Robert H. Grubbs was an American chemist who, with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important type of chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Schrock and Grubbs were honoured for their advances in more-effective

Hans Ulrich Grubenmann and Johannes Grubenmann: More is known about Hans Ulrich than about Johannes; both were village carpenters in the hamlet of Teufen, and they constructed churches as well as bridges.

Hans Ulrich Grubenmann and Johannes Grubenmann were Swiss carpenters and bridge builders whose bridge (1758) over the Limmat River at the town of Wettingen, near Zürich, is believed to be the first timber bridge to employ a true arch in its design. The brothers’ ingenious combination of the arch

Hans Ulrich Grubenmann and Johannes Grubenmann: …about Hans Ulrich than about Johannes; both were village carpenters in the hamlet of Teufen, and they constructed churches as well as bridges.

Protestantism: Mainstream Protestantism: …government’s inhumane activities, and Pastor Heinrich Grüber, until his arrest, ran the Büro Grüber, which sought to evacuate and protect Jews. Some church leaders, notably the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, paid with their lives for their associations with resistance to the Nazi government. Despite the increasingly obvious character of the Nazi…

human intelligence: The distribution of IQ scores: Howard E. Gruber, a Swiss psychologist, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, an American psychologist, were among those who doubted that giftedness in childhood is the sole predictor of adult abilities. Gruber held that giftedness unfolds over the course of a lifetime and involves achievement at least as…

Jon Gruden is an American gridiron football coach and television broadcaster who led the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to a Super Bowl championship in 2003. Gruden was raised around football: his father, Jim, was an assistant coach at Indiana University (1973–77) and at the University of Notre Dame

Jon Gruden is an American gridiron football coach and television broadcaster who led the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to a Super Bowl championship in 2003. Gruden was raised around football: his father, Jim, was an assistant coach at Indiana University (1973–77) and at the University of Notre Dame

Sarah Michelle Gellar: …The Grudge (2004) and its sequel (2006).

Kim Basinger: …of an aging boxer in Grudge Match (2013). After acting in The Nice Guys (2016), she appeared in Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018), both of which were based on E.L. James’s series of erotic novels.

unidentified flying object: Flying saucers and Project Blue Book: …Project Sign was succeeded by Project Grudge, which in 1952 was itself replaced by the longest-lived of the official inquiries into UFOs, Project Blue Book, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. From 1952 to 1969 Project Blue Book compiled reports of more than 12,000 sightings or events,…

Sarah Michelle Gellar: …appeared in the horror films The Grudge (2004) and its sequel (2006).

Grudziądz, city, Kujawsko-Pomorskie województwo (province), north-central Poland, on the lower Vistula River. Founded in the 10th century as a Polish stronghold against Prussian attack, Grudziądz in the 1230s came under the rule of the Teutonic Knights, who fortified the town and granted it

David Ben-Gurion was a Zionist statesman and political leader, the first prime minister (1948–53, 1955–63) and defense minister (1948–53; 1955–63) of Israel. It was Ben-Gurion who, on May 14, 1948, at Tel Aviv, delivered Israel’s declaration of independence. His charismatic personality won him the

Victor Gruen was an Austrian-born American architect and city planner best known as a pioneer of the regional shopping centre (Northland, Detroit, Mich., 1952) and of the renewal and revitalization of city core areas (Fort Worth, Texas, 1955). Gruen received his architectural training at the

Captain America: The modern era: …the 1980s, and in 1985 Mark Gruenwald began a decadelong tenure on the book. Gruenwald’s run focused on superheroics at the expense of Rogers’s civilian persona, and it introduced Diamondback—a sometime villain who evoked shades of Catwoman—as a romantic interest.

North Macedonia: Independence of North Macedonia: Nonetheless, Nikola Gruevski renewed his governing coalition with the ethnic-Albanian Democratic Union for Integration (BDI), which took more than 10 percent of the vote and 15 seats. By garnering nearly 33 percent of the vote, the SDSM increased its representation considerably to 42 seats. Two other…

Celtic literature: The Middle Ages: One contemporary, Gruffudd ab Adda, went much further toward a modern conception of nature; another, Iolo Goch, in his poem to the husbandman shows traces of English ideas, as seen in Piers Plowman. Llywelyn Goch Amheurug Hen wrote some early poems in the gogynfeirdd tradition, but his…

Wales: Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth: Gwynedd, first under Gruffudd ap Cynan (died 1137) and then under his son Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), gained a firm governance that enabled the younger ruler, controlling a kingdom extending from the Dyfi to the Dee, to withstand foreign pressure, which was particularly severe during the reign of…

Wales: Political development: …these, the most successful was Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1063), who brought Gwynedd, then Deheubarth, and finally (though briefly) the whole of Wales under his dominion. The devastation wrought upon the English borderland, still not erased at the time of the making of Domesday Book (1086), was probably in large…

Owain Glyn Dŵr was the self-proclaimed prince of Wales whose unsuccessful rebellion against England was the last major Welsh attempt to throw off English rule. He became a national hero upon the resurgence of Welsh nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. A descendant of the princes of Powys,

William John Gruffydd was a Welsh-language poet and scholar whose works represented first a rebellion against Victorian standards of morality and literature and later a longing for the society he knew as a youth. Educated at the University of Oxford, Gruffydd was appointed professor of Celtic at

crane, any of 15 species of tall wading birds of the family Gruidae (order Gruiformes). Superficially, cranes resemble herons but usually are larger and have a partly naked head, a heavier bill, more compact plumage, and an elevated hind toe. In flight the long neck is stretched out in front, the

gruiform, (order Gruiformes), any member of a rather loose assemblage of 12 families of birds that are generally agreed to be related but that differ widely in many aspects. Gruiforms are an ancient group with a rich fossil history, but many families are now restricted in range and few in number.

gruiform, (order Gruiformes), any member of a rather loose assemblage of 12 families of birds that are generally agreed to be related but that differ widely in many aspects. Gruiforms are an ancient group with a rich fossil history, but many families are now restricted in range and few in number.

Jean-Pierre Melville was a French motion-picture director whose early films strongly influenced the directors of the New Wave, the innovative French film movement of the late 1950s. Grumbach’s enthusiasm for American culture prompted him to change his name to that of his favourite writer, Herman

Wilhelm von Grumbach was a German knight and adventurer who led several attempts by German imperial knights to destroy the power of Germany’s territorial princes. Chiefly known through his own quarrels, the so-called Grumbach feuds, he also tried to regain power for the Ernestine branch of the

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: These included the SA-10 Grumble, a Mach-6 mobile system with a 60-mile range deployed in both strategic and tactical versions; the SA-11 Gadfly, a Mach-3 semiactive radar homing system with a range of 17 miles; the SA-12 Gladiator, a track-mobile replacement of Ganef; the SA-13 Gopher, a replacement…

Bernard de Mandeville: …who won European fame with The Fable of the Bees.

Arthur Grumiaux, Baron , Baron, was a Belgian violinist noted for both his performing and his teaching. Grumiaux studied at the Charleroi and Royal conservatories in Brussels and later with Georges Enescu in Paris. In 1939 he won the Vieuxtemps Prize, and a year later he became the first recipient

attack aircraft: types were the Grumman A-6 Intruder, first flown in 1960; the U.S. Navy’s McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, first flown in 1954; and the Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair, first flown in 1965. The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (better known as the “Warthog”), a twin-engine aircraft first flown in 1972, became…

Leroy Randle Grumman: …engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II.

Leroy Randle Grumman: …engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II.

F-14, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter built for the U.S. Navy by the Grumman Corporation (now part of the Northrop Grumman Corporation) from 1970 to 1992. As a successor to the F-4 Phantom II, it was designed in the 1960s with the aerodynamic and electronic capacities to defend U.S.

military aircraft: Supersonic flight: Other aircraft included the Grumman F11F Tigercat, the first supersonic carrier-based fighter; the North American F-100 Super Sabre; the Dassault Mystère B-2; the Saab 35, with a unique double-delta configuration; and the MiG-19.

Leroy Randle Grumman was an American aeronautical engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II. After graduating from Cornell University, Grumman joined the U.S. Navy and served as a flight instructor and later as a

Walter Matthau: …Men (1993) and its sequel, Grumpier Old Men (1995). Matthau also received Oscar nominations for Kotch (1971; directed by Lemmon) and The Sunshine Boys (1975), another collaboration with Neil Simon.

Jack Lemmon: …Page (1974), Buddy Buddy (1981), Grumpy Old Men (1993), Grumpier Old Men (1995), and The Odd Couple II (1998).

Anastasius Grün was an Austrian poet and statesman known for his spirited collections of political poetry. As a member of the estates of Carniola in the Diet at Laibach, Grün was a critic of the Austrian government, and after 1848 he represented the district of Laibach briefly at the German

time: Time in molar physics: Positivist, Adolf Grünbaum, a U.S. philosopher, and Olivier Costa de Beauregard, a French philosopher-physicist. There have also been many relevant papers of high mathematical sophistication scattered through the literature of mathematical physics. Reichenbach (and Grünbaum, who improved on Reichenbach in some respects) explained a trace as…

Zielona Góra, city, one of two capitals (with Gorzów Wielkopolski) of Lubuskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. It is an important industrial (textile and metal production) and cultural centre, having for centuries nurtured the theatre arts and a lively folk culture. Beginning with the

Peter Grünberg was a Czech-born German scientist who, with Albert Fert, received the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent codiscovery of giant magnetoresistance. Grünberg completed his undergraduate studies in physics in 1962 at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main,

Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov: Life: …monograph Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (1933; Foundations of the Theory of Probability, 1950). In 1929, having completed his doctorate, Kolmogorov was elected a member of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics at Moscow State University, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life. In 1931, following a radical…

property law: Registration and recordation: …the system of the German Grundbuch, in which titles to land are registered, and of the systems for registration of automobile titles that prevail in the United States. The other type of system is a recording system. Under such a system a transfer is effective even if it is not…

Austria: Domestic affairs, 1867–73: The so-called Gründerjahre, or years of expansive commercial enterprise during the late 1860s and early 1870s, however, were characterized not only by railroad and industrial expansion and the growth of the capital cities of Vienna and Budapest but also by reckless speculation. Warning signs of an imminent…

constitution: Europe: Under the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, Parliament cannot delegate its legislative function to the chancellor, and civil rights cannot be suspended without continuous parliamentary surveillance. The president has been turned into a figurehead on the model of the French presidents of the Third…

Gottlob Frege: System of mathematical logic.: , Basic Laws of Arithmetic), in which Frege presented, in a modified version of the symbolic system of the Begriffsschrift, a rigorous development of the theory of Grundlagen. This, too, received only a single review (by Peano). The neglect of what was to have been his…

history of Europe: Landlords and peasants: …of great property was the Grundherrschaft (“ownership of land”). This was an aggregation of rent-paying properties. The lord might also be a cultivator, but he worked his land through hired labourers.

Gottlob Frege: System of mathematical logic.: …Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884; The Foundations of Arithmetic). The Grundlagen was a work that must on any count stand as a masterpiece of philosophical writing. The only review that the book received, however, was a devastatingly hostile one by Georg Cantor, the mathematician whose ideas were the closest to…

metalogic: The axiomatic method: …his Grundlagen der Geometrie (1899; The Foundations of Geometry). In this and related systems, however, logical connectives and their properties are taken for granted and remain implicit. If the logic involved is taken to be that of the predicate calculus, the logician can then arrive at such formal systems as…

Kurt Koffka: …Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung (1921; The Growth of the Mind), applied the Gestalt viewpoint to child psychology and argued that infants initially experience organized wholes in the barely differentiated world about them.

Houston Stewart Chamberlain: …Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 2 vol., 1911), a broad but biased analysis of European culture, in which he claimed that the Western Aryan peoples have been responsible for the greatness and creativity of Europe, and that the Jewish influence has been primarily negative.…

Georg Cantor: Set theory: In his book on sets, Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre (“Foundations of a General Theory of Aggregates”), Cantor in 1883 allied his theory with Platonic metaphysics. By contrast, Kronecker, who held that only the integers “exist” (“God made the integers, and all the rest is the work of man”), for many…

Heimito von Doderer: …views on the novel in Grundlagen und Funktion des Romans (1959; “Principles and Function of the Novel”). His style and ideas are traditional and formal.

Eugen Ehrlich: His major work was Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (1913), which discusses the laws of different countries and concludes that legal development takes place less through legislation or judicial science than through the development of society itself.

Johann Christoph Gottsched: …Redekunst (1736; “Complete Rhetoric”) and Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst (1748; “Foundation of a German Literary Language”), helped to regularize German as a literary language.

Immanuel Kant: The Critique of Practical Reason of Immanuel Kant: The earlier Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785; Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals) is a shorter and, despite its title, more readily comprehensible treatment of the same general topic. Both differ from Die Metaphysik der Sitten (1797; The Metaphysics of Morals) in that they deal with…

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger: His main theoretical work, Gründliche Anweisung zur Composition (1790; “Fundamentals of Composition”), was based mainly on earlier works by Johann Joseph Fux and Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg. His understanding of Baroque polyphony and counterpoint enriched the developing Viennese Classicism of his own day.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: At Berlin: …der Philosophie des Rechts (1821; The Philosophy of Right). In Hegel’s works on politics and history, the human mind objectifies itself in its endeavour to find an object identical with itself. The Philosophy of Right (or The Philosophy of Law) falls into three main divisions. The first is concerned with…

free-net: American psychologist Tom Grundner created the free-net model at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He became interested in creating an online network that could be accessed by people seeking health information. In 1984 Grundner launched the “St. Silicon’s Hospital and Information Dispensary,” a medical bulletin…

Hans Kelsen: …law is some assumption (Grundnorm) that is accepted by a substantial proportion of the community. Kelsen nevertheless admitted the relevance of sociology and ethics to the lawmaking process and to the content of laws.

Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter, observed in commemoration of Jesus Christ’s institution of the Eucharist during the Last Supper. Key Days of Holy Week The name is thought to be a Middle English derivation taken from a Latin anthem sung in Roman Catholic churches on that day: “Mandatum

Oswald Külpe: …wrote Grundriss der Psychologie (1893; Outlines of Psychology), in which he defined psychology as a science concerned with experiences dependent on the experiencing individual and outlined the findings of experimental psychology.

Friedrich von Wieser: …Wert (1889; “Natural Value”) and Grundriss der Sozialökonomik (1914; “Foundations of Social Economy”). In the first of these he developed the Austrian-school theory of costs, building on Menger’s subjective-value approach and introducing the concept of opportunity cost. In Sozialökonomik the principle of marginal utility is the starting point for an…

Friedrich Müller: …is Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1876–88; Outline of Linguistics). The book provides detailed examples of some of the more common languages of the world and attempts to show the genetic relations between different languages. Müller and other typologists of his day used such nonlinguistic criteria as hair type to deduce their…

Karl Brugmann: (1886–93; Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages). The three volumes on syntax were prepared by Berthold Delbrück. A second, greatly enlarged edition was issued between 1897 and 1916. Not only has the Grundriss remained probably the most authoritative grammar ever written, but it…

Carl Meinhof: In 1899 Meinhof published Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen (“Outline of the Phonetics of the Bantu Languages”), detailing the sound-shifting laws of six modern Bantu languages and postulating a Proto-Bantu that was their predecessor.

Hegelianism: Sociopolitical radicalism: …he entitled his forthcoming book: Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843; “Basic Principles of the Philosophy of the Future”). In place of the immediate Absolute of Hegel, he argued, there must be substituted the immediate individual existent—corporeal, sensible, and rational. The individual’s reappropriation of himself will be possible whenever his…

Archduke Charles: His military writings, especially his Grundsätze der Strategie erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland, 3 vol. (1814; “Principles of Strategy, Explained Through the Description of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany”), exercised considerable influence on his contemporaries. In contrast to his aggressive and daring conduct of…

Grundschule, in Germany, the first four years of primary school (in certain cities of Germany, the first six years). Before the 1920s, upper-class German children attended the Vorschule, a three-year course of preparation for secondary school (which usually began at age 9). Working-class children

Sweden: Education of Sweden: The comprehensive school (grundskola) is compulsory for nine years. Children are required to attend school between the ages of 7 and 16. Compulsory education is free, and no charge is made for school lunches, transportation, or educational materials. The comprehensive school is divided into three-year stages: lower, middle,…

N.F.S. Grundtvig was a Danish bishop and poet, founder of Grundtvigianism, a theological movement that revitalized the Danish Lutheran church. He was also an outstanding hymn writer, historian, and educator and a pioneer of studies on early Scandinavian literature. After taking a degree in theology

N.F.S. Grundtvig was a Danish bishop and poet, founder of Grundtvigianism, a theological movement that revitalized the Danish Lutheran church. He was also an outstanding hymn writer, historian, and educator and a pioneer of studies on early Scandinavian literature. After taking a degree in theology

children’s literature: Denmark: …when a collection made by Svend Grundtvig, the son of N.F.S. Grundtvig, a great bishop-educator, was posthumously published.

Austria: Domestic affairs, 1867–73: …aristocrats, had participated in the Gründungsfieber, or “speculative fever,” and the attendant scandals.

Mrs. Grundy, fictional English character who typifies the censorship enacted in everyday life by conventional opinion. She first appears (but never onstage) in Thomas Morton’s play Speed the Plough (produced 1798), in which one character, Dame Ashfield, continually worries about what her neighbour

Hausdorff space: …description of general spaces in Grundzüge der Mengenlehre (1914; “Elements of Set Theory”). Although later it was not accepted as a basic axiom for topological spaces, the Hausdorff property is often assumed in certain areas of topological research. It is one of a long list of properties that have become…

Wilhelm Wundt: …in the history of psychology, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 2 vol. (1873–74; 3 vol., 6th ed., 1908–11; Principles of Physiological Psychology). The Grundzüge advanced a system of psychology that sought to investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception,…

Karl Gegenbaur: …Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie (1859; Elements of Comparative Anatomy) became the standard textbook of evolutionary morphology, emphasizing that structural similarities in different animals constitute clues to their evolutionary history. In this work Gegenbaur stated that “the most important part of the business of comparative anatomy is to find indications of…

Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Years in Berlin: …Zeitalters (1806; lectures delivered 1804–05; The Characteristics of the Present Age), analyzing the Enlightenment and defining its place in the historical evolution of the general human consciousness but also indicating its defects and looking forward to belief in the divine order of the universe as the highest aspect of the…

Willi Hennig: …the new approach in his Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik (1950; Phylogenetic Systematics, 1979) and sought to show that it integrated the methods and aims of biology with those of such disciplines as paleontology, geology, and biogeography (i.e., the study of the distribution and dispersal of organisms).

Carl Meinhof: …principal publication appeared in 1906, Grundzüge einer vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantusprachen (“Principles of the Comparative Grammar of the Bantu Languages”), a study of the morphology of the Bantu languages. From 1909 until his death Meinhof was on the staff of the Kolonial-institut in Hamburg. He also studied and published on…

Austria: Political process: The environmentalist parties, including the Green Alternative (Die Grüne Alternative; GA; founded 1986) and the United Greens of Austria (Vereinte Grüne Österreichs; VGÖ; founded 1982), have come to be known collectively as the Greens. The Greens first won seats in the Austrian parliament in 1986.

Green Henry, autobiographical novel by Gottfried Keller, first published in German as Der grüne Heinrich in 1854–55 and completely revised in 1879–80. The later version is a classic bildungsroman. Green Henry (so called because his frugal mother made all his clothes from a single bolt of green

Green Party of Germany, German environmentalist political party. It first won representation at the national level in 1983, and from 1998 to 2005 it formed a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SPD). In 2021 the Greens posted their best-ever performance in a federal election,

Thomas Middelhoff: Key subsidiaries included Germany-based publishers Gruner + Jahr and BertelsmannSpringer, American publishers Bantam Doubleday Dell and Random House, and BMG Entertainment (which owned more than 200 record labels in more than 50 countries, including Arista and RCA in the United States). In 2001 the firm gained a controlling interest in…

olivine: Metamorphic rocks: (iron-serpentine), minnesotaite (iron-talc), and grunerite (iron-amphibole) in various metamorphic stages. In chemically more complex environments, which, in addition to the above components, also involve lime (CaO) and alumina (Al2O3), fayalite may be associated with hedenbergite, orthopyroxene, grunerite, and almandine (iron-garnet).

Battle of Tannenberg: Initial developments on the Eastern Front: Paul Grünert and Lieut. Col. Max Hoffmann, into his office in the headquarters at Neidenburg (now Nidzica, Poland)—uncomfortably close to the southern frontier—where his chief of staff, Gen. Georg Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf (count) von Waldersee, was also present. Prittwitz, fearing that the Russians would advance…

biblical literature: German versions: Of the 20th-century translations, the Grünewald Bible, which reached a seventh edition in 1956, is one of the most noteworthy.

Matthias Grünewald was one of the greatest German painters of his age, whose works on religious themes achieve a visionary expressiveness through intense colour and agitated line. The wings of the altarpiece of the Antonite monastery at Isenheim, in southern Alsace (dated 1515), are considered to

Battle of Grunwald, battle fought on July 15, 1410, between the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg (Polish: Stębark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that marked a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The battle ended of the order’s expansion along

grunge, genre of rock music that flourished in the late 1980s and early ’90s and spawned a particular style of fashion. The term grunge was first used to describe the murky-guitar bands (most notably Nirvana and Pearl Jam) that emerged from Seattle in the late 1980 as a bridge between mainstream

grunion, (species Leuresthes tenuis), small Pacific fish of the family Atherinidae (order Atheriniformes). The species is found in the Pacific Ocean along the western coast of the United States. A unique feature of the grunion’s breeding biology results in its spawning on particular nights during

Togo: Independence: Nicolas Grunitzky was appointed premier. Following UN representations, elections in April 1958 favoured complete independence and rejected Grunitzky’s Togolese Progress Party in favour of Sylvanus Olympio’s Togolese National Unity Party. Togo became independent on April 27, 1960.

grunt, any of about 150 species of marine fishes of the family Haemulidae (Pomadasyidae) in the order Perciformes. Grunts are found along shores in warm and tropical waters of the major oceans. They are snapperlike but lack canine teeth. They are named for the piglike grunts they can produce with

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Rhamphocottidae (grunt sculpin) Pelvis highly modified with an anteriorly projecting subpelvic keel and an anterodorsally projecting suprapelvic keel; vertebrae 26–28. Marine, North Pacific. 1 species, Rhamphocottus richardsonii. Family Ereuniidae 4 lower pectoral fin rays free (as in family Triglidae); vertebrae 35–39. Maximum length 30 cm (12…

anseriform: Behaviour: The “grunt-whistle” involves throwing an arc of water at the female by a sideways flick of the bill, followed by a rearing up of the body, shaking of the head and tail, and, during the whole sequence, giving the call indicated by the behavioral term. The…

Battle of Grunwald, battle fought on July 15, 1410, between the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg (Polish: Stębark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that marked a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The battle ended of the order’s expansion along

children’s literature: Overview: …livres, belles histoires, the compilers Marguerite Gruny and Mathilde Leriche wrote: “Children’s literature in France is still poor, despite the earnest efforts of the last decade.”

Tejano: … repertoire, Tejano’s third musical form, grupo, originated in the 1960s with keyboard instruments and synthesizers as its foundation. Grupo’s most famous performer, Selena, became an international celebrity before being killed in 1995. A reflection of the growing Mexican American cultural pride in the last half of the 20th century, all…