricultural area. Pop. (2001)

Graubünden, largest and most easterly canton of Switzerland; it has an area of 2,743 square miles (7,105 square km), of which two-thirds is classed as productive (forests covering one-fifth of the total). The entire canton is mountainous, containing peaks and glaciers of the Tödi (11,857 feet

Romansh language, Romance language of the Rhaetian group spoken in northern Italy and Switzerland, primarily in the Rhine Valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden (Grisons). Since 1938 Romansh has been a “national” language of Switzerland for cantonal, though not federal, purposes; a referendum in

Carlotta Grisi was an Italian ballerina of the Romantic era who was a muse to the choreographer and dancer Jules Perrot and to the poet Théophile Gautier; she created the title role in Giselle. A cousin of the celebrated opera singer Giulia Grisi, Carlotta Grisi received her early training at the

Carlotta Grisi was an Italian ballerina of the Romantic era who was a muse to the choreographer and dancer Jules Perrot and to the poet Théophile Gautier; she created the title role in Giselle. A cousin of the celebrated opera singer Giulia Grisi, Carlotta Grisi received her early training at the

Giulia Grisi was an Italian soprano whose brilliant dramatic voice established her as an operatic prima donna for more than 30 years. Grisi made her debut at the age of 17 in Gioacchino Rossini’s Zelmira, and in 1830 Vincenzo Bellini wrote for her the part of Giulietta in I Capuleti ed i Montecchi.

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

grison, (Spanish: “ferret”), either of two weasellike carnivores of the genus Galictis (sometimes Grison), family Mustelidae, found in most regions of Central and South America; sometimes tamed when young. These animals have small, broad ears, short legs, and slender bodies 40–50 cm (16–22 inches)

grison, (Spanish: “ferret”), either of two weasellike carnivores of the genus Galictis (sometimes Grison), family Mustelidae, found in most regions of Central and South America; sometimes tamed when young. These animals have small, broad ears, short legs, and slender bodies 40–50 cm (16–22 inches)

horsemanship: Military horsemanship: …the early 16th century, when Federico Grisone and Giovanni Battista Pignatelli tried to combine Classical Greek principles with the requirements of medieval mounted combat. After Xenophon—except for a 14th-century treatise by Ibn Hudhayl, an Arab of Granada, Spain, and a 15th-century book on knightly combat by Edward, king of Portugal—apparently…

Graubünden, largest and most easterly canton of Switzerland; it has an area of 2,743 square miles (7,105 square km), of which two-thirds is classed as productive (forests covering one-fifth of the total). The entire canton is mountainous, containing peaks and glaciers of the Tödi (11,857 feet

Romansh language, Romance language of the Rhaetian group spoken in northern Italy and Switzerland, primarily in the Rhine Valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden (Grisons). Since 1938 Romansh has been a “national” language of Switzerland for cantonal, though not federal, purposes; a referendum in

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

Robert Aldrich: The 1970s: The ultraviolent crime drama The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of James Hadley Chase’s No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1939), received a similar response, despite being the director’s most blackly humorous work since Baby Jane. Ulzana’s Raid (1972), however, was one of Aldrich’s best films. The western, which drew…

Virgil I. Grissom was the second U.S. astronaut to travel in space and the command pilot of the ill-fated Apollo 1 crew. He and his fellow astronauts Edward H. White and Roger B. Chaffee were killed, becoming the first casualties of the U.S. space program, when a flash fire swept their space

Washington Nationals: …talent—such as outfielders Moises Alou, Marquis Grissom, and Larry Walker, as well as pitcher Pedro Martínez—that led to a rapid ascent toward the top of the divisional standings. After finishing the 1993 season three games out of first place, Montreal posted a league-best 74–40 record in 1994 only to have…

Virgil I. Grissom was the second U.S. astronaut to travel in space and the command pilot of the ill-fated Apollo 1 crew. He and his fellow astronauts Edward H. White and Roger B. Chaffee were killed, becoming the first casualties of the U.S. space program, when a flash fire swept their space

Virgil I. Grissom was the second U.S. astronaut to travel in space and the command pilot of the ill-fated Apollo 1 crew. He and his fellow astronauts Edward H. White and Roger B. Chaffee were killed, becoming the first casualties of the U.S. space program, when a flash fire swept their space

beer: Mixing the mash: The milled malt, called grist, is mixed with water, providing conditions in which starch, other molecules, and enzymes are dissolved and rapid enzyme action takes place. The solute-rich liquid produced in mashing is called the wort. Traditionally, mashing may be one of two distinct types. The simplest process, infusion…

Griswold v. State of Connecticut, legal case, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 7, 1965, that found in favour of the constitutional right of married persons to use birth control. The state case was originally ruled in favour of the plaintiff, the state of Connecticut. Estelle Griswold, the

Alfred Whitney Griswold was the president of Yale University from 1950 to 1963 who greatly enhanced the school’s endowment and expanded its educational facilities. Educated at private schools and at Yale (B.A., 1929; Ph.D., 1933), Griswold taught English at Yale for a year and then changed his

Mariana Alley Griswold Van Rensselaer was an American writer and critic who is perhaps best remembered for her insightful works on architecture and landscaping. Mariana Griswold, the daughter of a prosperous mercantile family, was educated privately at home and in Europe. She married Schuyler Van

Rufus Wilmot Griswold was an American journalist, critic, anthologist, and editor who worked with Edgar Allan Poe on Graham’s Magazine and succeeded him as assistant editor (1842–43). Griswold traveled extensively in his youth, worked in newspaper offices, was a Baptist clergyman for a time, and

grit, sedimentary rock that consists of angular sand-sized grains and small pebbles. The term is roughly equivalent to the term sandstone

pear: Physical description: …flesh, the so-called grit, or stone cells. In general, pear fruits are elongate, being narrow at the stem end and broader at the opposite end.

sedimentation tank: …treatment using bar screens and grit chambers to remove large objects and coarse solids.

Ukraine: Visual arts: …in the West, among them Gritchenko, who began with Cubism and then turned to a dynamic form of Expressionism, and the painter and engraver Jacques Hnizdovsky, who developed a simplified style of realism. The sculptor Alexander Archipenko (Ukrainian: Oleksander Arkhypenko), one of the pioneers of Cubism who later experimented in…

Grito de Dolores, battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, first uttered by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, parish priest of Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato state), on September 16, 1810. Hidalgo was involved in a plot against the Spanish colonial government, and, when the plot

Puerto Rico: Movements toward self-government: …uprising, now known as the Grito de Lares (“Cry of Lares”), on September 23, 1868. The poorly planned revolt was quickly suppressed, but it took place concurrently with Cuba’s struggle for independence, and the two events prompted Spain to grant several important reforms to Puerto Rico over the next few…

Gaspar Núñez de Arce: …but he attained celebrity with Gritos del combate (1875; “Cries of Combat”)—a volume of verse that tried to give poetic utterance to religious questionings and the current political problems of freedom and order.

grits, a porridge of coarsely ground grain, especially hominy, that is the basis for a popular foodstuff in the American South. It resembles the Italian ground-corn dish called polenta, but the latter is typically made of ground flint corn, which yields a firm cornmeal. Grits are usually made from

Georgios Grivas was a Cypriot patriot who helped bring Cyprus independence in 1960. His goal was enosis (union) with Greece, and in this he failed; indeed, he was a fugitive at the time of his death. Grivas organized EOKA (Ethnikí Orgánosis Kipriakoú Agónos, the “National Organization of Cypriot

Georgios Grivas was a Cypriot patriot who helped bring Cyprus independence in 1960. His goal was enosis (union) with Greece, and in this he failed; indeed, he was a fugitive at the time of his death. Grivas organized EOKA (Ethnikí Orgánosis Kipriakoú Agónos, the “National Organization of Cypriot

grivet, (Chlorocebus aethiops), African savanna monkey, a species of

grizzly bear, (subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis), common name for one of the brown bears (Ursus arctos) belonging to the subspecies U. arctos horribilis. The grizzly bear is a massive animal with humped shoulders and an elevated forehead that contributes to a somewhat concave profile. The fur is

Devils Tower National Monument, the first U.S. national monument, established in 1906 in northeastern Wyoming, near the Belle Fourche River. It encompasses 2.1 square miles (5.4 square km) and features a natural rock tower, the remnant of a volcanic intrusion now exposed by erosion. The tower has a

Werner Herzog: …religious beliefs among Russians, and Grizzly Man (2005), an account of Timothy Treadwell, an American who studied and lived among grizzly bears in Alaska but was mauled to death along with his girlfriend. Little Dieter Needs to Fly (1997) centres on a German American pilot shot down in the jungle…

stem cell: Human embryonic stem cells: …be tested was known as GRNOPC1, which consisted of progenitor cells (partially differentiated cells) that, once inside the body, matured into neural cells known as oligodendrocytes. The oligodendrocyte progenitors of GRNOPC1 were derived from human embryonic stem cells. The therapy was designed for the restoration of nerve function in persons…

Tibet: Plant and animal life: …trees, thorn trees, tea bushes, gro-ba (small white trees that grow mainly in hilly regions), ’om-bu (bushlike trees with red flowers that grow near water), khres-pa (strong durable forest trees used to make food containers), glang-ma (a willow tree used for basketry), and rtsi-shings (the seeds of which are used…

Titus Groan, fictional character, the titled heir to the crumbling castle Gormenghast in the Gormenghast series by Mervyn

grits: …lexical and semantic ancestry with groats, a British dish of hulled grain that is ground for porridge. Whereas the latter food is usually made from oats, grits are usually made from hominy, dried sweet or field maize kernels that have been soaked in an alkali solution until they swell to…

coin: Post-Conquest coinage: He also introduced a groat, or fourpenny piece, but this larger coin did not establish itself until Edward III’s reign. The coins of Edward I, II, and III can be distinguished only by a minute study of detail. Privileged ecclesiastical mints still continued active.

Josh Groban is an American popular singer and actor recognized for his novel blending of contemporary and classical musical styles. Groban did not study voice seriously until his teens, when he became active in musical theatre at the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. In late 1998 he was

Josh Groban is an American popular singer and actor recognized for his novel blending of contemporary and classical musical styles. Groban did not study voice seriously until his teens, when he became active in musical theatre at the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. In late 1998 he was

textual criticism: Related developments in the late 19th century: …was due to the medievalists G. Gröber and G. Paris, who first emphasized the significance of common errors. But in the general uncritical enthusiasm for scientific method, the genealogical approach was too often used without regard for the special conditions under which medieval literature has been handed down.

Kate Simon was a memoirist and travel writer whose work was noted for its readability and its wit. Simon’s family immigrated to the United States in 1917 and settled in New York, first in Harlem and then in the Bronx. Simon graduated from Hunter College of the City University of New York with a

supermarket, large retail store operated on a self-service basis, selling groceries, fresh produce, meat, bakery and dairy products, and sometimes an assortment of nonfood goods. Supermarkets gained acceptance in the United States during the 1930s. The early stores were usually located in

Polish literature: New trends in poetry and drama: …of this generation is perhaps Stanisław Grochowiak, who created an expressive poetic style based on unexpected juxtapositions and a deliberate emphasis on the grotesque.

Grock was a Swiss clown whose blunders with the piano and the violin became proverbial. He was the son of a watchmaker and began his performance career by partnering with his father in a cabaret act. He then became an amateur acrobat and was allowed to spend each summer with a circus, where he

William Grocyn was a British scholar who helped prepare the ground for the rise of humanism in England. He was reputedly the first Englishman to teach the Greek language. After studying and teaching at Oxford, Grocyn went in 1488 to Italy, where he was permitted by Lorenzo de’ Medici to study Greek

Mike Nichols: Early films: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Graduate, and Carnal Knowledge: … (who wrote the screenplay), and Charles Grodin.

Hrodna, voblasts (province), western Belarus. Most of the province consists of the level, often swampy plain of the Neman River, from which the land rises westward, southward, and eastward to a series of undulating morainic uplands. The lowland has sandy or alluvial soils, often acidic, with much

Hrodna, city and administrative centre of Hrodna voblasts (region), western Belarus, on the Neman River. First mentioned in 1128 as the seat of a princedom, Hrodna has a stormy history, having been sacked by the Tatars in 1241 and by the Teutonic Knights in 1284 and 1391. It passed to Lithuania in

Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer was a Dutch Protestant political leader and religious thinker to whose influence can be traced one of the religious parties active in Dutch politics from the later 19th century. A liberal in his early years, he was converted about 1830 to strict Calvinist orthodoxy,

Belgian sheepdog, working dog developed in the village of Groenendaal, Belgium, in 1885. A long-haired black dog, the Belgian sheepdog has a relatively pointed muzzle and erect, triangular ears. It is valued for its intelligence and working ability; in addition to herding sheep, it has been useful

Wilhelm Groener was a German general and politician who helped prevent a communist revolution in Germany after World War I by throwing army support to the moderate Social Democratic government of Friedrich Ebert. Groener entered the army in 1884. By 1912 he had risen to become head of the railroad

Wilhelm Groener was a German general and politician who helped prevent a communist revolution in Germany after World War I by throwing army support to the moderate Social Democratic government of Friedrich Ebert. Groener entered the army in 1884. By 1912 he had risen to become head of the railroad

Matt Groening is an American cartoonist and animator who created the comic strip Life in Hell (1980–2012) and the television series The Simpsons (1989– ) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2010–13). Groening began drawing cartoons at an early age, but he focused on journalism while attending Evergreen State

Leif Erikson: According to the Grænlendinga saga (“Saga of the Greenlanders”) in the Flateyjarbók (“Book of the Flat Islands”), considered by many scholars to be more reliable in some aspects than Eiríks saga rauða, Leif learned of the new land to the west from the Icelander Bjarni Herjólfsson, who had…

Andrew Grove was a Hungarian-born American businessman who is widely credited with being the driving force behind the enormous success of semiconductor computer circuit manufacturer Intel, for which he served as president (1979–97), CEO (1987–98), and chairman (1997–2005). A Tumultuous Childhood

Ferde Grofé was an American composer and arranger known for his orchestral works as well as for his pioneering role in establishing the sound of big band dance music. Grofé was reared in Los Angeles, where his father was an actor and singer and his mother taught music and played cello. Although his

New England Patriots: …cornerback Mike Haynes, and quarterback Steve Grogan, the Patriots experienced sporadic success in the 1970s and ’80s. They advanced to their first Super Bowl in 1986 but lost to a dominant Chicago Bears team, 46–10. Businessman Robert Kraft acquired the Patriots in 1994, paying $172 million, the highest price for…

Dave Grohl is an American musician best known as the founder and lead singer of the alternative rock band Foo Fighters and the former drummer of the influential 1990s grunge rock band Nirvana. Grohl is known for his energy and musical proficiency, despite never having learned to read music. Grohl

Dave Grohl is an American musician best known as the founder and lead singer of the alternative rock band Foo Fighters and the former drummer of the influential 1990s grunge rock band Nirvana. Grohl is known for his energy and musical proficiency, despite never having learned to read music. Grohl

groin, in coastal engineering, a long, narrow structure built out into the water from a beach in order to prevent beach erosion or to trap and accumulate sand that would otherwise drift along the beach face and nearshore zone under the influence of waves approaching the beach at an angle. A groin

construction: Stone construction: …of their curved surfaces, called groins. The ribs were built with supporting formwork or centring made of timber; close cooperation was needed between the carpenters and the masons. The curved surfaces of stones between the ribs were probably laid with little formwork, using only mortar; brick vaults are still built…

Stranger in a Strange Land: Publication and reception: Heinlein’s coining of the word grok—meaning literally “to drink” but more broadly “to understand profoundly and intuitively”—was later incorporated into English-language dictionaries.

Grolier Codex, codex fragment consisting of 11 damaged pages from a presumed 20-page book and 5 single pages. Discovered in Mexico in 1965, the documents were named for the Grolier Club (founded 1884) of New York City, an association of bibliophiles who first photographed, published, and presented

Jean Grolier de Servières, vicomte d’Aguisy was a French bibliophile and patron of bookbinders. Grolier was educated in Paris, served as the treasurer and receiver general of the French army in Italy, and in 1534 was named ambassador to Pope Clement VII. By 1547 he had become one of the four

Encyclopedia Americana: In the 1990s its publisher, Grolier, Inc., made Americana available on CD-ROM. The final print edition was released in 2006. A related yearbook, which appeared under a variety of titles, was published from 1923 to 2008.

surveying: History: …originated the use of the groma, a device used to establish right angles, but Roman surveyors made it a standard tool. It was made of a horizontal wooden cross pivoted at the middle and supported from above. From the end of each of the four arms hung a plumb bob.…

protozoan: Annotated classification: Gromia Cytoplasm is nongranular. Test is organic. Filopodia are not reticulate. Radiolaria Produce “skeletons” made of amorphous silica or, in the acantharians, made of strontium sulfate. Filopods are reinforced by microtubules. Amoebozoa

Mikhail Gromov is a Soviet-born French mathematician who was awarded the 2009 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters “for his revolutionary contributions to geometry.” Gromov’s work in Riemannian geometry, global symplectic geometry, and geometric group theory was cited by the