Mikhail Gromov is a Soviet-born French mathematician who was awarded the 2009 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters “for his revolutionary contributions to geometry.” Gromov’s work in Riemannian geometry, global symplectic geometry, and geometric group theory was cited by the

Mikhail Gromov is a Soviet-born French mathematician who was awarded the 2009 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters “for his revolutionary contributions to geometry.” Gromov’s work in Riemannian geometry, global symplectic geometry, and geometric group theory was cited by the

20th-century international relations: Atomic energy: ” The Soviet plan, presented by Andrey Gromyko, called instead for immediate prohibition of all manufacture and use of atomic weapons. Measures to ensure compliance would follow, but there could be no tampering with the Security Council veto. Western delegates pointed out that the Soviets were asking…

Andrei Gromyko was a Soviet foreign minister (1957–85) and president (1985–88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. Although never strongly identified with any particular policy or political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman. Gromyko was born in a

Andrei Gromyko was a Soviet foreign minister (1957–85) and president (1985–88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. Although never strongly identified with any particular policy or political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman. Gromyko was born in a

pseudoxanthoma elasticum, inherited disease in which the premature breakdown of exposed skin occurs. It is characterized by eruptions of yellow plaques and thickening and grooving of the skin on the face, neck, and sometimes the armpits, abdomen, and groin. The skin loses its elasticity and hangs

Giovanni Gronchi was a Christian Democrat politician who served as president of Italy from 1955 to 1962. Gronchi graduated from the University of Pisa and, after World War I, helped found the Popular Party, a Catholic party. Elected a deputy (1919), he was undersecretary of industry and commerce

Icelandic literature: The 19th century: …whom the most outstanding were Benedikt Gröndal, Steingrímur Þorsteinsson, and Matthías Jochumsson. Gröndal wrote powerful lyric poetry, two prose fantasies, and an autobiography, Dægradvöl (1923; “Day-Spending”). Þorsteinsson wrote nature poetry and satiric epigrams but is best remembered as a translator of The Thousand and One Nights

John Dyer: …British poet chiefly remembered for “Grongar Hill” (1726), a short descriptive and meditative poem, in the manner of Alexander Pope’s “Windsor-Forest,” in which he portrays the countryside largely in terms of classical landscape. The poet describes the view from a hill overlooking the vale of Towy and uses this as…

Groningen, gemeente (municipality), northern Netherlands, at the junction of the canalized Drentsche Aa and Hunze rivers and several canals. Although it probably existed in the 9th century, little is known before 1040, when it was given, along with the neighbouring districts then known as the

Groningen, provincie (province), northern Netherlands, drained by numerous short rivers and canals, including the Ems (Eems), the Hoen, the Reit, and the Winschoten canals. The province occupies the region between the Wadden Sea and the Ems Estuary (to the north and northeast), the German border

museum: Building design and function: The Groninger Museum in Groningen, Netherlands, is another building that challenged traditional museum and architectural values. It features a series of pavilions that were built for each collection by a different designer to create a varied visitor experience. The search continues to find the extent to…

Groningen: …created an agricultural region (Groninger Veenkolonien). The morass along the German border had long been considered a natural frontier and so was left in its impassable condition until the second half of the 19th century. Agriculture in this region has specialized in rye, oats, and potatoes for the starch…

Rob Gronkowski is a former NFL tight end who was one of quarterback Tom Brady’s favorite receiving targets—first with the New England Patriots and later with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Nicknamed Gronk, the fun-loving Gronkowski was one of the league’s most colorful and talented players during his

Warsaw: World War II and contemporary Warsaw: …successor, Warsaw’s first female mayor, Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (elected 2006), took a very different tack, acting as an advocate for social diversity, gay rights, and environmental responsibility.

Rob Gronkowski is a former NFL tight end who was one of quarterback Tom Brady’s favorite receiving targets—first with the New England Patriots and later with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Nicknamed Gronk, the fun-loving Gronkowski was one of the league’s most colorful and talented players during his

Greenland, the world’s largest island, lying in the North Atlantic Ocean. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) is noted for its vast tundra and immense glaciers. Although Greenland remains part of the Kingdom of Denmark, the island’s home-rule government is responsible for most domestic affairs. The

Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming: …book on ecological plant distribution, Om Grønlands Vegetation (1888; “On the Vegetation of Greenland”), in which he described the structural adaptations of plants to their surroundings. Warming extended this type of study to several other countries, including Denmark, Venezuela, and some islands of the West Indies. His famous work, Lagoa…

Greenland Sea, outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean, with an area of 465,000 square miles (1,205,000 square km). It lies south of the Arctic Basin proper and borders Greenland (west), Svalbard (east), the main Arctic Ocean (north), and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland (south). Average depth is 4,750

textual criticism: From Politian to Cobet: …of the great Dutch Latinists J.F. Gronovius and N. Heinsius were informed by Bentleian principles. Under his influence there grew up what may be called an Anglo-Dutch school of criticism, the two most typical representatives of which were Richard Porson and C.G. Cobet. Its strength lay in sound judgment and…

dowry: …the bride’s kin to the groom’s kin for the expenses incurred by the latter in payment of bridewealth. These exchanges are not purely economic but instead serve to ratify the marriage and consolidate friendship between the two families.

Milky Way Galaxy: Moving groups: One of these, called the Groombridge 1830 group, consists of a number of subdwarfs and the star RR Lyrae, after which the RR Lyrae variables were named.

Stephen Groombridge was an English astronomer, known for compiling a star catalog that bears his name. Groombridge began observations at Blackheath, London, in 1806 and retired from the West Indian trade in 1815 to devote full time to the project. A Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars, listing 4,243

cleaning behaviour, self-grooming, as the action of a bird in preening its feathers, or mutual grooming as part of species behaviour, as among monkeys and other mammalian groups. Mutual grooming, which is often derived from display behaviour, cements social bonds between individuals of a group or

Happening: Claes Oldenburg, and Red Grooms. The term quickly became applied to a wide variety of live art events—from the painterly gestures of Japan’s Gutai group to the street actions of Czech dissident Milan Knizak and his Aktual group. Happenings were also a part of the international avant-garde group…

Constantia: The Groot Constantia homestead there was built about 1685 by Governor Simon van der Stel and named for his wife, Constance; a fine example of Cape Dutch architecture, it has been restored and serves as a museum of antique Cape stinkwood furniture.

Great Karoo, plateau basin in Western Cape province, South Africa, lying between the Great Escarpment (north) and the Swartberg (south). It represents the effect of headwater erosion by rivers flowing southwest and southeast from the escarpment. The Great Karoo is divided into a western basin and a

Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero: …poetry, which is collected in Groot Liedt-Boeck (1622; “Great Songbook”). The humorous poems revealed the same power of observation for which some critics have praised the painters Jan Steen and Adriaen van Ostade. The sensuality of the amorous songs and sonnets contrasts with the sincerity and often the remorse of…

Marico River, main headstream (with the Krokodil [Crocodile] River) of the Limpopo River, in northeastern South Africa. It flows generally north through the Marico Valley and is about 130 miles (210 km) long. The regional centre of Zeerust is situated along its

Groot River, (Afrikaans: Great River), any of a number of rivers in South Africa, especially the Orange River

Great Trek, the emigration of some 12,000 to 14,000 Boers from Cape Colony in South Africa between 1835 and the early 1840s, in rebellion against the policies of the British government and in search of fresh pasturelands. The Great Trek is regarded by Afrikaners as a central event of their

Great Kei River, river, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Formed southeast of Komani (formerly Queenstown) by the junction of the White Kei (Wit Kei) and the Black Kei (Swart Kei) rivers, it flows approximately 140 miles (225 km) southeast to the Indian Ocean. Its longest tributary is the Tsomo

Great Fish River, river in the Cape Midlands, Eastern Cape province, southern South Africa. The Great Fish River has a length of 430 miles (692 km) and a drainage area of 11,900 square miles (30,800 square km). Its main northern tributary, the Great Brak River, rises in 7,000-foot- (2,100-metre-)

Groote Eylandt, island off the northeast coast of Northern Territory, Australia. It is the largest island of an archipelago of the same name in the Gulf of Carpentaria, 25 miles (40 km) across Warwick Channel. Groote Eylandt is a barren and rocky outlier of the sunken coast of the Arnhem Land

Groote Schuur, large estate—named for its original building, a “large barn”—established in 1657 on the slopes of Devil’s Peak directly southeast of Cape Town, S.Af. After undergoing numerous subdivisions and changes of ownership, the estate was acquired in 1891 and enlarged by Cecil Rhodes, who

Geert Groote was a Dutch priest and educator whose establishment of a centre for manuscript copiers led to the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, a teaching order that was a major influence in the development of German humanism. He is also considered the father of the devotio moderna

Geert Groote was a Dutch priest and educator whose establishment of a centre for manuscript copiers led to the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, a teaching order that was a major influence in the development of German humanism. He is also considered the father of the devotio moderna

Geert Groote was a Dutch priest and educator whose establishment of a centre for manuscript copiers led to the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, a teaching order that was a major influence in the development of German humanism. He is also considered the father of the devotio moderna

Grootfontein, town, northeastern Namibia. The town lies 36 miles (60 km) southeast of the copper- and lead-mining centre of Tsumeb and 210 air miles northeast of Windhoek, the national capital, in a semiarid region of varied grasses, shrubs, and large trees. Grootfontein, at an elevation of 4,793

sound recording: The phonograph disc: …of a spiral 90° V-shaped groove impressed into a plastic disc. As the record revolves at 33 1 3 rotations per minute, a tiny “needle,” or stylus, simultaneously moves along the groove and vibrates back and forth parallel to the surface of the disc and perpendicular to the groove, tracing…

Wilson Pickett: …are critics who consider “Groove City” (1979) on EMI, his one nod to disco, a dance groove of monumental stature. Although his output began to slow in the 1980s, Pickett continued to perform into the early 21st century, and his influence on younger generations of soulful singers, from Johnny…

pin fastener: Groove pins are solid pins with longitudinal grooves produced by upsetting the metal so that it interferes with the walls of the hole when the pin is driven in.

ani: The groove-billed ani (C. sulcirostris), found from southern Texas to western Peru and northern Brazil, has several grooves in the upper mandible.

shrew rat: Natural history: …Guinea are all very small—the groove-toothed shrew mouse (Microhydromys richardsoni) weighs only 9 to 12 grams and has a body 8 to 9 cm long and an equally long tail.

Jan Groover was an American photographer who experimented with space and illusion in large-format still-life tableaux that featured everyday objects, particularly kitchen utensils arranged in a sink. She was probably best remembered for her conceptualist works: colour diptychs and triptychs

blue-eyed soul: …Lovin’ ” (1966) and “Groovin’”  (1967) demonstrated promising originality rather than mere imitation.

virtual reality: Education and training: Project GROPE, started in 1967 at the University of North Carolina by Frederick Brooks, was particularly noteworthy for the advancements it made possible in the study of molecular biology. Brooks sought to enhance perception and comprehension of the interaction of a drug molecule with its…

Alma Mahler was known for her relationships with celebrated men, including her husband, Gustav Mahler. The daughter of the painter Emil Schindler, Alma grew up surrounded by art and artists. She studied art and became friends with the painter Gustav Klimt, who made several portraits of her. Her

Walter Gropius was a German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919–28), exerted a major influence on the development of modern architecture. His works, many executed in collaboration with other architects, included the school building and faculty housing

Walter Gropius was a German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919–28), exerted a major influence on the development of modern architecture. His works, many executed in collaboration with other architects, included the school building and faculty housing

William Gropper was an editorial cartoonist, illustrator, and painter whose main concern was the human tragedy caused by economic and social injustice. Gropper studied at the National Academy of Design (1913–14), then at the New York School of Fine and Applied Art (1915–18). After a brief period as

Jean Béliveau was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who was one of the game’s greatest centres, noted for his prolific scoring. He played his entire career (1953–71) with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL) and won 10 Stanley Cups. Béliveau began playing hockey in

banana: Cultivation and disease susceptibility: …the late 1950s with the Gros Michel dessert variety, which had dominated the world’s commercial banana business. Richer and sweeter than the modern Cavendish, the Gros Michel fell victim to an invading soil fungus that causes Panama disease, a form of Fusarium wilt. Powerless to breed resistance into the sterile…

Gros Morne National Park, National park, Newfoundland, Canada. Covering 458,000 acres (185,500 hectares) and established as a national park in 1973, it includes mountains of the Long Range and takes its name from Gros Morne Peak, which rises to 2,644 ft (806 m). The park also includes beaches,

Long Range Mountains: Gros Morne (2,644 feet), northeast of Bonne Bay, is the central mountain feature of the 750-square-mile (1,942-square-km) Gros Morne National Park, with its numerous lakes, fjords, and wooded valleys and coast. The Humber is the only major river that rises in the range, and it…

Saint Lucia: Relief and drainage: In the southwest are the Gros and Petit Pitons (2,619 feet [798 metres] and 2,460 feet [750 metres], respectively), two immense pyramids of rock rising sharply from the sea and enclosing a small bay. Near Petit Piton, in the crater of an ancient volcano, are the boiling sulphur springs from…

needlepoint: …per inch, it is called gros point; and, if the mesh openings are fewer than 7, it is known as quick point. From the 16th to the 18th century most needlepoint was petit point with 20 to 45 squares per linear inch.

Venetian needle lace: …punto a relievo, in French gros point de Venise) developed distinct from flat Venetian (point plat de Venise). The pattern was raised by outlining the design with a cordonnet, a heavier thread, bundle of threads, or horsehair, worked over with buttonholing, so that the curls, scrolls, and conventionalized leaves stood…

France: Urban prosperity: …(reigned 1226–70) to issue the gros tournois (worth 12 pennies) and the gold coin (which, however, had little importance before the 14th century). A gradual long-term inflation tended to favour commercial activity.

Atsina, North American Indian tribe related to the Algonquian-speaking Arapaho, from which they may have separated as early as 1700. The variant name Gros Ventres (French: “Big Bellies”) was a misinterpretation by French trappers of Plains Indian sign language. The Blackfoot called the Atsina the

Hidatsa, North American Indians of the Plains who once lived in semipermanent villages on the upper Missouri River between the Heart and the Little Missouri rivers in what is now North Dakota. The Hidatsa language is a member of the Siouan language family. Until the reservation period began in the

Antoine-Jean Gros was a French Romantic painter principally remembered for his historical pictures depicting significant events in the military career of Napoleon. Gros received his first art training from his father, who was a painter of miniatures. In 1785 he entered the studio of his father’s

Antoine-Jean Gros was a French Romantic painter principally remembered for his historical pictures depicting significant events in the military career of Napoleon. Gros received his first art training from his father, who was a painter of miniatures. In 1785 he entered the studio of his father’s

grosbeak, any of several conical-billed birds belonging to the families Cardinalidae and Fringillidae. Their name is derived from the French gros bec, or “thick beak,” which is adapted to cracking seeds with ease. In the Fringillidae family, the evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus) is

Western architecture: Scandinavia and Finland: …was followed by Hansen’s pupil Heinrich Grosch, who provided Christiania (Oslo), the new capital of Norway, with a series of Greek Revival public buildings. Perhaps the finest example of this Classical urban planning is in Helsinki, established as capital of Finland in 1812. Beginning in 1818, Johan Ehrenström and Carl…

Pierre-Esprit Radisson: With his brother-in-law, Médard Chouart des Groseilliers, he spent the next few years on trading expeditions to the West. In 1658 they set out for Lake Nipissing (then known as Lac des Castors), crossing what is now Wisconsin and the upper Mississippi River valley. Because Radisson and Groseilliers…

Marie Tussaud was the French-born founder of Madame Tussaud’s museum of wax figures, in central London. Her early life was spent first in Bern and then in Paris, where she learned the art of wax modeling from Philippe Curtius, whose two celebrated wax museums she inherited upon his death in 1794.

anatomy: Gross anatomy: This ancient discipline reached its culmination between 1500 and 1850, by which time its subject matter was firmly established. None of the world’s oldest civilizations dissected a human body, which most people regarded with superstitious awe and associated with the spirit of the…

Thomas Eakins: Eakins’s masterpiece: The Gross Clinic is generally agreed to be Eakins’s masterpiece.

gross domestic product (GDP), total market value of the goods and services produced by a country’s economy during a specified period of time. It includes all final goods and services—that is, those that are produced by the economic agents located in that country regardless of their ownership and

feed: Determination: The gross energy (GE) value of a feed is the amount of heat liberated when it is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The drawback of using this value is that a substance such as wood and corn may have a similar GE but vastly different nutritional…

idolatry: Gross, or overt, idolatry consists of explicit acts of reverence addressed to a person or an object—the sun, the king, an animal, a statue. This may exist alongside the acknowledgment of a supreme being; e.g., Israel worshiped the golden calf at the foot of Mount Sinai, where…

Moisés Kaufman: Kaufman’s writing debut, Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde (performed 1997–98, published 1997), illustrated his concerns as a writer-director. He was especially interested in what he termed “watershed historical moments,” events that reveal the foundations of society’s beliefs. A powerful and moving play that used actual…

gross national income (GNI), the sum of a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) plus net income (positive or negative) from abroad. It represents the value produced by a country’s economy in a given year, regardless of whether the source of the value created is domestic production or receipts from

Gross national product (GNP) is the total value of all the final goods and services made by a nation’s economy in a specific time (usually a year). GNP is different from net national product, which considers depreciation and the consumption of capital. GNP is similar to gross domestic product

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: The civil trial: …was the distinction between “gross negligence” and “negligence”; the former designation would result in fines approximately four times higher than those assessed for the latter. The second phase of the trial, which began in late September, was intended to establish the volume of oil released by the spill and…

Richard Bissell: …71⁄2 Cents (1953; British title A Gross of Pyjamas), based on his experiences as a supervisor in a pajama factory in Dubuque. In collaboration with George Abbott, he turned 71⁄2 Cents into a musical, The Pajama Game (1954), which had a long run on Broadway and was made into a…

Wilmette, village, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. Lying on Lake Michigan, it is a primarily residential suburb of Chicago, about 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown. Illinois and later Potawatomi Indians were early inhabitants of the area, which was visited by the French explorer Jacques

marine ecosystem: Biological productivity: …a region or system is gross primary productivity. A certain amount of organic material is used to sustain the life of producers; what remains is net productivity. Net marine primary productivity is the amount of organic material available to support the consumers (herbivores and carnivores) of the sea. The standing…

marine ecosystem: Biological productivity: …a region or system is gross primary productivity. A certain amount of organic material is used to sustain the life of producers; what remains is net productivity. Net marine primary productivity is the amount of organic material available to support the consumers (herbivores and carnivores) of the sea. The standing…

tonnage: Gross tonnage (GT) is calculated from the formula GT = K1V, where V is the volume of a ship’s enclosed spaces in cubic metres and K1 is a constant calculated by K1 = 0.2 + 0.02 log10 V. The measurement is used in assessing harbor…

truck: Types and definitions: Light trucks have GVW ratings that do not exceed 10,000 pounds (4.5 metric tons); GVWs of less than 8,500 pounds (3.9 metric tons) are classified as work trucks. These vehicles generally have more in common with passenger cars than with larger trucks. More than half of the world…

Barack Obama: Executive action and the 2014 midterm election: …undermined by the incarceration of Alan Gross, a subcontractor for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) who had been held in Cuba since 2009 after being convicted of importing illegal technology and attempting to establish secret Internet service for Cuban Jews. The announcement of renewed diplomatic relations was accompanied…

printmaking: Other countries: Anthony Gross, a talented and prolific English printmaker, published an impressive body of excellent landscape etchings and engravings. Among later artists, the imaginative and personal graphic work of David Hockney should be singled out.

Western sculpture: Conservative reaction (1920s): …the countermovement included William Zorach, Chaim Gross, Adolph Block, Paul Manship, and Wheeler Williams.

David Gross is an American physicist who, with H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2004 for discoveries regarding the strong force—the nuclear force that binds together quarks (the smallest building blocks of matter) and holds together the nucleus of the

David Gross is an American physicist who, with H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2004 for discoveries regarding the strong force—the nuclear force that binds together quarks (the smallest building blocks of matter) and holds together the nucleus of the

forensic anthropology: Historical developments: The publication of Austrian criminologist Hans Gross’s Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter (1893; Criminal Investigation) helped to establish the science of forensics, especially in terms of a cross-transfer of evidence, such as dirt, fingerprints, carpet fibres, or hair, from the criminal to the victim. Early in the 20th century, serological research led…

prosody: The 20th century and beyond: Harvey Gross in Sound and Form in Modern Poetry (1964) saw rhythmic structure as a symbolic form, signifying ways of experiencing organic processes and the phenomena of nature. The function of prosody, in his view, is to image life in a rich and complex way.…

The True Story Behind Feud: Capote vs. the Swans: Slim Keith:

Michael Gross is a German swimmer who won six Olympic medals, including three golds, in the 1980s. At the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, Gross became the first West German to win a swimming gold medal, setting a world record in the 200-metre freestyle (1 min 47.44 sec) and in the 100-metre butterfly

cardiovascular disease: Persistent (patent) ductus arteriosus: Gross in Boston in 1938 was the first successful operation for congenital heart disease and initiated the modern era of cardiac surgery for congenital cardiovascular lesions. Today the ductus arteriosus can be closed with a nonsurgical prosthesis inserted by catheter.

Samuel David Gross was an American surgeon, teacher of medicine, and author of an influential textbook on surgery and a widely read treatise on pathological anatomy. Born and raised on a farm in Pennsylvania, Gross at first was apprenticed to a local country doctor. He continued his education at

National Public Radio: Notable shows and programming: …an interview program hosted by Terry Gross; Talk of the Nation (1991–2013), an interview and listener call-in program; race and culture podcast Code Switch (begun 2016); and Car Talk, an advice program that aired new episodes from 1977 to 2012.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Return to Weimar and the French Revolution (1788–94): A new prose drama, Der Gross-Cophta (1792; “The Grand Kofta”), was a failure on the stage in 1791. A satire on Freemasonry, it was also the first of several unsatisfactory or fragmentary attempts to deal in a literary form with recent events in France (Der Bürgergeneral [1793; “The Citizen-General”];…

Gross-Rosen, small Nazi concentration camp established in August 1940 near the German town of Striegau in Lower Silesia (now Strzegom, Dolnośląskie province, Poland) that sent many prisoners to a killing centre for the T4 Program. Under the orders of Nazi official Heinrich Himmler, it received

Basel: Grossbasel, the older commercial and cultural center on the south bank, is dominated by the Romanesque and Gothic-style Münster (Protestant); consecrated in 1019, it was Basel’s cathedral until 1528 and has a monumental slab to Erasmus, who is entombed there. Other notable buildings are the…

Larry Rivers was an American painter whose works frequently combined the vigorous, painterly brushstrokes of Abstract Expressionism with the commercial images of the Pop art movement. Rivers early developed an interest in jazz, and after briefly serving in the army during World War II he studied

In re Debs: Background: …knew to have antiunion sentiments, Peter S. Grosscup. On July 2 Grosscup issued an order preventing ARU leaders from “compelling or inducing by threats, intimidation, persuasion, force or violence, railway employees to refuse or fail to perform duties.” The injunction, which Grosscup based on both the Sherman Antitrust Act and…

Austria: Revolution and counterrevolution, 1848–59: …not the non-German lands (the Grossdeutsch, or large German, position). Those against contended that the Austrian monarchy could never divide itself along ethnic lines and so favoured the exclusion of Austria altogether (the Kleindeutsch, or small German, position). Implicit in the latter position was that the new Germany would be…