Gazankulu, former nonindependent Bantustan, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa, designated for the Shangaan and Tsonga people. It was made up of four detached portions of low veld, two of which adjoined Kruger National Park. The Tsonga people, the traditional inhabitants of the area, were joined

Gbaya: Led by Gazargamu, their war chief, the Gbaya vanquished, assimilated, or drove ahead of them the peoples that they encountered. Contemporary Gbaya subgroups, which include the Bokoto, Kara, Buli, Kaka, and Bwaka, reflect this integration of defeated peoples. The Gbaya, in turn, were attacked annually by Fulani…

gazebo, lookout or belvedere in the form of a turret, cupola, or garden house set on a height to give an extensive view. The name is an 18th-century joke word combining “gaze” with the Latin suffix ebo, meaning “I shall.” As a structured form, it is as old as garden history: it is the “viewing

ghazal, in Islamic literatures, genre of lyric poem, generally short and graceful in form and typically dealing with themes of love. As a genre the ghazal developed in Arabia in the late 7th century from the nasib, which itself was the often amorous prelude to the qaṣīdah (ode). Two main types of

gazelle: The genus Gazella was traditionally considered to contain 14 species. However, specialists in the taxonomy of the gazelle tribe (Antilopini), using genetic techniques for studying phylogenetic relationships, now believe that gazelles stem from not one but several different ancestors. Accordingly, six species, all African, have been removed…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: A sixth Asian gazelle, the Indian gazelle or chinkara (G. bennetti), survives in the deserts of India and Pakistan.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: …extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China, though its population is greatly reduced in numbers. A sixth…

gazelle: African gazelles: The Atlas gazelle, also called Cuvier’s, or the edmi, gazelle (G. cuvieri), is found in the Atlas Mountains. The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third…

gazelle: The three largest species—the dama gazelle, Grant’s gazelle, and Soemmering’s gazelle—are placed in the genus Nanger (formerly considered a subgenus), and three of the smaller species—Thomson’s gazelle, the red-fronted gazelle, and the Mongalla gazelle—have become the genus Eudorcas

gazelle: Asian gazelles: bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China, though its population is greatly reduced in numbers. A sixth Asian gazelle, the Indian gazelle or chinkara (G. bennetti), survives…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: …Gazella, with six species: the mountain gazelle (G. gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas).

gazelle: …three largest species—the dama gazelle, Grant’s gazelle, and Soemmering’s gazelle—are placed in the genus Nanger (formerly considered a subgenus), and three of the smaller species—Thomson’s gazelle, the red-fronted gazelle, and the Mongalla gazelle—have become the genus Eudorcas. The Gazella genus as

gazelle: African gazelles: The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third indigenous species, Speke’s gazelle (G. spekei), inhabits the coastal plain of Somalia.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North Africa. The range of the goitred gazelle extends across the Asian deserts to China,…

gazelle: African gazelles: The third indigenous species, Speke’s gazelle (G. spekei), inhabits the coastal plain of Somalia.

gazelle: Asian gazelles: gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North…

gazelle, any of several fleet, medium-sized antelopes with slender, evenly developed limbs, level backs, and long necks. Most gazelles are tan-coloured, with white underparts and rump patch, a dark side stripe, and contrasting facial markings. They inhabit the arid lands of Asia from China to the

Gazelle Peninsula, peninsula extending northeast from the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is about 50 miles (80 km) wide but tapers to 20 miles (32 km) at the isthmus that joins it to the main part of the island. From coastal plains its surface rises as high

Baḥr al-Ghazāl, river, South Sudan, chief western affluent of the Nile River. It is 445 miles (716 km) long and joins the Mountain Nile (Baḥr al-Jabal) through Lake No, from which it flows eastward as the White Nile (Baḥr al-Abyaḍ). Vaguely known to early Greek geographers, the river was mapped in

gazette, originally, a newssheet containing an abstract of current events, the forerunner of the modern newspaper. The word is derived from the Italian gazzetta, a name given to informal news or gossip sheets first published in Venice in the mid-16th century. (Some historians speculate that the

William Allen White: …own small-town newspaper, the Emporia Gazette, internationally known, and strongly affected at least one U.S. presidential election.

Jules Laforgue: …collector and editor of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts, who introduced him to Impressionist painting. In November 1881 he was appointed reader to the Empress Augusta in Berlin and remained in Germany for almost five years, during which time he wrote most of his works. He married an English woman, Leah…

John Fenno: …founder in 1789 of the Gazette of the United States, a major political organ of the Federalist Party.

Théophraste Renaudot: …under Richelieu’s supervision, Renaudot founded La Gazette (later La Gazette de France), a weekly sheet relating government-sanctioned news, which he edited and published until his death. In 1635 he established a free dispensary and two years later added France’s first pawnbroking shops to the bureau’s activities. His installation of public-health…

dictionary: …names only is called a gazetteer.

Dānishmend dynasty: Dānishmend’s son and successor, Gazi, intervened in dynastic struggles among the sons of Qïlïj Arslan and helped Masʿūd seize power in 1116. Gazi then captured Malatya, Ankara, Kayseri, and Kastamonu from Masʿūd’s rivals (1127). Finally in 1133 Gazi recaptured Kastamonu from the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus, who had…

Sarajevo: …city’s principal mosques are the Gazi Husreff-Bey’s Mosque, or Begova Džamija (1530), and the Mosque of Ali Pasha (1560–61). Husreff-Bey also built the medrese (madrasah), a Muslim school of theology; the Imaret, a free kitchen for the poor; and the hamam, public baths. A late 16th-century clock tower is adjacent…

Famagusta, major port in the Turkish Cypriot-administered portion of northern Cyprus. It lies on the island’s east coast in a bay between Capes Greco and Eloea and is about 37 miles (55 km) east of Nicosia. The port possesses the deepest harbor in Cyprus. Famagusta is a Frankish corruption of its

Gaziantep, city, south-central Turkey. It is situated near the Sacirsuyu River, a tributary of the Euphrates River, in limestone hills north of Aleppo, Syria. The city was strategically situated near ancient trade routes, and recent excavations have unearthed fragments of pottery indicating

cacos: …opposed by the more conservative gazistas, led by José Cecilio del Valle, who insisted upon protection for private property and gradual change but also advocated safeguarding political liberties. Rivalry over political power, however, as well as conflicting ideologies, was the cause of this factionalism.

gazpacho, cold soup of Spanish cuisine, especially that of Andalusia. It is an ancient dish mentioned in Greek and Roman literature, although two of the main ingredients of the modern version, tomatoes and green peppers, were brought to Spain from the New World only in the 16th century. Spanish

Armenia: Nikol Pashinyan government: After Russia’s Gazprom hiked the price of natural gas to Armenia, Pashinyan visited Iran to discuss using Armenia as a potential transit point for Iranian gas. Armenia’s new government also raised hopes of a fresh start in negotiations with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. A number of…

Italy: Media and publishing: …circulation are the sports titles La Gazzetta dello Sport and Corriere dello Sport.

La Stampa, morning daily newspaper published in Turin, one of Italy’s most influential newspapers. It was established in 1868 as the Gazzetta Piemontese and became an important voice in Italy’s struggle for liberation and unification. The Gazzetta was purchased in 1895 by two of its editors, Luigi

Italy: The legislature of Italy: …force when published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.

Gasparo, Count Gozzi: …those of Addison and Steele: La Gazzetta Veneta (1760–61), a chronicle of Venetian life, and L’Osservatore (1761–62), a literary, philosophical, and theatrical review containing character sketches and satirical works.

Felice Cavallotti: …year he founded the journal Gazzettino rosa, in which he gained fame with his articles lampooning the monarchists. He was also a serious scholar and translated the critical life of Jesus, Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet (1835–36), by the German theologian David F. Strauss.

Laurent Gbagbo is an Ivoirian educator and politician who became president of Côte d’Ivoire in 2000. During his presidency, he grappled with civil war and an extended period of disunity. After disputing that he lost an election in November 2010, he refused to step down, which led to a political

Benue-Congo languages: Nupoid: …Nupoid languages are Nupe (1,000,000), Gbagyi (700,000), and Ebira (1,000,000). They are spoken in the area north and west of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers.

Ngbandi, a people of the upper Ubangi River in southern Central African Republic and northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ngbandi speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to that of neighbouring Banda and Gbaya. Ngbandi is a term

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

African dance: Masquerade dancers: …Akakayi ancestral masqueraders of the Gwari wear close-fitting head and body coverings, which permit rapid, staccato movements while dancing at the “second burial” (i.e., the post-burial celebrations) of a leader of the community. The Egungun ancestral masqueraders of Yorubaland appear in a wide variety of loosely flowing cloth or palm-leaf…

Gbarnga, city, north-central Liberia, West Africa, at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and northern Sierra Leone. A rural administrative and local trade centre, it has government and church secondary schools, several churches, and a mosque. Cuttington University College (Episcopalian) and

Gbaya, a people of southwestern Central African Republic, east-central Cameroon, northern Congo (Brazzaville), and northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 970,000 at the end of the 20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is

Gbaya: …20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to those of their Banda and Ngbandi neighbours.

Gbaya, a people of southwestern Central African Republic, east-central Cameroon, northern Congo (Brazzaville), and northwestern Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 970,000 at the end of the 20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is

Gbaya: …20th century, they speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to those of their Banda and Ngbandi neighbours.

Mano River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands northeast of Voinjama, Liberia. With its tributary, the Morro, it forms more than 90 miles (145 km) of the Liberia–Sierra Leone border. The river and its affluents (including the Zeliba) drain a basin of 3,185 square miles (8,250 square km). It

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: …Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), which work in the energy range of 10 keV to 300 GeV (10,000 to 300,000,000,000 electron volts) and are based on highly successful predecessors that flew on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) in the 1990s. Unlike visible light or even…

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), the national radio observatory of the United States. It is funded by the National Science Foundation and is managed by Associated Universities, Inc., a consortium of nine leading private universities. Its headquarters are in Charlottesville, Va. The NRAO

Leymah Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist known for rallying women to pressure leaders into ending Liberia’s civil war. She was one of three recipients, along with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Tawakkul Karmān, of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, for their nonviolent efforts to further the safety and

Leymah Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist known for rallying women to pressure leaders into ending Liberia’s civil war. She was one of three recipients, along with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Tawakkul Karmān, of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, for their nonviolent efforts to further the safety and

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: …in the world is the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located in Green Bank, West Virginia. This 110-by-100-metre (360-by-330-foot) off-axis radio telescope was completed in 2000 and operates at wavelengths as short as a few millimetres. The moving structure, which weighs 7.3 million kg (16 million pounds), points…

Glenn Beck: …Beck directed his energies toward GBTV, a subscription Web site. The site streamed his radio show as well as other original programming and, beginning in September 2011, his eponymous weeknight talk show. In June 2012 GBTV merged with his already-established Web site TheBlaze.com.

gas chromatography, in analytical chemistry, technique for separating chemical substances in which the sample is carried by a moving gas stream through a tube packed with a finely divided solid that may be coated with a film of a liquid. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and effectiveness in

history of flight: Avionics, passenger support, and safety: The ground-controlled approach (GCA), in which a ground observer monitors the course and descent angle of an aircraft via radar, enables pilots to land under extremely adverse weather conditions. GCA was used extensively by the U.S. military during the 1948 Berlin blockade and airlift and was…

Xhosa: …the Xhosa clans include the Gcaleka, Rharhabe, Ngqika, Ndlambe, and the Gqunkhwebe (the latter being partly of Khoekhoe origin).

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), political and economic alliance of six Middle Eastern countries—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. The GCC was established in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in May 1981. The purpose of the GCC is to achieve unity among its members based

arithmetic: Fundamental theory: …of these numbers, called their greatest common divisor (GCD). If the GCD = 1, the numbers are said to be relatively prime. There also exists a smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each of the numbers, called their least common multiple (LCM).

set theory: Present status of axiomatic set theory: … (CH) and its extension, the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), are also of profound importance. In the following discussion of these questions, ZF denotes Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without AC. The first finding was obtained by Kurt Gödel in 1939. He proved that AC and GCH are consistent relative to ZF (i.e.,…

Glenn Greenwald: …of Americans; collaborated with the Government Communication Headquarters (GCHQ), Britain’s NSA equivalent, to covertly collect data from the Internet activity of non-Americans through the PRISM program; collaborated with the GCHQ to crack Internet users’ encryption software; and monitored the phone calls of 35 world leaders.

military communication: World War II and after: …aircraft—the system called GCI (ground-controlled intercept). Radio-controlled guidance of falling bombs enabled an operator in a bomber to direct a bomb to the target. Electronic countermeasures made their appearance in the form of jamming transmitters to jam radio channels and radar, navigation, and other military electronics.

Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM), organization established in December 2003 to promote global discussion and cooperation on issues related to the international movement of persons. Formed by then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the governments of 19 UN member

gcod, esoteric Tibetan Buddhist rite that aims at “cutting off” the human ego and thus destroying the illusion of duality between samsara (the world of appearances and of death and rebirth) and nirvana. The participant performs a dance, alone, in an isolated spot, to his own accompaniment of a

Flann O’Brien was an Irish novelist, dramatist, and, as Myles na gCopaleen, a columnist for the Irish Times newspaper for 26 years. O’Brien was educated in Dublin and later became a civil servant while also pursuing his writing career. He is most celebrated for his unusual novel At Swim-Two-Birds,

cosmic ray: …Galaxy and are known as galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). The rest of the cosmic rays originate either from the Sun or, almost certainly in the case of the particles with the highest energies, outside the Milky Way Galaxy.

traumatic brain injury: …moderate, and severe—based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS is a 15-point scale designed to measure the patient’s ability to respond to visual, verbal, and motor stimuli after traumatic brain injury. The degree of impairment depends on the extent of damage to critical brain areas. The majority of…

gadolinium (Gd), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Gadolinium is a moderately ductile, moderately hard, silvery white metal that is fairly stable in air, although with time it tarnishes in air, forming a thin film of Gd2O3 on the surface.

gender dysphoria (GD), formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born. The GD diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and

Georgia: Rise of Georgian Dream (GD): …the newly formed opposition coalition, Georgian Dream (GD), led by billionaire Bidzina Ivanishvili. Although polls showed the UNM with a strong lead several weeks before the October parliamentary elections, the party’s position was damaged in late September when the release of videos showing Georgian prison guards beating and sexually abusing…

Gdańsk, city, capital of Pomorskie województwo (province), northern Poland, situated at the mouth of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea. An important cultural center, it contains schools of medicine, engineering, and fine arts; a maritime center; churches, museums, theaters, and gardens; and a

Gulf of Gdańsk, southern inlet of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Poland on the west, south, and southeast and by Kaliningrad oblast (province) of Russia on the east. The gulf extends 40 miles (64 km) from north to south and 60 miles (97 km) from east to west and reaches its maximum depth, more than

Gulf of Gdańsk, southern inlet of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Poland on the west, south, and southeast and by Kaliningrad oblast (province) of Russia on the east. The gulf extends 40 miles (64 km) from north to south and 60 miles (97 km) from east to west and reaches its maximum depth, more than

gestational diabetes mellitus, temporary condition in which blood sugar (glucose) levels increase during pregnancy and return to normal after delivery. A healthy pregnancy is characterized by increased nutrient utilization, increased insulin resistance, and increased insulin secretion. Blood

gross domestic product (GDP), total market value of the goods and services produced by a country’s economy during a specified period of time. It includes all final goods and services—that is, those that are produced by the economic agents located in that country regardless of their ownership and

metabolism: Formation of coenzyme A, carbon dioxide, and reducing equivalent: …to ADP, directly or via guanosine diphosphate (GDP) [43].

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), European Union (EU) law surrounding data privacy and security, which was adopted by the European Parliament in 2016 and came into effect in May 2018. The legislation marked a major worldwide precedent; it was particularly notable for establishing a

Neptune: The atmosphere: The largest, called the Great Dark Spot because of its similarity in latitude and shape to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, is comparable to Earth in size. It was near this storm system that the highest wind speeds were measured. Jupiter’s Great Red Spot has been seen in Earth-based telescopes…

Akita: Care and upkeep: Some Akitas develop gastric dilation volvulus (GDV), a bloating condition that is potentially fatal and may require immediate (and often costly) veterinary intervention. The breed is also susceptible to patellar luxation (dislocated kneecap) and hypothyroidism. As with all large breeds prone to hip dysplasia, puppies should be fed…

Gdynia, city, Pomorskie województwo (province), north-central Poland. It lies along the Gulf of Gdańsk, just northwest of Gdańsk city. First mentioned in 1253, Gdynia began as a fishing settlement. Major growth came only after World War I, when Gdynia was returned from Germany to Poland by the

feed: Determination: The gross energy (GE) value of a feed is the amount of heat liberated when it is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The drawback of using this value is that a substance such as wood and corn may have a similar GE but vastly different nutritional…

Gaea, Greek personification of the Earth as a goddess. Mother and wife of Uranus (Heaven), from whom the Titan Cronus, her last-born child by him, separated her, she was also mother of the other Titans, the Gigantes, the Erinyes, and the Cyclopes (see giant; Furies; Cyclops). Gaea may have been

Ge, South American Indian peoples who speak languages of the Macro-Ge group. They inhabit eastern and southern Brazil and part of northern Paraguay. The Ge peoples include the Northwestern Ge (Timbira, Northern and Southern Kayapó, and Suyá), the Central Ge (Xavante, Xerente, and Akroá), the Jeikó,

Ge, South American Indian peoples who speak languages of the Macro-Ge group. They inhabit eastern and southern Brazil and part of northern Paraguay. The Ge peoples include the Northwestern Ge (Timbira, Northern and Southern Kayapó, and Suyá), the Central Ge (Xavante, Xerente, and Akroá), the Jeikó,

General Electric Company (GE) is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, that was incorporated in 1892 following a series of mergers between various companies owned and operated by Thomas Alva Edison and the Thomson-Houston Electric Company. For well over a century,

germanium (Ge), a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. Although germanium was not discovered until 1886 by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist, its existence,

computer: Time-sharing from Project MAC to UNIX: … operating system running on the GE 645 computer. GE 645 exemplified the time-shared computer in 1965, and Multics was the model of a time-sharing operating system, built to be up seven days a week, 24 hours a day.

Taoism: The Lingbao scriptures and liturgies: Ge Chaofu began composing the Lingbaojing (“Classic of the Sacred Jewel”) c. 397 ce. He claimed that they had been first revealed to his own ancestor, the famous Ge Xuan, early in the 3rd century. In these works the Tao is personified in a series…

death: Judaism: The real Ge Hinnom (“Valley of Hinnom”), where the early Israelites were said to have sacrificed their children to Moloch (and in which later biblical generations incinerated Jerusalem’s municipal rubbish), was transmuted into the notion of Gehenna, a vast camp designed for torturing the wicked by fire.…

Ge Hong was a figure in Chinese Daoism, perhaps the best-known alchemist, who tried to combine Confucian ethics with the occult doctrines of Daoism. In his youth he received a Confucian education, but later he grew interested in the Daoist cult of physical immortality (xian). His monumental work,

Ge kiln, kiln known for the wares it produced during the early Song dynasty (960–1162), probably in the Zhejiang province in China. Scholars are uncertain of the kiln’s exact location. Legends recorded in documents of the Ming dynasty suggest that the kiln was named after the elder brother of the

Ge languages, a group of about 10 South American Indian languages that extend through inland eastern Brazil as far as the Uruguayan border. Most linguists classify the Ge languages with a number of smaller groups (most of which were located closer to the Atlantic coast and are now extinct) in a

An Lushan: An Lushan’s rebellion: …rivalry between Yang Guozhong and Ge Shuhan, the general in charge of the defense of the eastern approaches to Chang’an (present-day Xi’an), the main Tang capital. Fearing a coup against himself, Yang Guozhong goaded Ge Shuhan into abandoning his defensive posture and moving eastward against the rebels. The Tang army…

Taoism: Developments in alchemical and other traditions: …these personages was a certain Ge Xuan (3rd century ce), who was said to have been initiated into an ancient alchemical tradition. His great-nephew Ge Hong in the next century became one of the most celebrated writers on the various technical means for attaining immortality. In his major work, the…

Ge kiln, kiln known for the wares it produced during the early Song dynasty (960–1162), probably in the Zhejiang province in China. Scholars are uncertain of the kiln’s exact location. Legends recorded in documents of the Ming dynasty suggest that the kiln was named after the elder brother of the

Golmud, city, central Qinghai sheng (province), western China. Golmud is an important highway centre, standing at the intersection of two ancient routes that more recently have become highways. One links Xining in Qinghai and Lanzhou in Gansu province in the east with the western Qaidam Basin area;

ship of Theseus: …the English Roman Catholic philosopher Peter Geach (1916–2013) proposed a radical solution that appears to have application beyond the theological problem regarding the transitivity of identity. According to Geach, there is no such thing as numerical identity; there are, instead, many relations of the form “is the same F as,”…

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS), during World War II (1939–45), the Japanese concept of a unified and self-sufficient bloc in the Asia-Pacific region under Japanese control. It was to be Japan’s ideological new order, which would amount to a self-contained empire stretching from