loon: …across Eurasia is the similar white- (or yellow-) billed diver (G. adamsii).

loon: …but some species, especially the Arctic loon, or black-throated diver (G. arctica), winter or migrate in flocks. The voice is distinctive, including guttural sounds and the mournful, eerie wailing cries that in North America may have given rise to the common name loon. (Some sources suggest it arises from the…

common loon, (Gavia immer), the most abundant loon species (order Gaviiformes) in North America. It is distinguished from other loons by its breeding season coloration—that is, by its black head and bill, the striped black-and-white ring of feathers that encircles its neck, and the striking

loon: …white markings, except in the red-throated loon (Gavia stellata), which during the summer is distinguished by a reddish brown throat patch. In winter the red-throated loon develops white speckling on the back, while the other species lose these markings.

gavial, (Gavialis gangeticus), large species of crocodile known for its exceptionally long and narrow snout. The gavial, or gharial, is one of only two living species classified in the family Gavialidae (order Crocodilia), the other being the false gavial, or false gharial (or tomistoma; Tomistoma

crocodile: Annotated classification: Family Gavialidae (gavial) 2 genera and 2 species; extremely long snout, more than 22 teeth in each jaw; nasal bones separated from premaxillaries. Widely different views prevail concerning the classification of the living groups of Eusuchia—the alligators

gavial, (Gavialis gangeticus), large species of crocodile known for its exceptionally long and narrow snout. The gavial, or gharial, is one of only two living species classified in the family Gavialidae (order Crocodilia), the other being the false gavial, or false gharial (or tomistoma; Tomistoma

loon: … constituting the genus Gavia, family Gaviidae. Loons were formerly included, along with the grebes, to which they bear a superficial resemblance, in the order Colymbiformes, but they are considered to constitute their own separate order. Loons range in length from 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 feet). Characteristics include…

bird: Annotated classification: Order Gaviiformes (loons) 5 species in 1 family of the Northern Hemisphere; foot-propelled diving birds with webbed feet and pointed bills; length 53–91 cm (21–36 inches). Order Coliiformes (colies, or mousebirds) 6

Kid Gavilan was a Cuban professional boxer and world welterweight champion who was known for his “bolo punch,” a combination of a hook and an uppercut. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Gavilan said that cutting sugarcane during his youth in Cuba helped him to perfect his

James Maurice Gavin was a U.S. Army commander known as “the jumping general” because he parachuted with combat troops during World War II. After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. (1929), Gavin was commissioned a second lieutenant of the infantry. He became a

Psycho: Meanwhile, Crane’s boyfriend (John Gavin) and her sister (Vera Miles) launch a frantic search that eventually takes them to the Bates home. There they fend off an attack by Norman’s mother, who, dressed as the long-deceased Mrs. Bates, in reality is Norman. A psychiatrist later determines that Norman…

Fernán Caballero: …best-known novel, La gaviota (1849; The Seagull), was an immediate success with the public. No other Spanish book of the 19th century obtained such instant and universal recognition. It describes the career of a fisherman’s daughter who marries a German physician, deserts her husband to become an opera singer, falls…

Colombia: The growth of drug trafficking and guerrilla warfare: …minister and hard-line anti-drug candidate César Gaviria Trujillo of the Liberal Party.

Gävle, town and port, capital of Gävleborg län (county), east-central Sweden, on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothnia, northwest of Stockholm. Although first mentioned in documents in the 8th century, it was not chartered until 1446. Despite several devastating fires, it grew from a fishing village into

Gävleborg, län (county), east-central Sweden, on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is composed of the traditional landskap (province) of Gästrikland, most of Hälsingland, and a small part of Dalarna. Although low and level along the coast, it rises inland toward a wooded highland. The

gavotte, lively peasants’ kissing dance that became fashionable at the 17th- and 18th-century courts of France and England. Supposedly originated by the natives of Gap (Gavots) in the southeastern French province of Dauphiné, the gavotte was danced in royal ballrooms as a round with skipping steps

Costa-Gavras is a Greek-born naturalized French motion-picture director noted for films that have been both political arguments and entertainments (usually as mysteries or thrillers). The son of a Russian-born father and a Greek mother, Costa-Gavras left Athens in 1952 to go to Paris, where he

Gavrilo was the patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1938–50), noted for his anti-Nazi stand and, later, for his limited accommodations with the Communists. Gavrilo was educated at Prizren in Serbia and at Athens and Istanbul. In 1910 he became bishop of Peć and in 1920 metropolitan of

Taldyqorghan, city, southeastern Kazakhstan. It is situated on the left bank of the Karatal River and in the western foothills of the Dzungarian Alatau Range. It grew up on the site of Gavrilovka village, founded in the second half of the 19th century, and it developed particularly after the

Gabriel, in the three Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—one of the archangels. In Western Christianity Gabriel’s feast is kept as part of the Feast of the Archangels on September 29. In Eastern Orthodoxy the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel is observed on March 26 and again on

Helen Suzman was a white South African legislator (1953–89), who was an outspoken advocate for the country’s nonwhite majority. The daughter of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants, Suzman graduated (1940) from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg with a degree in commerce. She served as a

Anatolian art and architecture: Hittite period: …this period elsewhere in Anatolia—Sirkeli, Gâvur Kalesi, and Fraktin, for example—are mainly of archaeological interest. They are inferior in carving to contemporary reliefs and to those of the Iron Age, of which there is a fine example at İvriz Harabesi in the Taurus Mountains, showing a local ruler of the…

Malaysia: Daily life and social customs: Sarawak, for instance, celebrates Gawai Dayak (“Dayak Festival”). Rooted in the harvest rituals and festivities (gawai) of the Iban and Bidayuh peoples, this holiday broadly honours the state’s non-Malay indigenous heritage.

Gawain, hero of Arthurian legend and romance. A nephew and loyal supporter of King Arthur, Gawain appeared in the earliest Arthurian literature as a model of knightly perfection, against whom all other knights were measured. In the 12th-century Historia regum Britanniae, by Geoffrey of Monmouth,

India: Vizierate of Maḥmūd Gāwān: …personality of the period was Maḥmūd Gāwān, who was a leading administrator during the reigns of Humāyūn and his son Aḥmad III and was vizier (chief minister) under Muḥammad III (reigned 1463–82). During Maḥmūd Gāwān’s ascendancy, the Bahmanī state achieved both its greatest size and greatest degree of centralization, and…

Shāh Rokh: One of his wives, Gawhar Shād, worked with the Persian architect Qavam ud-Din in the planning and construction of a series of magnificent public buildings there.

doxing: History: The celebrity and media blog Gawker was embroiled in multiple doxing-related incidents. In 2012 one of its journalists revealed the identity of a Reddit user known for moderating the controversial subreddit r/creepshots, which hosted pictures taken of unsuspecting women. The article led to the user being fired from his job…

Gawler, town, South Australia, northeast of Adelaide. It lies at the confluence of the North and South Para rivers (which there form the Gawler River), at the western foot of the Mount Lofty Ranges. Surveyed in 1839, it was named after George Gawler, governor and resident commissioner in South

Australia: The Western Plateau: The Gawler block, in the southeast, is complex. There are crystalline and sandstone uplands in the east, sandstone plateaus in the northeast, and, in the centre and north, the rounded Gawler Ranges built of Precambrian volcanic rocks (those older than 541 million years). Much of Eyre…

Gawler Ranges, mountains and hills in South Australia, extending 100 miles (160 km) east-west across the northern part of Eyre Peninsula, south of Lake Gairdner; they rise in the west as high as 1,550 feet (475 metres) at Mount Bluff. The ranges were first sighted by the English explorer Edward

Gawler: …1839, it was named after George Gawler, governor and resident commissioner in South Australia (1838–41), and was proclaimed a municipality in 1857. Fast becoming a dormitory town for Adelaide 25 miles (40 km) south, it also serves as a marketing centre for a district producing wheat, fruits, sheep, dairy products,…

Tepe Gawra: …gave its name to the Gawra Period (c. 3500–c. 2900) of northern Mesopotamia. Prior to the Gawra Period, however, the site seems to have been influenced by the Ubaid culture (c. 5200–c. 3500) of southern Mesopotamia. That influence is seen, for example, in an Ubaidian-inspired temple at Gawra—the earliest example…

Gobi: Physiography: The Gaxun Gobi is bounded by the spurs of the Tien Shan to the west and the Bei Mountains to the south and rises to elevations as high as 5,000 feet (1,500 metres). It is gently corrugated, with a complex labyrinth of wide hollows separated by…

Eṣfahān, capital of Eṣfahān province and major city of western Iran. Eṣfahān is situated on the north bank of the Zāyandeh River at an elevation of about 5,200 feet (1,600 metres), roughly 210 miles (340 km) south of the capital city of Tehrān. Eṣfahān first thrived under the Seljuq Turks

Stonewall riots: The legacy of Stonewall: …Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA). In addition to launching numerous public demonstrations to protest the lack of civil rights for gay individuals, these organizations often resorted to such tactics as public confrontations with political officials and the disruption of public meetings to challenge and to change…

GLAAD, organization created in 1985 that is devoted to countering discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals in the media and promoting understanding, acceptance, and equality. Since its creation GLAAD has been integral to the increased portrayal of

Gay Pride, annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and sometimes at other times in other countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Gay Pride commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided

Jack Conway: Heyday of the 1930s: The Gay Bride (1934) was a disappointment, despite the presence of Carole Lombard, but the comedy One New York Night (1935) received generally positive reviews.

Cesar Romero: …of the Cisco Kid (1939), The Gay Caballero (1940), Tall, Dark and Handsome (1941), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), and Donovan’s Reef (1963). During the 1980s he portrayed the husband of the character played by Jane Wyman on the TV evening soap opera Falcon Crest.

Rouben Mamoulian: Films of the 1930s: …returned with the whimsical comedy The Gay Desperado (1936) and then turned to High, Wide, and Handsome (1937), a musical, with songs by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein, that was set in the oil fields of 19th-century Pennsylvania. Neither of those films was very well received, nor was Golden Boy…

Cole Porter: …including Fifty Million Frenchmen (1929), Gay Divorcée (1932), Anything Goes (1934), Red, Hot and Blue (1934), Jubilee (1935), Dubarry Was a Lady (1939), Panama Hattie (1940), Kiss Me, Kate (1948, based on William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew),

Mark Sandrich: It was The Gay Divorcee (1934), however, that put Sandrich on the map. The first of the Fred Astaire–Ginger Rogers vehicles (they had been featured performers in Flying Down to Rio the year before), it was a huge hit and established the formula that would carry Astaire…

sports: Gender and sports: The Gay Games, established in 1980, were created to provide an opportunity for male and female gay athletes to compete openly and to counteract negative perceptions about homosexuals.

Emmerich Kálmán: …first stage work, Tatárjárás (1908; The Gay Hussars). The strongly Hungarian tone of this piece succeeded in winning over Viennese audiences, and The Gay Hussars was performed throughout Europe and the United States.

Stonewall riots: The legacy of Stonewall: …radical groups such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA). In addition to launching numerous public demonstrations to protest the lack of civil rights for gay individuals, these organizations often resorted to such tactics as public confrontations with political officials and the disruption of public…

gay rights movement, civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for LGBTQ persons (i.e., for lesbians, gays [homosexual males], bisexuals, transgender persons, and queer persons); seeks to eliminate sodomy laws; and calls for an end to discrimination against LGBTQ persons in employment,

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on Dec. 15, 2021 and will no longer be updated. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that gay marriage is a right protected by the US Constitution in all 50 states. Prior to the decision, same-sex marriage was legal in 37 states and Washington DC, but

same-sex marriage, the practice of marriage between two men or between two women. Although same-sex marriage has been regulated through law, religion, and custom in most countries of the world, the legal and social responses have ranged from celebration on the one hand to criminalization on the

homosexuality: Contemporary issues: …victims through groups such as Gay Men’s Health Crisis in New York City. Novelist and playwright Larry Kramer, who believed a more aggressive presence was needed, founded the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), which began promoting political action, including outing, through local chapters in such cities as New…

Gay Pride, annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and sometimes at other times in other countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Gay Pride commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided

gay rights movement, civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for LGBTQ persons (i.e., for lesbians, gays [homosexual males], bisexuals, transgender persons, and queer persons); seeks to eliminate sodomy laws; and calls for an end to discrimination against LGBTQ persons in employment,

continental philosophy: Nietzsche: In The Gay Science, Nietzsche proclaims that

Irving Rapper: Heyday at Warner Brothers: The Gay Sisters (1942), though, was a leaden soap opera starring Barbara Stanwyck, Fitzgerald, and Nancy Coleman as wealthy siblings. Now, Voyager (1942), from an Olive Higgins Prouty novel, was a soap opera of a much higher grade. Davis had one of the defining roles…

El Monte: …the city was home to Gay’s Lion Farm, which was established by former circus stars. The farm housed some 200 African lions (including Jackie, one of the lions that was used to introduce Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films), and many of the lions were used in motion pictures.

Alfred-Victor, count de Vigny: Youth and Romantic works.: Vigny and the writer Delphine Gay, the “muse of the country” as she was called—for her beauty as well as her literary talents—formed a striking couple before his marriage in February 1825 to Lydia Bunbury, daughter of a wealthy Englishman.

Jean-Baptiste-Sylvère Gay, viscount de Martignac was a French politician, magistrate, and historian who, as leader of the government in 1828–29, alienated King Charles X with his moderate policy. In 1798 Martignac was secretary to the abbé Sieyès, a publicist and Revolutionary leader. After service

John Gay was an English poet and dramatist, chiefly remembered as the author of The Beggar’s Opera, a work distinguished by good-humoured satire and technical assurance. A member of an ancient but impoverished Devonshire family, Gay was educated at the free grammar school in Barnstaple. He was

utilitarianism: Growth of classical English utilitarianism: John Gay, an English biblical scholar and philosopher, held the will of God to be the criterion of virtue, but from God’s goodness he inferred that God willed that each person should act so as to promote human happiness.

Adobe Flash: …back to American software developer Jonathan Gay’s first experiments with writing programs on his Apple II computer in high school during the 1980s. Before long, Gay had written a graphics program for the Apple II using Pascal. Later, he teamed up with a local Macintosh users-group organizer, Charlie Jackson, who…

Marvin Gaye was an American soul singer-songwriter-producer who, to a large extent, ushered in the era of artist-controlled popular music of the 1970s. Gaye’s father was a storefront preacher; his mother was a domestic worker. Gaye sang in his father’s Evangelical church in Washington, D.C., and

10 Must-Read Modern Poets: Ross Gay: An avid gardener and sports enthusiast, Gay became interested in poetry while attending his Pennsylvania high school after reading Amiri Baraka’s “An Agony. As Now.” Gay’s poetry collections include Catalog of Unabashed Gratitude (2015), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. One…

Roxane Gay is a writer who gained widespread acclaim in 2014 for her book Bad Feminist, a collection of essays that reflect on her personal experiences, pop culture, and hot-button social issues. A prolific writer with a witty and empathetic literary style and a devoted fan base, she has also

Sophie Gay was a French writer and grande dame who wrote romantic novels and plays about upper-class French society during the early 19th century. Gay was the daughter of a bursar to the comte de Provence (later King Louis XVIII). Her first published writings, in 1802, yielded a novel, Laure

Charles’s law, a statement that the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, if the pressure remains constant. This empirical relation was first suggested by the French physicist J.-A.-C. Charles about 1787 and was later placed on a sound

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac: Searching for laws of nature: …for his law of the combining volumes of gases (1808). He had previously (1805) established that hydrogen and oxygen combine by volume in the ratio 2:1 to form water. Later experiments with boron trifluoride and ammonia produced spectacularly dense fumes and led him to investigate similar reactions, such as that…

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac was a French chemist and physicist who pioneered investigations into the behaviour of gases, established new techniques for analysis, and made notable advances in applied chemistry. Gay-Lussac was the eldest son of a provincial lawyer and royal official who lost his position

Gaya, city, south-central Bihar state, northeastern India. The city lies along the Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River. It is situated near the junction of the Gangetic Plain and the Chota Nagpur plateau and is notoriously hot in the summer. Gaya has major rail, road, and air

gayal, (Bos gaurus frontalis), a subspecies of the gaur and the largest of the wild oxen, subfamily Bovinae (family Bovidae), which is kept and utilized by the hill tribes of Assam and Myanmar (Burma). Smaller than the gaur and with shorter legs, the gayal stands 140–160 cm (55–63 inches) at the

William H. Prescott: Life and works: …of such overseas associates as Pascual de Gayangos, the Spanish aide who discovered manuscripts and rare books for him, Prescott made rigorous use of original sources. His critical use of historical evidence was such that he might well be called the first American scientific historian.

Hinduism: Other private rites: …recitation of mantras, especially the Gayatri-mantra (Rigveda 3.62.10), a prayer for spiritual stimulation addressed to the Sun. The accompanying ritual includes (1) the application of marks on the forehead, characterizing the adherents of a particular religious community, (2) the presentation of offerings (water, flowers) to the Sun, and (3) meditative…

Marvin Gaye was an American soul singer-songwriter-producer who, to a large extent, ushered in the era of artist-controlled popular music of the 1970s. Gaye’s father was a storefront preacher; his mother was a domestic worker. Gaye sang in his father’s Evangelical church in Washington, D.C., and

Iran: The Il-Khans: …the Chinese money, failed under Gaykhatu (reigned 1291–95). Gaykhatu was followed briefly by Baydu (died 1295), who was supplanted by the greatest of the Il-Khans, Maḥmūd Ghāzān (1295–1304). Ghāzān abandoned Buddhism—the faith in which his grandfather Abagha, Hülegü’s successor (1265–82), had reared him—and adopted Islam. One of his chief ministers…

hookah, apparatus used to heat and vaporize tobacco for inhalation. The word hookah is derived from the Hindustani huqqa and the Arabic huqqah, meaning “vase” or “vessel.” The practice of smoking tobacco from a hookah likely originated in India or the Middle East. Today it is used worldwide and is

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was an Iraqi lawyer and politician who was prime minister of Iraq (1933, 1940–41, 1941) and one of the most celebrated political leaders of the Arab world during his time. The scion of an aristocratic Sunni family, Gaylani studied law at Baghdad Law School. After several years

Loretta Lynn: Her half sister, Crystal Gayle, also had a successful recording career.

James Gayley was an American metallurgist who invented a device to ensure uniform humidity in the air stream going into blast furnaces. Gayley enjoyed a long career in a variety of positions with steel companies. Beginning as a chemist for the Crane Iron Company, in Pennsylvania, he had, by the age

Korean War Veterans Memorial: …19 stainless steel sculptures by Frank C. Gaylord II. They are larger-than-life-size figures (approximately 7 ft 3 in [221 cm] in height) constituting an idealized patrol of U.S. servicemen representing the army, the navy, the air force, and the Marine Corps. The figures are spread across a triangular plot of…

huckleberry: Major species: The common huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) of the eastern United States and Canada is also called black, or high-bush, huckleberry. Dwarf huckleberry (G. dumosa) extends from Florida to Newfoundland. Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of…

huckleberry: Major species: Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of which are thousands of years old, by vegetative reproduction.

huckleberry: Major species: Dwarf huckleberry (G. dumosa) extends from Florida to Newfoundland. Box huckleberry (G. brachycera), native to the eastern and central United States, can form huge clones, some of which are thousands of years old, by vegetative reproduction.

gaylussite, a carbonate mineral, hydrated sodium and calcium carbonate [formulated Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O], that precipitates from soda lakes. It has been identified in deposits at Lagunillas, Venezuela; in the eastern Gobi (desert), Mongolia; near Ragtown, Nev., U.S.; at Borax Lake, Mono Lake, and

disco: Early hits and evolution: …disco qua disco hit was Gloria Gaynor’s “Never Can Say Goodbye” (1974), one of the first records mixed specifically for club play. While most of disco’s musical sources and performers were African American, the genre’s popularity transcended ethnic lines, including both interracial groups, such as KC and the Sunshine Band,…

Frank Borzage: Breakthrough and success at Fox: …saves a homeless woman (Janet Gaynor) from despair. At the first Academy Awards ceremony, it won for best actress, best screenplay adaptation, and best director of a dramatic picture. It was also nominated for best picture and best art direction.

Lloyd Bacon: Later years of Lloyd Bacon: Golden Girl (1951) cast Mitzi Gaynor as American Civil War-era musical star Lotta Crabtree, while The I Don’t Care Girl (1953) had Gaynor as vaudeville star Eva Tanguay, with George Jessel and Oscar Levant in support.

Gayōmart, in later Zoroastrian creation literature, the first man, and the progenitor of mankind. Gayōmart’s spirit, with that of the primeval ox, lived for 3,000 years during the period in which creation was only spiritual. His mere existence immobilized Ahriman, the evil spirit who wanted to

Gayōmart, in later Zoroastrian creation literature, the first man, and the progenitor of mankind. Gayōmart’s spirit, with that of the primeval ox, lived for 3,000 years during the period in which creation was only spiritual. His mere existence immobilized Ahriman, the evil spirit who wanted to

Maldives: History of Maldives: …in November, was won by Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom’s half brother, who beat Nasheed by a narrow margin. Nasheed was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2015. He was granted permission to seek medical treatment in the U.K. in 2016, and from there he fled to…

Maldives: History of Maldives: …was succeeded in 1978 by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who was reelected to his sixth consecutive term in 2003. The Maldives became a member of the Commonwealth in 1982 (although it withdrew its membership from 2016 to 2020 amid a political spat).

Nguni: …southwestern Zimbabwe, under Mzilikazi; the Gaza state in southern Mozambique, under Soshangane; the Swazi state in Swaziland, under the Dlhamini family; and a cluster of Ngoni states in Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi, under the successors of the Ngoni leader Zwangendaba.

Gaza, city and principal urban centre of the Gaza Strip, southwestern Palestine. Formerly the administrative headquarters for the Israeli military forces that occupied the Gaza Strip, the city came under Palestinian control in 2005. Records exist indicating continuous habitation at the site for

Gaza, kingdom established in the highlands of the middle Sabi River in Mozambique in the 1830s by Soshangane, the Ndwandwe general who fled from Zululand after his defeat at the hands of Shaka during the Zulu-Nguni wars known as the Mfecane. Soshangane extended his control over the area between the

Gaza Strip, territory occupying 140 square miles (363 square km) along the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of the Sinai Peninsula. The Gaza Strip is unusual in being a densely settled area not recognized as a de jure part of any extant country. The first accurate census, conducted in September

Gaza Strip: Conflict with Israel: …of air strikes, Israeli forces initiated a ground campaign into the Gaza Strip amid calls from the international community for a cease-fire. Following more than three weeks of hostilities—in which perhaps more than 1,000 were killed and tens of thousands were left homeless—Israel and Hamas each declared a unilateral cease-fire.

Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby: …victory over the Turks at Gaza (November 1917), which led to the capture of Jerusalem (Dec. 9, 1917). Further advances were checked by calls from France for his troops, but after receiving reinforcements he won a decisive victory at Megiddo (Sept. 19, 1918), which, followed by his capture of Damascus…

Great Mosque of Gaza, largest mosque in the Gaza Strip and a key landmark of Gaza city. Its origins as a mosque date to the reign of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (634–644). The history of the mosque, whose site served as a sacred space long before the advent of Islam, is considered emblematic of the

humanism: The 15th century: Theodore Gaza and John Argyropoulos contributed major translations of Aristotle. John (originally Basil) Bessarion, who became a cardinal in 1439, explored theology from a Platonic perspective and sought to resolve apparent conflicts between Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy; his large collection of

two-state solution: Implementation of a two-state solution: In May 1994 a deal concluded in Cairo led to the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the cities of Gaza and Jericho that same month and set up the Palestinian Authority (PA) to carry out civilian functions in those areas. The PA’s autonomous governance was extended to six other…

Tabrīz, fourth largest city of Iran and capital of the East Āz̄arbāyjān province, lying about 4,485 feet (1,367 metres) above sea level in the extreme northwestern part of the country. The climate is continental: hot and dry in summer and severely cold in winter. The city lies in a valley

World War II: Libya and Egypt, autumn 1941–summer 1942: …8th Army back to the Gazala–Bir Hakeim line, just west of Tobruk.