Gunnerales, small order of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing two families, Gunneraceae and Myrothamnaceae, each with just one genus—respectively, Gunnera (40–50 species) and Myrothamnus (2 species). Members of Gunneraceae and Myrothamnaceae look at first sight very different. Gunneraceae

Arsenal, English professional football (soccer) team based in London. Arsenal is one of the most successful squads in English football history, having played in the country’s top division (Football League First Division to 1992, Premier League thereafter) each season since 1919. In the process it

military technology: Gunnery: During most of the black-powder era, with smoothbore cannon firing spherical projectiles, artillery fire was never precisely accurate at long ranges. (Aiming and firing were particularly difficult in naval gunnery, since the gunner had to predict the roll of the ship in order to…

Gunnison, city, seat (1880) of Gunnison county, west-central Colorado, U.S. It lies along the Gunnison River, just north of the San Juan Mountains of the Rockies, at an elevation of 7,703 feet (2,348 metres). Lying between the Sawatch Range and the Elk Mountains, the city is surrounded by the

Gunnison: …city is surrounded by the Gunnison National Forest, for which it is headquarters. It originated as a silver-mining camp and was named for Captain John William Gunnison, an Indian fighter and railroad surveyor who had explored the area in 1853. The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad arrived in 1881,…

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park: …canyon was cut by the Gunnison River (named for the army engineer John W. Gunnison) and its tributaries. At the section where its walls are steepest, it is 10 miles (16 km) long with depths ranging from 1,730 to 2,425 feet (525 to 740 metres), while its rim width narrows…

prairie dog: … from Canada to northern Mexico; Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) occurs where Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet; the white-tailed prairie dog (C. leucurus) is found from eastern Wyoming through intermontane Rocky Mountain valleys to the eastern margin of the Great Basin; the Utah prairie dog (C. parvidens) is…

saga: Kings’ sagas: …brother in the same monastery, Gunnlaugur Leifsson, expanded this biography, and his work was incorporated into later versions of Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar. Closely related to the lives of the kings of Norway are Færeyinga saga, describing the resistance of Faeroese leaders to Norwegian interference during the first part of the…

saga: Sagas of Icelanders: In Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu, which may have been written after the middle of the 13th century, the love theme is treated more romantically than in the others. Fóstbræðra saga (“The Blood-Brothers’ Saga”) describes two contrasting heroes: one a poet and lover, the other a ruthless killer.…

Icelandic literature: The 19th century: …and a philosopher and mathematician, Björn Gunnlaugsson. The principal movement in this renaissance was Romanticism. Inspired by the philosopher Henrik Steffens, Bjarni Thorarensen produced nationalistic poetry that became a model for 19th-century lyrical poetry. Jónas Hallgrímsson, however, surpassed Thorarensen as a metrist. He was one of four men involved in…

Iceland: Political developments: …23 under Progressive Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.

warship: Gun-armed warships: Following him, Henry VIII initiated gunports in English warships, a development that was to have a far-reaching effect on man-of-war design. Neither stability nor structural strength favoured heavy guns in the high castles built upon the deck, so that Henry’s introduction of gunports, at first low in the waist of…

gunpowder, any of several low-explosive mixtures used as propelling charges in guns and as blasting agents in mining. The first such explosive was black powder, which consists of a mixture of saltpetre (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal. When prepared in roughly the correct proportions (75

Gunpowder Plot, the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen, and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Catesby, together with his four coconspirators—Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes—were zealous

Ride the High Country, American western film, released in 1962, that was a revisionist take on the genre. It was the second movie by director Sam Peckinpah, and its embittered characters and realistic gunplay began to establish the formulas for which he became famous. Ex-lawman Steve Judd (played

Guns N’ Roses, American band that invigorated late 1980s heavy metal music with its raw energy. The group’s best-known album is Appetite for Destruction (1987). Members Guns N’ Roses was formed in Los Angeles in 1985 by Rose and Stradlin. After changes in personnel, the band’s lineup stabilized

Barbara Tuchman: In 1962 Tuchman’s The Guns of August (also published as August 1914) was published to widespread critical and popular acclaim. This work is a detailed account of the first month of World War I, and it vividly describes the series of military errors and miscalculations that led to…

The Guns of Navarone, British-American war movie, released in 1961, that is considered one of the great World War II epics; it was based on Alistair MacLean’s best-selling novel. The film follows a small group of commandos sent to Greece on a seemingly impossible mission: to blow up massive Nazi

Gunsan, city and port, North Jeolla do (province), western South Korea. Gunsan is situated on the province’s Yellow Sea coast 25 miles (40 km) west-northwest of the provincial capital, Jeonju, and 7.5 miles (12 km) from the mouth of the Geum River. From the time of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty

ballistics: …of sound, is heard as gunfire. Heat generated near the muzzle causes flash, which in large guns is accompanied by flames. Devices can be affixed to the muzzle to suppress blast and flash by dispersing shock waves, and they can reduce recoil by deflecting the outflow.

bullet ant: …said to feel like a gunshot—hence the insect’s common name—and it is considered to be the most painful of all insect stings. In Venezuela the bullet ant is known as the “24-hour ant,” in reference to the length of time a person may feel pain from a sting.

gunsight, any of numerous optical devices that aid in aiming a firearm. Its forms include the simple iron sights on pistols and the more complex front and rear sights on target and high-powered sporting rifles. Front sights are usually fixed and rear sights movable so they can be adjusted both for

Gunsmoke, American television western that aired on CBS for 20 seasons (1955–75), becoming the longest-running prime-time television western in history. The series was the top-rated show from 1957 to 1961 and maintained excellent ratings throughout its run. Gunsmoke was set in Dodge City, Kansas,

radio: Westerns: The most influential adult western, Gunsmoke, did for the western what Dragnet had done for the police drama by eschewing cartoonish characters and substituting the grit, grime, and blood of the Old West. The cast was headed by William Conrad, whose deep rumbling voice gave the character of U.S. Marshal…

Patricia Grace is a New Zealand writer who was a foundational figure in the rise and development of Māori fiction. Her work has been acclaimed for its depiction of Māori culture in general as well as Māori diversity, and she helped give a voice to her culture and to reveal to the larger world what

Reșat Nuri Güntekin was a prolific Turkish novelist, short-story writer, journalist, and playwright. His best known work is the novel C̦alıkușu (1922, “The Wren”; Eng. trans. The Autobiography of a Turkish Girl, 1949). In C̦alıkușu, a picaresque tale of a young schoolteacher, Güntekin combines

surveyor’s chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in English-speaking countries. Invented by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the early 17th century, Gunter’s chain is exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long and divided into 100 links. In the

Edmund Gunter was an English mathematician who invented many useful measuring devices, including a forerunner of the slide rule. Gunter was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, from 1619 until his death. Descriptions of some of his inventions were given in his treatises on the sector,

Guntersville, city, seat (1836) of Marshall county, northeastern Alabama, U.S., on Guntersville Lake, about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Huntsville. First settled about 1785 by John Gunter (for whom it was named) on the site of a Cherokee village at the southernmost point of the Tennessee River,

coin: Post-Roman coinage in the West: In Africa the Vandal kings Gunthamund (484–496) and Hilderic (523–?530) issued silver and bronze coinage, respectively, inscribed with their names; the types and denominations looked to imperial models and, in the case of the bronze, to those of Carthage especially. Vandal gold was perhaps struck by Gaiseric (428–477) or Huneric…

Gunther was a Burgundian king who was the hero of medieval legends. The historical Gunther led the Burgundians across the Rhine in the early 5th century, establishing a kingdom at Worms. He supported the imperial usurper Jovinus (411) and fell in battle against the Huns in 437. Gunther (called

Gunther was a Burgundian king who was the hero of medieval legends. The historical Gunther led the Burgundians across the Rhine in the early 5th century, establishing a kingdom at Worms. He supported the imperial usurper Jovinus (411) and fell in battle against the Huns in 437. Gunther (called

Günther was the count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg and rival king of Germany (1349), who claimed the throne as successor to the Holy Roman emperor Louis IV the Bavarian (died 1347) in opposition to Charles of Luxembourg. The younger son of Henry VII, count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg (died 1323),

porphyria: …of erythropoietic porphyria: (1) In congenital erythropoietic porphyria, or Günther’s disease, the excretion of pinkish urine is noted shortly after birth; later, the skin becomes fragile, and blisters may appear in body areas exposed to light; the teeth and bones are reddish brown. Anemia and enlargement of the spleen are…

Ignaz Günther was a sculptor who was one of the leading Rococo artists in Germany. Günther’s earliest studies in sculpture were likely with his father, a carpenter and cabinetmaker. He studied in Munich with Johann Baptist Straub, with Paul Egell in Mannheim, and eventually, in 1753, at the Academy

Ignaz Günther was a sculptor who was one of the leading Rococo artists in Germany. Günther’s earliest studies in sculpture were likely with his father, a carpenter and cabinetmaker. He studied in Munich with Johann Baptist Straub, with Paul Egell in Mannheim, and eventually, in 1753, at the Academy

Johann Christian Günther was one of the most important German lyric poets of the period between the Middle Ages and the early Goethe. He studied medicine at Wittenberg but after two years of dissolute life went in 1717 to Leipzig, where an effort to procure him the post of stipendiary poet at the

John Gunther was a journalist and author who became famous for his series of sociopolitical books describing and interpreting for American readers various regions of the world, beginning with Inside Europe (1936). Gunther attended the University of Chicago, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa

Western painting: Central Europe: The frescoes of Matthäus Günther, who became director of the Augsburg Academy in 1762, show a steady evolution from his early Baroque compositions, through the much lighter asymmetrical Rococo compositions, to the strongly sculptural quality of his late works, which reveal the onset of Neoclassicism.

Richard Strauss: Life: …premiere of his first opera, Guntram, with his fiancée Pauline de Ahna in the leading soprano role. She had become his singing pupil in 1887, and they were married in September 1894. Pauline’s tempestuous, tactless, and outspoken personality was the reverse of her husband’s aloof and detached nature, and her…

Guntram was a Merovingian king of Burgundy who strove to maintain a balance of power among his warring relations. Guntram received the kingdom of Orleans, including Burgundy in the quadripartite division of the lands of his father, Chlotar I, which took place on the king’s death in 561, and added

house of Habsburg: Origins: Radbot’s grandfather, Guntram the Rich, the earliest traceable ancestor of the house, may perhaps be identified with a Count Guntram who rebelled against the German king Otto I in 950. Radbot’s son Werner I (died 1096) bore the title count of Habsburg and was the grandfather of…

Guntur, city, eastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies on a lowland plain in the Krishna River delta. The city was founded in the mid-18th century by the French, but in 1788 it was ceded to the British. It became a municipality in 1866. A railroad junction and trade centre, Guntur’s

Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago, rising to 13,435 feet (4,095 metres). It is located on the island of Borneo in Sabah state in Malaysia. It is the third highest peak on an island on Earth, after Puncak Jaya in New Guinea and Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Lying near the

Mount Marapi, an active volcano located in the Padang Highlands of western Sumatra, Indonesia. The mountain is part of the Ring of Fire—a long, horseshoe-shaped, seismically active belt that rings the Pacific Ocean. The highest peak among several volcanoes in the highlands, Mount Marapi rises to

Mount Merapi, volcanic mountain peak located near the center of the island of Java, Indonesia. The volcano is about 20 miles (32 km) north of Yogyakarta and somewhat farther south of Semarang. Merapi (“Mountain of Fire”) rises to 9,551 feet (2,911 meters) and has steep slopes with dense vegetation

Mount Tahan, highest peak of the Malay Peninsula (7,175 feet [2,187 m]), in the Tahan Range, West Malaysia. Mount Tahan is the central feature of Taman Negara National Park and a destination for mountaineers who begin their ascent from nearby Kuala Tahan, headquarters of the park. The Tahan Range

Mount Tambora, volcanic mountain on the northern coast of Sumbawa island, Indonesia, that in April 1815 exploded in the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is now 2,851 metres (9,354 feet) high, having lost much of its top in the 1815 eruption. The volcano remains active; smaller

Günz Glacial Stage, major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in the Alpine region of Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). The Günz Glacial Stage is one of the early recognized divisions that reflected the importance of repeated

Günz-Mindel Interglacial Stage, major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in the Alpine region of Europe and one of the divisions of the geological system that recognized the multiplicity of Pleistocene glaciations (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about

David, Baron Günzburg was a prominent Orientalist and Hebraist, Russian Jewish community leader, and bibliophile. The son of Horace Günzburg and the grandson of Joseph Günzburg, both noted philanthropists, he received a traditional Jewish education. His university training in Oriental and Arabic

Horace, Baron Günzburg was a Russian businessman, philanthropist, and vigilant fighter for the rights of his Jewish co-religionists in the teeth of persecution by the Russian government. His father was the philanthropist Joseph Günzburg. His son David became a prominent Orientalist and bibliophile.

Joseph, Baron Günzburg was a Jewish philanthropist, banker, and financier who contributed much to the industrialization of 19th-century Russia and who successfully fought some of the discriminatory measures against Jews in Russia. His son Horace carried on his philanthropic work, and his grandson

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: … in the Ukraine and with Mordecai Aaron Ginzberg (Günzburg), in Lithuania. In the 1820s an orthodox reaction set in, coinciding with the rise of a Romanticist Hebrew school of writers. A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of…

Guo Jingjing is a former diver from China who competed in four consecutive Summer Olympic Games, winning gold medals in the 3-meter springboard and synchronized 3-meter springboard (with partner Wu Minxia) events in 2004 and repeating the feat in 2008 (again partnered with Wu on the synchronized

Guo Moruo was a Chinese scholar, one of the leading writers of 20th-century China, and an important government official. The son of a wealthy merchant, Guo Moruo early manifested a stormy, unbridled temperament. After receiving a traditional education, he in 1913 abandoned his Chinese wife from an

Guo Moruo was a Chinese scholar, one of the leading writers of 20th-century China, and an important government official. The son of a wealthy merchant, Guo Moruo early manifested a stormy, unbridled temperament. After receiving a traditional education, he in 1913 abandoned his Chinese wife from an

China: Economy of China: …Chinese astronomer and hydraulic engineer, Guo Shoujing—an action entirely within Chinese tradition. This was preceded, however, by another measure in the field of economic communications that was unorthodox in Chinese eyes: about 1280, concessions for grain transport overseas were granted to some private Chinese entrepreneurs from the southeastern coastal region…

Guo Songtao was a Chinese diplomat and liberal statesman who was his country’s first resident minister of modern times to be stationed in a Western country. Guo served in various Chinese bureaucratic and administrative posts during the 1850s and ’60s. He was notable for his advocacy of a peaceful

Guo Taiqi was a Chinese official and diplomat who played a major role in determining his country’s foreign policy during the 1930s and ’40s. The son of a scholar, Guo was sent by the Chinese government to study in the United States in 1904. The Chinese Revolution of 1911 broke out while he was

Guo Xi was one of the most famous artists of the Northern Song period in China. Guo’s collected notes on landscape painting, Linquan Gaozhi (“Lofty Record of Forests and Streams”), describes with much detail the purposes and techniques of painting and is a valuable aid to understanding the

Guo Xiang was a Chinese neo-Daoist philosopher to whom is attributed a celebrated commentary on the Zhuangzi, one of the basic Daoist writings. Guo was a high government official. His Zhuangzizhu (“Commentary on the Zhuangzi”) is thought to have been begun by another neo-Daoist philosopher, Xiang

table tennis: History: …World Cup was held, and Guo Yuehua of China won the $12,500 first prize. Table tennis became an Olympic sport in 1988, with singles and doubles competition for men and women.

Hongwu: Emergence as general: One such rebel was Guo Zixing, who in 1352 led a large force to attack and take Haozhou. Zhu joined the rebel forces and changed his name to Zhu Yuanzhang, rising from the ranks to become second-in-command. Guo Zixing, a mere bandit leader, became jealous of Zhu Yuanzhang, who…

Guo Ziyi was one of the greatest of Chinese generals, later deified in popular religion. Guo served three emperors of the Tang dynasty and is most noted for his successful fight against the rebellion of the Chinese general An Lushan in 755–757. From 760 to 765 he was occupied in defending China’s

Xiong Foxi: …Tuhu (1933; “The Butcher”), and Guodu (1936; “River Crossing”; later rewritten and published as Houfang [1937; “Rearguard”]). His productions, which often used Western dramatic techniques and emphasized the importance of staging, won him wide renown; he described his experiences in the book Xiju dazhonghua zhi shiyan (1936; “Experiments in Popularizing…

China National Space Administration (CNSA), Chinese government organization founded in 1993 to manage national space activities. The organization is composed of four departments: General Planning; System Engineering; Science, Technology, and Quality Control; and Foreign Affairs. The chief executive

Rudolf von Ems: His earliest preserved poem, Der guote Gerhart (“Gerhard the Good”), is the story of a Cologne merchant who, despite his unaristocratic calling, has all the courtly qualities of an Arthurian knight. His charity and humility result in his being offered the crown of England, which he rejects. The charm…

Zheng Chenggong was a pirate leader of Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of China, best known for establishing Chinese control over Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong was born in a small Japanese coastal town to a Japanese mother and a Chinese father, Zheng Zhilong, a maritime adventurer who made a

Chinese languages: Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin): The pronunciation of Modern Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect, which is of the Northern, or Mandarin, type. It employs about 1,300 different syllables. There are 22 initial consonants, including stops (made with momentary, complete closure in the vocal…

Nanjing: The early empires: An imperial college—the Guozijian—attracted students from throughout the empire, as well as from Japan, Korea, Okinawa, and Siam (Thailand). The scholars of this college helped compile the Yongle Dadian (“The Great Canon of the Yongle Era”); its printing plant issued fine editions of many classics, as well as…

guppy, (Poecilia reticulata or Lebistes reticulatus), colourful, live-bearing freshwater fish of the family Poeciliidae, popular as a pet in home aquariums. The guppy is hardy, energetic, easily kept, and prolific. The male guppy, much the brighter coloured of the sexes, grows to about 4

submarine: Postwar developments: …52 war-built submarines to the Guppy configuration (an acronym for “greater underwater propulsive power,” with the “y” added for phonetics). These submarines had their deck guns removed and streamlined conning towers fitted; larger batteries and a snorkel were installed; four torpedoes and, in some craft, one of the four diesel…

Gupta script, any of a group of Indian alphabetic writing systems (sometimes modified to represent syllables instead of single sounds) derived from a northern Indian alphabet of the 4th–6th century ad. The ruling Gupta state at that time gave the script its name. It was developed out of Brāhmī and

Gupta dynasty, rulers of the Magadha (now Bihar) state in northeastern India. They maintained an empire over northern and parts of central and western India from the early 4th to the late 6th century ce. Historians once regarded the Gupta period as the classical age of India—during which the norms

Gupta script, any of a group of Indian alphabetic writing systems (sometimes modified to represent syllables instead of single sounds) derived from a northern Indian alphabet of the 4th–6th century ad. The ruling Gupta state at that time gave the script its name. It was developed out of Brāhmī and

quiz: Why people quiz: Archana Garodia Gupta, the winner in 2001 of the fourth season of Mastermind India, went on to win the Champion of Champions title. To do so, she had to defeat three other Mastermind winners. But quizzing often continues to be perceived as a space for…

India: Reforms of the British Liberals: …League; the other a Hindu, Krishna G. Gupta, the senior Indian in the ICS. Morley also persuaded a reluctant Lord Minto to appoint to the viceroy’s executive council the first Indian member, Satyendra P. Sinha (1864–1928), in 1909. Sinha (later Lord Sinha) had been admitted to the bar at Lincoln’s…

Modadugu Gupta is an Indian scientist, who boosted food yields in impoverished areas with innovative approaches to aquaculture. Gupta earned a doctorate from the University of Calcutta and joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as a research associate. He later began a longtime

Sanjay Gupta is an American neurosurgeon and chief medical correspondent for CNN (Cable News Network). Gupta is best known for his captivating reports on health and medical topics, as well as his appearances on multiple CNN television shows, including American Morning and House Call with Dr. Sanjay

General Union of Palestinian Women (GUPW), umbrella organization for Palestinian women’s groups that was founded in 1965 as part of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Its general goal is to raise the status of women in Palestinian society by increasing their participation in social,

qin, fretless Chinese board zither with seven strings. Traditionally the body of the qin was of a length that represented the 365 days of the year (3 chi [a chi is a Chinese foot], 6 cun [a cun is a Chinese inch, one-tenth of a chi], and 5 fen [a fen is one-tenth of a Chinese inch] long). The qin

Fīrūzābād, town situated about 55 miles (88 km) south of Shīrāz, in the Fars region of south-central Iran. The town is said to have been founded by the Sāsānian king Ardashīr I (ad 224–241) in commemoration of his victory over the Parthian king Artabanus. The Sāsānian town was circular in plan and

measurement system: The Babylonians: … equaled 60 gin or 1 gur. The gur represented a volume of almost 303 litres (80 U.S. gallons).

Gur languages, a branch of the Niger-Congo language family comprising some 85 languages that are spoken by approximately 20 million people in the savanna lands north of the forest belt that runs from southeastern Mali across northern Côte d’Ivoire, through much of Burkina Faso, to all of northern

Sikhism: Devotional and other works: The first is Sainapati’s Gur Sobha (1711; “Radiance of the Guru”), which provides a general account of Guru Gobind Singh’s life as well as a description of the founding of the Khalsa. A second work, Ratan Singh Bhangu’s Panth Prakash (later termed Prachin Panth Prakash to distinguish it from…

Sikhism: Devotional and other works: The gur-bilas literature produced a style of hagiography that focused on the mighty deeds of the Gurus, particularly Hargobind and Gobind Singh. Unlike the janam-sakhis, the gur-bilas emphasized the destiny of the Gurus to fight against the forces of evil and their supreme courage in this…

Gūr-e Amīr, mausoleum of the 14th-century Mongol conqueror Timur, or Tamerlane, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Though it has suffered from time and earthquakes, the monument is still sumptuous. Completed in 1404, it was originally intended to be the tomb of Timur’s grandson Muhammad Shah, but after

Gūr-e Amīr, mausoleum of the 14th-century Mongol conqueror Timur, or Tamerlane, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Though it has suffered from time and earthquakes, the monument is still sumptuous. Completed in 1404, it was originally intended to be the tomb of Timur’s grandson Muhammad Shah, but after

Genghis Khan: Rise to power of Genghis Khan: …and to get himself elected gur-khān, or supreme khan, by them. Yet he was an intriguer, a man to take the short view, ready to desert his friends, even turn on them, for the sake of a quick profit. But for Temüjin, it might have been within Jamuka’s power to…

Gurage, ethnolinguistic group of the fertile and semi-mountainous region some 150 miles (240 kilometres) south and west of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, bounded by the Awash River on the north, the Gilgel Gibe River (a tributary of the Omo River) on the southwest, and Lake Ziway on the east. The groups

Ethio-Semitic languages: central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. Although some scholars once considered the so-called Ethiopic languages to be a branch within Semitic, these languages are now referred to as Ethio-Semitic. They are generally grouped together with the dialects of the South Arabic language as Southern Peripheral Semitic or South Arabic-Ethiopic.

Georgian literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: …emerged in the next generation: Davit Guramishvili used colloquial language to write revealing autobiographical poetry that has a Romantic immediacy, and Besiki (pseudonym of Besarion Gabashvili) adapted conventional poetics to passionate love poetry. Both died in the 1790s while in exile.

ancient Iran: The Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): …western Iranian sites as Āsīāb, Gūrān, Ganj Dareh (Ganj Darreh), and Ali Kosh. Similar developments in the Zagros Mountains, on the Iraqi side of the modern border, are also traceable at sites such as Karīm Shahīr and Zawi Chemi–Shanidar. This phase of early experimentation with sedentary life and domestication was…

Gurdās, Bhāī was the most famous of all Sikh poets and theologians apart from the 10 Gurūs (the founders and early leaders of the Sikh community). Bhāī is an honorific title meaning “brother.” Bhāī Gurdās’ fame rests on being the scribe of the Kartārpur Pothī, the manuscript of Sikh scripture

Gurdās, Bhāī was the most famous of all Sikh poets and theologians apart from the 10 Gurūs (the founders and early leaders of the Sikh community). Bhāī is an honorific title meaning “brother.” Bhāī Gurdās’ fame rests on being the scribe of the Kartārpur Pothī, the manuscript of Sikh scripture

Gurdaspur, town, northern Punjab state, northwestern India. It is situated about 8 miles (13 km) west of the Beas River and is roughly the same distance southeast of the border with Pakistan. Gurdaspur is on the main highway to Amritsar (southwest), Punjab’s largest city. The town is primarily a

Natalie Wood was an American film actress who transitioned from child stardom to a successful movie career as an adult. She was best known for ingenue roles that traded on her youthful appeal. Zacharenko was born to Russian immigrant parents. She began appearing in movies at age five and received

George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff was a Greco-Armenian mystic and philosopher who founded an influential quasi-religious movement. Details of Gurdjieff’s early life are uncertain, but he is thought to have spent his early adult years traveling in Egypt and other parts of the Middle East, India, and

George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff was a Greco-Armenian mystic and philosopher who founded an influential quasi-religious movement. Details of Gurdjieff’s early life are uncertain, but he is thought to have spent his early adult years traveling in Egypt and other parts of the Middle East, India, and