serpent: …probably invented in 1590 by Edme Guillaume, a French canon of Auxerre, as an improvement on bass versions of the closely related cornett. It is made of wood in a serpentine curve 7 to 8 feet (2 to 2.5 m) long, and it has a conical bore and six finger…

art market: Paris: One pioneer was the dealer Paul Guillaume. An important promoter of African sculpture, he organized the Art Nègre exhibition in 1919 at the Galerie Devambez. He also helped to form the Barnes collection of Impressionist pictures originally located in Merion, Pennsylvania, outside Philadephia.

Armand Guillaumin was a French landscape painter and lithographer who was a member of the Impressionist group. Guillaumin was a close friend of the painter Camille Pissarro, whom he met while studying at the Académie Suisse. Together they found employment painting blinds, and Guillaumin portrayed

Armand Guillaumin was a French landscape painter and lithographer who was a member of the Impressionist group. Guillaumin was a close friend of the painter Camille Pissarro, whom he met while studying at the Académie Suisse. Together they found employment painting blinds, and Guillaumin portrayed

Pancho Villa was a Filipino professional boxer and world flyweight (112 pounds) champion. Villa began his boxing career in 1919, winning various titles in the Philippines. Within a few months of his arrival in the United States, he knocked out the American flyweight champion, Johnny Buff (John

Sylvie Guillem is a French ballet dancer who in 1984 became the youngest person in the history of the Paris Opéra Ballet at that time to hold the rank of étoile (“star”), traditionally the highest position of dancer within a ballet company. When she was very young, Guillem began receiving

punctuation: Punctuation in French, Spanish, German, and Russian: In French, guillemets (<< >>) or dashes are used to mark quotations. In Spanish, since the middle of the 18th century, an inverted mark of interrogation or exclamation has stood at the beginning of sentences as well as the normal mark at the end; and quotations may…

Roger Guillemin was a French-born American physiologist whose research into the hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland resulted in his being awarded a share (along with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Guillemin was educated at the

Roger Guillemin was a French-born American physiologist whose research into the hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland resulted in his being awarded a share (along with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Guillemin was educated at the

guillemot, any of three species of black and white seabirds of the genus Cepphus, in the auk family, Alcidae. The birds have a pointed, black bill and red legs. In British usage, the name guillemot also refers to birds that in America are called murres. Guillemots are deep divers that feed on the

Joseph Guillemot: Life After War: French runner Joseph Guillemot was not favoured to win the 5,000-metre race at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Given his personal history, it was amazing that he was even able to compete. A veteran of World War I, Guillemot had survived a poison gas…

Ozzie Guillen is a Venezuelan-born American professional baseball player, coach, and manager, known for being outspoken and unpredictable and, as manager of the American League (AL) Chicago White Sox, for leading the team to the World Series championship in 2005. Guillen was the first Venezuelan to

Nicolás Guillén was a Cuban poet of social protest and a leader of the Afro-Cuban movement in the late 1920s and ’30s. His commitment to social justice and membership in the Communist Party made him the national poet of revolutionary Cuba. Guillén read widely during his youth and abandoned law

Subcomandante Marcos is a Mexican professor who was the leader of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional; EZLN, also called the Zapatistas), which launched a rebellion in 1994 in the state of Chiapas and later functioned as a political movement defending

Jorge Guillén was a Spanish lyric poet who experimented with different metres and used verbs rarely but whose work proved more accessible than that of other experimental poets. The son of a newspaper publisher, Guillén studied in Switzerland and at the University of Granada before graduating from

Nicolás Guillén was a Cuban poet of social protest and a leader of the Afro-Cuban movement in the late 1920s and ’30s. His commitment to social justice and membership in the Communist Party made him the national poet of revolutionary Cuba. Guillén read widely during his youth and abandoned law

Ozzie Guillen is a Venezuelan-born American professional baseball player, coach, and manager, known for being outspoken and unpredictable and, as manager of the American League (AL) Chicago White Sox, for leading the team to the World Series championship in 2005. Guillen was the first Venezuelan to

Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, viscount of Guilleragues was a French author and diplomat, considered by most modern authorities to be the author of the Lettres portugaises (1669; “Portuguese Letters”). Guilleragues was educated at the Collège de Navarre and subsequently remained in Paris to study law.

Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, viscount of Guilleragues was a French author and diplomat, considered by most modern authorities to be the author of the Lettres portugaises (1669; “Portuguese Letters”). Guilleragues was educated at the Collège de Navarre and subsequently remained in Paris to study law.

Violette Verdy was a French ballerina and dance director who was an admired star of New York City Ballet for nearly 20 years (1958–77). Her exceptional charm and musicality inspired George Balanchine and other choreographers to create roles that showcased her eloquent and buoyant dancing. Guillerm

French literature: Poetry: important group including Maurice Scève, Pernette du Guillet, and Louise Labé were writing Neoplatonist and Petrarchan love poetry, highly stylized in form, in which desire for an earthly Beauty inflames the poet with an inspirational frenzy that elevates his creative powers and draws him toward the spiritual Beauty, Truth, and…

Chile: The second presidency of Sebastián Piñera (2018–22): …the second round, along with Alejandro Guillier, the candidate of Bachelet’s New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition, who tallied some 23 percent of the vote. (Bachelet was constitutionally prohibited from running for a consecutive term.) Beatriz Sánchez of the Broad Front (Frente Amplio), a coalition of leftist political parties and grassroots…

heraldry: Early writers: …Accedens of Armorie (1562), and John Guillim, A Display of Heraldrie (1610), not only perpetuate the nonsensical natural history of olden days but are largely responsible for erroneous beliefs about heraldic charges having definite symbolic meanings and their being granted as rewards for valorous deeds—beliefs that today are perpetuated by…

children’s literature: The 20th century: The death of René Guillot removed a deeply conscientious and responsible artist. Guillot, though probably not of the first rank, was not far below it. He left more than 50 widely translated novels for the young and about 10 nonfiction works. For his entire body of work, he…

guillotine: …of the National Assembly named Joseph-Ignace Guillotin was instrumental in passing a law that required all sentences of death to be carried out by “means of a machine.” This was done so that the privilege of execution by decapitation would no longer be confined to the nobles and the process…

guillotine, instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation, introduced into France in 1792. The device consists of two upright posts surmounted by a crossbeam and grooved so as to guide an oblique-edged knife, the back of which is heavily weighted to make it fall forcefully upon (and

Roman Catholicism: The nature of the church: In 1965 the Dominican theologian Marie-Joseph Le Guillou defined the church in these terms:

Louis Guilloux was a French novelist who portrayed the social struggles of the people of his native Brittany. His work gave a harsh, disillusioned picture of the desolate lives of working men who sometimes achieved tragic grandeur. Guilloux was no stranger to the life depicted in his novels, as his

emotion: The variety and complexity of emotions: …family,” which includes shame, embarrassment, guilt, remorse, and regret. The great variety and abundance of emotions suggest that the category of emotion may not be a single class of psychological phenomena but a large family of loosely related mental states and processes.

arraignment: …usually enters a plea of guilt or innocence. If the accused chooses not to plead, a plea of not guilty will be entered for him or her. A guilty plea will usually result in the case’s being handed over for judgment. Sometimes the court will permit a guilty plea to…

Seth Rogen: …Streisand) in the road comedy The Guilt Trip (2012). With Goldberg he then cowrote and codirected This Is the End (2013), a zany take on the apocalypse in which he and an ensemble of other young actors (many of whom he had previously collaborated with) played exaggerated versions of themselves.…

Hollywood blacklist: …the blacklist in films like Guilty by Suspicion (1991) and The Front (1976). Those movies reinforce the popular notion of the blacklist as a blight on the history of American entertainment, a time when the film industry pandered to the hysteria of both the HUAC and private anticommunist organizations. As…

American literature: Realism and metafiction: … (1968), City Life (1970), and Guilty Pleasures (1974).

Guimarães, city and concelho (municipality), northwestern Portugal. Guimarães lies at the foot of the Serra de Santa Catarina (2,018 feet [615 metres]), northeast of the city of Porto. Guimarães was founded in the 4th century and in the 12th century became the first capital of Portugal. Its

João Guimarães Rosa was a novelist and short-story writer whose innovative prose style, derived from the oral tradition of the sertão (hinterland of Brazil), revitalized Brazilian fiction in the mid-20th century. His portrayal of the conflicts of the Brazilian backlanders in his native state of

Bernardo Guimarães was a poet, dramatist, and regional novelist whose works marked a major transition toward greater realism in Brazilian literature and who was popular in his time as a minor Romantic novelist. After a youthful bohemian life in São Paulo, Guimarães retired to his native Minas

Hector Guimard was an architect, decorator, and furniture designer, probably the best-known French representative of Art Nouveau. Guimard studied and later taught at the School of Decorative Arts and at the École des Beaux-Arts (“School of Fine Arts”) in Paris. Although much of his work is more

Hector Guimard was an architect, decorator, and furniture designer, probably the best-known French representative of Art Nouveau. Guimard studied and later taught at the School of Decorative Arts and at the École des Beaux-Arts (“School of Fine Arts”) in Paris. Although much of his work is more

Madeleine Guimard was the leading ballerina at the Paris Opéra for nearly 30 years. Guimard was dancing at the Comédie-Française at the age of 15 but soon transferred to the Opéra. While understudying Marie Allard, she replaced her in the role of Terpsichore in Les Fêtes grecques et romaines (1762)

Madeleine Guimard was the leading ballerina at the Paris Opéra for nearly 30 years. Guimard was dancing at the Comédie-Française at the age of 15 but soon transferred to the Opéra. While understudying Marie Allard, she replaced her in the role of Terpsichore in Les Fêtes grecques et romaines (1762)

jew’s harp, musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which forms a resonance cavity, and activates the instrument’s tongue by either plucking it with the fingers or jerking a string

Ángel Guimerá was a Catalan playwright, poet, orator, and fervent supporter of the Catalan literary revival known as the Renaixensa movement. Guimerá’s parents took him to Catalonia when he was seven, and the region left its mark on him. He studied in Barcelona before settling in the village of

Guimet Museum, museum in Paris, housing art collections from all parts of Asia. The original collection was begun in Lyon, Fr., in 1879 by Émile Guimet, donated to France in 1884, and moved to Paris in 1888. In 1945 the collections in Oriental art in the Louvre were transferred to the Guimet, and

Texas Guinan was an American actress of the early 20th century who is remembered most vividly as a highly popular nightclub hostess during the Prohibition era. Guinan went on the stage at a young age. For a number of years she barnstormed with stage companies and rodeos, and she had already made

Texas Guinan was an American actress of the early 20th century who is remembered most vividly as a highly popular nightclub hostess during the Prohibition era. Guinan went on the stage at a young age. For a number of years she barnstormed with stage companies and rodeos, and she had already made

Chennai: Cultural life: Guindy National Park is a wildlife sanctuary situated in the heart of the city. Other places for recreation in and around Chennai are the Chennai Crocodile Bank, Pulicat Lake (a large saltwater lagoon), a bird sanctuary, and a zoological park.

House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies. It was called House of Guinea because it began by processing products from Guinea. Originally housed in a warehouse at Lagos in southern Portugal, it was reestablished in Lisbon with the

House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies. It was called House of Guinea because it began by processing products from Guinea. Originally housed in a warehouse at Lagos in southern Portugal, it was reestablished in Lisbon with the

Guinea-Bissau, country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. The name Guinea remains a source of debate; it is perhaps a corruption of an Amazigh (Berber) word meaning “land of the blacks.” The country also uses the

Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large portion of the world’s bauxite

Guinea, the forest and coastal areas of western Africa between the tropic of Cancer and the equator. Derived from the Berber word aguinaw, or gnawa, meaning “black man” (hence akal n-iguinamen, or “land of the black men”), the term was first adopted by the Portuguese and, in forms such as Guinuia,

coin: Modern coinage: …broad, in 1662 by the guinea, so called from the provenance of its gold. This was a 20-shilling piece. It was not until 1717, after various oscillations, that its value was fixed at 21 shillings. His silver coins were the crown, half-crown, shilling, and so on, all regularly and beautifully…

House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies. It was called House of Guinea because it began by processing products from Guinea. Originally housed in a warehouse at Lagos in southern Portugal, it was reestablished in Lisbon with the

baboon: The small red Guinea baboon (P. papio) is restricted to far western Africa, and males have a cape of hair. These four species are often referred to collectively as savannah baboons, and they have much in common. All live in large cohesive troops numbering from 10 to several…

Guinea, the forest and coastal areas of western Africa between the tropic of Cancer and the equator. Derived from the Berber word aguinaw, or gnawa, meaning “black man” (hence akal n-iguinamen, or “land of the black men”), the term was first adopted by the Portuguese and, in forms such as Guinuia,

sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), cereal grain plant of the grass family (Poaceae) and its edible starchy seeds. The plant likely originated in Africa, where it is a major food crop, and has numerous varieties, including grain sorghums, used for food; grass sorghums, grown for hay and fodder; and

Guinea Current, surface oceanic current of the Atlantic Ocean, the eastward continuation of the Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent, off the western coast of Africa near the Gulf of Guinea. Always north of the equator, the southeastward-flowing Guinea Current changes position with the seasons so

Equatorial Guinea, country located on the west coast of Africa. It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental Equatorial Guinea), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande), Little

guinea fowl, any of a family, Numididae (order Galliformes), of African birds that are alternatively placed by some authorities in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. The family consists of 7–10 species, one of which, Numida meleagris, is widely domesticated for its flesh and as a “watchdog” on farms

grains of paradise, pungent seeds of Aframomum melegueta, a reedlike plant of the family Zingiberaceae. Grains of paradise have long been used as a spice and traditionally as a medicine. The wine known as hippocras was flavoured with them and with ginger and cinnamon. The plant is native to

Guinea Highlands, mountainous plateau extending from the southern Fouta Djallon highlands through southeastern Guinea, northern Sierra Leone and Liberia, and northwestern Côte d’Ivoire. The plateau is composed of granitic gneisses and quartzite and averages more than 1,500 feet (460 metres) in

Magnoliales: Timber: …of this species are called guinea peppers and were once of commercial importance in Europe as a tangy condiment and drug.

guinea pig, (Cavia porcellus), a domesticated species of South American rodent belonging to the cavy family (Caviidae). It resembles other cavies in having a robust body with short limbs, large head and eyes, and short ears. The feet have hairless soles and short sharp claws. There are four toes on

eggplant, (Solanum melongena), tender perennial plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown for its edible fruits. Eggplant requires a warm climate and has been cultivated in its native Southeast Asia since remote antiquity. A staple in cuisines of the Mediterranean region, eggplant figures

guinea worm, (Dracunculus medinensis), member of the phylum Nematoda. The guinea worm, a parasite of humans, is found in tropical regions of Asia and Africa and in the West Indies and tropical South America. A variety of other mammals are also parasitized by guinea worms. The disease caused by the

guinea worm disease, infection in humans caused by a parasite known as the guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis). The disease’s alternate name, dracunculiasis, is Latin for “affliction with little dragons,” which adequately describes the burning pain associated with the infection. Historically a

yam: Major species: Guinea yam (D. rotundata) and yellow Guinea yam (D. cayenensis) are the main yam species grown in West Africa. Lesser yam (D. esculenta), grown on the subcontinent of India, in southern Vietnam, and on South Pacific islands, is one of the tastiest yams. Chinese yam…

Equatorial Guinea, country located on the west coast of Africa. It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental Equatorial Guinea), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande), Little

vertically striped red-yellow-green national flag. It has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.When Charles de Gaulle reorganized the government and constitution of France in 1958, French colonies were offered the options of independence or autonomous status in partnership with France. Guinea alone of

Gulf of Guinea, part of the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean off the western African coast, extending westward from Cap López, near the Equator, to Cape Palmas at longitude 7° west. Its major tributaries include the Volta and Niger rivers. The coastline of the Gulf of Guinea forms part of the

history of Guinea, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Guinea. Located on the Atlantic coast in western Africa, Guinea is rich with natural resources, and farming has been practiced there for some three millennia. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the

House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies. It was called House of Guinea because it began by processing products from Guinea. Originally housed in a warehouse at Lagos in southern Portugal, it was reestablished in Lisbon with the

Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large portion of the world’s bauxite

Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large portion of the world’s bauxite

Guinea-Bissau, country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. The name Guinea remains a source of debate; it is perhaps a corruption of an Amazigh (Berber) word meaning “land of the blacks.” The country also uses the

national flag consisting of two horizontal stripes of yellow and green and, at the hoist, a vertical red stripe with a black star. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of approximately 1 to 2.The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) found ready support in those

history of Guinea-Bissau, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Guinea-Bissau, a country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. It has a generally tropical climate influenced by the intertropical

Guinea-Bissau, country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. The name Guinea remains a source of debate; it is perhaps a corruption of an Amazigh (Berber) word meaning “land of the blacks.” The country also uses the

Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large portion of the world’s bauxite

Maximilian I: Territorial expansion: …defeating the French at the Battle of Guinegate in 1479. There Maximilian’s military innovation saved him. French armies consisted primarily of the prized and formidable Swiss Reisläufer, mercenary units that have survived in the modern era as the Swiss Guards. Maximilian recruited these elite pikemen to train his German forces,…

Güines, city, west-central Cuba. It lies about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Havana. The city is situated in a fertile agricultural region where irrigation facilitates the growing of sugarcane, tobacco, and various fruits and vegetables for which the region is known; cattle also are raised. Cigar

Field of Cloth of Gold: …were erected for Henry at Guînes and for Francis at Ardres. Henry’s palace covered nearly 2.5 acres (1 hectare) and was sumptuously decorated; it contained a great hall and a spacious chapel; and, outside, a gilt fountain spouted claret, hippocras (spiced wine), and water through separate runlets.

Sarah Polley: …Go (1999) and Audrey Wells’s Guinevere (1999) earned her rave reviews and major industry buzz. Yet she eschewed mainstream fame and gave her allegiance instead to the Canadian film industry, backing out of the star-making role of Penny Lane in Cameron Crowe’s Oscar-winning Almost Famous (2000) to star in John…

Guinevere, wife of Arthur, legendary king of Britain, best known in Arthurian romance through the love that his knight Sir Lancelot bore for her. In early Welsh literature, one Gwenhwyvar was “the first lady of this island”; in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s inventive Historia regum Britanniae (early 12th

Louise Imogen Guiney was an American poet and essayist, a popular and respected figure in the Boston literary circle of her day. Guiney was educated at Elmhurst, a convent school in Providence, Rhode Island. To help support her family she began contributing to various newspapers and magazines. Her

Guingamp, town, Côtes-d’Armor département, Brittany région, northwestern France. It lies on the right bank of the Trieux River east-northeast of Brest, the first Breton-speaking town on the road from Paris to Brest. An important market town which in the Middle Ages was the capital of the countship,

Dante: Dante’s intellectual development and public career: …poetic figure behind Dante was Guido Guinizelli, the poet most responsible for altering the prevailing local, or “municipal,” kind of poetry. Guinizelli’s verse provided what Cavalcanti and Dante were looking for—a remarkable sense of joy contained in a refined and lucid aesthetic. What increased the appeal of his poetry was…

Guinness, former company, incorporated in 1886 as Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., best known as the brewer of a distinctive dark and creamy stout. In 1997 the company merged with Grand Metropolitan PLC to form Diageo PLC. Guinness remains a brand of that company, which is headquartered in London.

The Guinness Book of World Records, annual reference book covering all types of records about the world and its inhabitants. Published worldwide, The Guinness Book of World Records has been translated into more than 40 languages. It is one of the top-selling copyrighted books in publishing history,

Guinness Brewery, brewery at St. James’s Gate in Dublin, Ireland, where, according to legend, the Guinness brand of dry stout—famed for its black color (created by adding roasted barley), creamy head, and distinctive taste—has been produced since 1759. in 1759 Arthur Guinness, an ale brewer, signed

Guinness, former company, incorporated in 1886 as Arthur Guinness Son & Co. Ltd., best known as the brewer of a distinctive dark and creamy stout. In 1997 the company merged with Grand Metropolitan PLC to form Diageo PLC. Guinness remains a brand of that company, which is headquartered in London.

The Guinness Book of World Records, annual reference book covering all types of records about the world and its inhabitants. Published worldwide, The Guinness Book of World Records has been translated into more than 40 languages. It is one of the top-selling copyrighted books in publishing history,

Alec Guinness was a British actor famous for the variety and excellence of his stage and screen characterizations. Tall and unremarkable in appearance, he played a great range of characters throughout his long career. His trademarks were subtle but telling facial expressions and exquisitely nuanced

Guinness: Guinness was founded when Arthur Guinness bought a small brewery in Dublin in 1759. At first the brewery produced a variety of ales and beers, but in 1799 it was decided to concentrate exclusively on porter, a dark beer with a rich head. The beer, later known as stout,…

Alec Guinness was a British actor famous for the variety and excellence of his stage and screen characterizations. Tall and unremarkable in appearance, he played a great range of characters throughout his long career. His trademarks were subtle but telling facial expressions and exquisitely nuanced

Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, 1st Baronet was an Irish brewer and the first lord mayor of Dublin under the reformed corporation (1851), whose brewery became one of the largest in the world. In 1855 Guinness assumed control of the brewing business, Arthur Guinness & Sons, started by his grandfather,

Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Later years: …with the assistance of young Richard Guino. Since Renoir was no longer able to do sculpture himself, Guino became, about 1913, the skillful instrument who willingly followed his directions. He yielded before the personality of Renoir and succeeded so well that the works have all the qualities of Renoir’s style.

Ki Seto ware: …a glossy chartreuse yellow (guinomi-de, or kikuzara-de), fired at a relatively high temperature, and a soft dull-glazed pure yellow (ayame-de, or aburage-de), fired at low heat.

Wolfram von Eschenbach: …Kyot (also spelled Kiot and Guiot). The story of the ignorant and naive Parzival, who sets out on his adventures without even knowing his own name, employs the classic fairy-tale motif of “the guileless fool” who, through innocence and artlessness, reaches a goal denied to wiser men. Wolfram uses Parzival’s…

filet lace, (from French filet, “network”), knotted netting, either square or diamond mesh, that has been stretched on a frame and embroidered, usually with cloth or darning stitch. Of ancient origin, it was called opus araneum in the 14th century, lacis in the 16th, and in the 19th filet guipure