Gentianales, gentian order of flowering plants, consisting of five families with 1,121 genera and more than 20,000 species. The families are Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae (including Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae), Loganiaceae, and Gelsemiaceae. Except for the small Gelsemiaceae, the

gentian, (genus Gentiana), any of about 400 species of annual or perennial (rarely biennial) flowering plants of the family Gentianaceae distributed worldwide in temperate and alpine regions, especially in Europe and Asia, North and South America, and New Zealand. They are especially a notable

gentian: Gentiana lutea, the yellow gentian, is found in Europe and western Asia and is the source of a flavouring in liqueurs.

gentian: …the making of dyes, especially Gentiana pneumonanthe, a source of blue dye. The tough fibrous roots were once used herbally for putative alimentary cures, and the name gentian derives from Gentius, king of ancient Illyria and alleged discoverer of the plant’s medicinal value. Gentiana lutea, the yellow gentian, is found…

Gentianaceae, the gentian family (order Gentianales) of flowering plants containing 102 genera and around 1,750 species of annual and perennial herbs and, rarely, shrubs. Members of the family are native primarily to northern temperate areas of the world, though many are also found in tropical and

Gentianales, gentian order of flowering plants, consisting of five families with 1,121 genera and more than 20,000 species. The families are Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae (including Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae), Loganiaceae, and Gelsemiaceae. Except for the small Gelsemiaceae, the

oligosaccharide: Another plant trisaccharide is gentianose. Maltotriose, a trisaccharide of glucose, occurs in some plants and in the blood of certain arthropods.

Émile Gentil was a French colonial administrator who explored the areas of the present Congo (Brazzaville), Central African Republic, and Chad and helped establish French rule in equatorial Africa. A naval officer, Gentil led an expedition from the French Congo down the Chari (Shari) River to Lake

Gentile, person who is not Jewish. The word stems from the Hebrew term goy, which means a “nation,” and was applied both to the Hebrews and to any other nation. The plural, goyim, especially with the definite article, ha-goyim, “the nations,” meant nations of the world that were not Hebrew. The

Gentile da Fabriano was the foremost painter of central Italy at the beginning of the 15th century, whose few surviving works are among the finest examples of the International Gothic style. An early signed work by Gentile has stylistic affinities with Lombard painting and suggests that he was

Giovanni Gentile was a major figure in Italian idealist philosophy as well as a politician, educator, and editor. He became known as the “philosopher of fascism.” His “actual idealism” shows the strong influence of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. After a series of university appointments, Gentile in

Artemisia Gentileschi was an Italian painter, daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, who was a major follower of the revolutionary Baroque painter Caravaggio. She was an important second-generation proponent of Caravaggio’s dramatic realism. A pupil of her father and of his friend the landscape painter

Orazio Gentileschi was an Italian Baroque painter, one of the more important painters who came under the influence of Caravaggio and who was one of the more successful interpreters of his style. His daughter, Artemisia Gentileschi, who was trained in his studio, also became a noteworthy Baroque

Alberico Gentili was an Italian jurist, regarded as one of the founders of the science of international law and the first person in western Europe to separate secular law from Roman Catholic theology and canon law. A graduate of the University of Perugia, Italy (doctor of civil law, 1572), Gentili

Plotinus: Plotinus’s teachings and writings: …philosophical collaborators, such as Porphyry, Amelius Gentilianus from Tuscany (the senior member of the school), and Eustochius, who was Plotinus’s physician and who may have produced another edition of his works, now lost.

Silvio Berlusconi: Prosecutions, political ban, and continued influence of Silvio Berlusconi: Renzi resigned, and his successor, Paolo Gentiloni, led a caretaker government into elections that were scheduled for March 2018.

King Island: …to a hill known as Gentle Annie (531 feet [162 metres]) in the southeast.

Thomas Deloney: His Jacke of Newberie (1597), The Gentle Craft, parts i and ii (1597–c. 1598), and Thomas of Reading (1599?) furnished plots for such dramatists as Thomas Dekker. The Gentle Craft is a collection of stories, each devoted to glorifying one of the crafts: the clothiers, the shoemakers, the weavers.

art rock: …Emerson, Lake and Palmer (ELP), Gentle Giant, the Moody Blues, and Procol Harum or the fusion of progressive rock and English folk music created by such groups as Jethro Tull and the Strawbs. In common, all these bands regularly employ complicated and conceptual approaches to their music. Moreover, there has…

O. Henry: …Voice of the City (1908), The Gentle Grafter (1908), Roads of Destiny (1909), Options (1909), Strictly Business (1910), and Whirligigs (1910). Whirligigs contains perhaps Porter’s funniest story, “The Ransom of Red Chief.”

lemur: Lemur diversity: The gentle lemurs, or lesser bamboo lemurs (genus Hapalemur), and the highly endangered greater bamboo lemurs (Prolemur simus) feed on bamboo stems in the eastern and northwestern rainforests of the island.

Glen Campbell: …with the hit song “Gentle on My Mind” (1967), which earned him two Grammy Awards that year. He followed up with the popular By the Time I Get to Phoenix (1967). The title track of that album became one of his best-known songs and earned Campbell another two Grammy…

gentleman, in English history, a man entitled to bear arms but not included in the nobility. In its original and strict sense the term denoted a man of good family, deriving from the Latin word gentilis and invariably translated in English-Latin documents as generosus. For most of the Middle Ages,

PSY: …released a new single, “Gentleman,” that became another international hit. It reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Billboard’s Korea K-Pop Hot 100. The “Gentleman” music video set a new YouTube record with 38 million views in one day.

bookcase: …as Thomas Chippendale suggested in The Gentleman and Cabinetmaker’s Director (1st edition, 1754), “all may be omitted if required.” By this time, too, most large examples were blockfronted.

bookcase: …as Thomas Chippendale suggested in The Gentleman and Cabinetmaker’s Director (1st edition, 1754), “all may be omitted if required.” By this time, too, most large examples were blockfronted.

William Wycherley: His next play, The Gentleman Dancing-Master, was presented in 1672 but proved unsuccessful. These early plays—both of which have some good farcical moments—followed tradition in “curing excess” by presenting a satiric portrait of variously pretentious characters—fops, rakes, would-be wits, and the solemn of every kind. The Plain-Dealer, presented…

Booth Tarkington: …recognition with the melodramatic novel The Gentleman from Indiana (1899), reflecting his disillusionment with the corruption in the lawmaking process he was to observe firsthand as a member of the Indiana legislature (1902–03). His immensely popular romance Monsieur Beaucaire (1900) he later adapted for the stage. His humorous portrayals of…

George Pendleton was an American lawyer and legislator, an advocate of civil service reform and sponsor of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), which created the modern civil service system. Admitted to the bar in 1847, Pendleton, a Democrat, practiced law in Cincinnati and in 1853 was elected

Titian: Early life and works: …all to establish, but the Gentleman in Blue (once considered to be a portrait of Italian poet Ludovico Ariosto) is certainly Titian’s because it is signed with the initials T.V. (Tiziano Vecellio). The volume and the interest in texture in the quilted sleeve seem to identify Titian’s own style. On…

John Jackson was an English bare-knuckle boxer who was influential in securing acceptance of prizefighting as a legitimate sport in England. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Jackson was an amateur boxer of some repute, but he appeared in only three public matches. The third

James J. Corbett was an American world heavyweight boxing champion from September 7, 1892, when he knocked out John L. Sullivan in 21 rounds at New Orleans, until March 17, 1897, when he was knocked out by Robert Fitzsimmons in 14 rounds at Carson City, Nevada. Corbett was a quick and agile boxer,

James J. Corbett: …was produced as the film Gentleman Jim (1942), with Errol Flynn in the title role. Corbett was inducted into Ring magazine’s Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954.

Black Rod, an office of the British House of Lords (the upper house in Parliament), instituted in 1350. Its holder is appointed by royal letters patent, and the title is derived from the staff of office, an ebony stick surmounted with a gold lion. Black Rod is a personal attendant of the sovereign

Laura Z. Hobson: Hobson is best-known for Gentleman’s Agreement, the story of an American gentile journalist who poses as a Jew in order to gain a firsthand experience of antisemitism in American life. The book is a scathing depiction of the subtle and insidious manifestations of antisemitism in American society at that…

Elia Kazan: Films of the 1940s: Zanuck-produced Gentleman’s Agreement (1947), won him an Academy Award for best director and also took the award for best picture. An adaptation of Laura Z. Hobson’s best-selling novel of the same name, the film was considered a scathing assault on anti-Semitism by contemporary audiences, though 21st-century…

history of publishing: Beginnings in the 17th century: ” Soon after came the Gentleman’s Journal (1692–94), started by the French-born Peter Anthony Motteux, with a monthly blend of news, prose, and poetry. In 1693, after devoting some experimental numbers of the Athenian Mercury to “the Fair Sex,” Dunton brought out the first magazine specifically for women, the Ladies’…

The Gentleman’s Magazine, (1731–1914), long-popular English periodical that gave the name “magazine” to its genre. It was the first general periodical in England, founded by Edward Cave in 1731. It originated as a storehouse, or magazine, of essays and articles culled from other publications, often

Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, one of the world’s oldest golfing societies, founded in 1744 by a group of men who played on a five-hole course at Leith, which is now a district of Edinburgh. In that year the group petitioned the city officials of Edinburgh for a silver club to be awarded

Jane Russell: …also starred in the sequel, Gentlemen Marry Brunettes (1955).

Howard Hawks: Films of the 1950s of Howard Hawks: …her breakthrough vehicle, the effervescent Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). In it Hawks cleverly juxtaposed an essentially deglamourized Monroe with the iconic sex symbol Jane Russell. Land of the Pharaohs (1955), a handsome but unremarkable account of the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, was Hawk’s least-favourite of his films.

Agnes de Mille: (1945), Brigadoon (1947), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1949), Paint Your Wagon (1951), The Girl in Pink Tights (1954), and 110 in the Shade (1963). She also arranged dances for the films Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Oklahoma! (1955), directed plays, and choreographed television programs.

Anita Loos: …screenwriter celebrated for her novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, which became the basis of a popular play, two musicals, and two films. By the time of her death it had run through 85 editions and translations into 14 languages.

cricket: County and university cricket: …from 1819) to 1962, the Gentlemen-versus-Players match pitted the best amateurs against the best professionals. The series was ended in 1962 when the MCC and the counties abandoned the distinction between amateurs and professionals. Other early cricket matches took place between British universities. The Oxford-versus-Cambridge match, for example, has been…

Gentlemen’s Agreement, (1907), U.S.-Japanese understanding in which Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San Francisco to rescind an

Amsterdam: City development: …17th century: the Herengracht (Gentlemen’s Canal), Keizersgracht (Emperor’s Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince’s Canal). These concentric canals, together with the smaller radial canals, form a characteristic spiderweb pattern, which was extended east along the harbour and west into the district known as the Jordaan during the prosperous Golden Age (the…

GQ, men’s fashion magazine that was started as a trade publication in New York City in 1931 and became available to the general public in 1957. Apparel Arts was marketed to men’s clothing wholesalers and retailers, providing them with fashion information and helping them make recommendations to

Hugh Grant: Later roles: …in Guy Ritchie’s comedy-action movie The Gentlemen (2019).

Gentofte, northern residential suburb of Copenhagen. It maintains itself as a separate municipality, although it is now indistinguishable from the surrounding suburbs. Gentofte forms a wealthy part of Greater Copenhagen, and most of the foreign embassies in Denmark are located there. Pop. (2008

gentoo penguin, (Pygoscelis papua), species of penguin (order Sphenisciformes) characterized by a band of white feathers extending across the top of the head from just above each eye. Other distinguishing features include a black throat, a brush tail that is large in comparison with other penguin

gentrification, process in which wealthier, privileged, typically white individuals move into neighbourhoods that are largely populated by poor and working-class residents who are frequently and predominantly people of colour, the newcomers ultimately displacing the original residents. The term was

history of Europe: Nobles and gentlemen: …the two terms nobleman and gentleman indicates the difficulty of definition. The terms were loosely used to mark the essential distinction between members of an upper class and the rest. In France, above knights and esquires without distinctive title, ranged barons, viscounts, counts, and marquises, until the summit was reached…

Charter to the Gentry, (1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the gentry of each province and county in

Friedrich Gentz was a German political journalist, famous for his writings against the principles of the French Revolution and Napoleon and as a confidential adviser of Metternich. Though a commoner, he sometimes affected the von of nobility, having received a Swedish knighthood in 1804. Gentz’s

Friedrich Gentz was a German political journalist, famous for his writings against the principles of the French Revolution and Napoleon and as a confidential adviser of Metternich. Though a commoner, he sometimes affected the von of nobility, having received a Swedish knighthood in 1804. Gentz’s

metalogic: Consistency proofs: …that of the German mathematician Gerhard Gentzen (1936) for the system N of classical (or ordinary, in contrast to intuitionistic) number theory. Taking ω (omega) to represent the next number beyond the natural numbers (called the “first transfinite number”), Gentzen’s proof employs an induction in the realm of transfinite numbers…

human nervous system: Cerebrum: …the junction is called the genu. The cerebrum also contains groups of subcortical neuronal masses known as basal ganglia.

Genoa, city and Mediterranean seaport in northwestern Italy. It is the capital of Genova provincia and of Liguria regione and is the centre of the Italian Riviera. Its total area is 93 square miles (240 square km). Located about 75 miles (120 km) south of Milan on the Gulf of Genoa, the city

Lutheranism: Confessionalization and Orthodoxy: …followers of Melanchthon, and the Gnesio-Lutherans (Genuine Lutherans), led by Matthias Flacius Illyricus, a forceful and uncompromising theologian who accused the Philippists of “synergism,” the notion that humans cooperated in their salvation. Flacius and the other Gnesio-Lutherans also saw in the Philippists’ understanding of the Lord’s Supper the influence of…

Bolivia: The Republican Party: …a separate party, the so-called Genuine Republican Party, which was often supported in its activities by the Liberals. The rivalry between these two men became the dominant theme in Bolivian politics for the next decade, until the Salamanca forces captured the presidency.

Kentucky Derby: Records: …Derby was Regret in 1915; Genuine Risk (1980) and Winning Colors (1988) are the only other fillies to have won.

genus, biological classification ranking between family and species, consisting of structurally or phylogenetically related species or a single isolated species exhibiting unusual differentiation (monotypic genus). The genus name is the first word of a binomial scientific name (the species name is

Aristotelianism: Relationship to Neoplatonism: These were the concepts of genus, or kind (as animal is the genus, or kind, under which Socrates falls); species, or sort (Socrates is a man); differentia, or distinguishing characteristic (rationality distinguishes humans from other members of the genus animal); property (being capable of laughter was said to be a…

François Gény was a French law professor who originated the libre recherche scientifique (“free scientific research”) movement in jurisprudence. His advocacy of this principle liberalized the interpretation of codified law in France and helped to increase popular confidence in the judiciary. His

frog and toad: Annotated classification: … (New Guinea and Sulu Archipelago), Genyophryninae (Philippines, eastern Indo-Australian archipelago, New Guinea, northern Australia), Brevicipitinae (Africa), Microhylinae (North and South America, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, western Indo-Australian archipelago, Philippines, and Ryukyu Islands), Melanobatrachinae (east-central Africa, India), Phrynomerinae (Africa), and

cusk eel: One of these, the kingklip (Genypterus capensis), is a South African species prized as food.

Television: …Heartbreakers (with ex-New York Doll Johnny Thunders), then fronted the Voidoids. Television disbanded in 1978, reuniting briefly in 1992 for an eponymous album and tour. The group reunited again in 2001, performing a series of live dates in the United Kingdom, before once again splitting up. Interest in the band…

Japan: Religious attitudes: …engage in what was termed genze riyaku—i.e., they prayed for happiness during their lifetime, such as for commercial prosperity or restoration of health—rather than wait for happiness after their death, as had been more common in medieval Buddhism. In response to these practical desires and needs, temples conducted various ceremonies…

Reinhard Genzel is a German astronomer who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy. He shared the prize with British mathematician Roger Penrose and American astronomer Andrea Ghez. Genzel received a diploma

geostationary orbit, a circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56 minutes. A spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary in the sky. This particular orbit is

geoengineering, the large-scale manipulation of a specific process central to controlling Earth’s climate for the purpose of obtaining a specific benefit. Global climate is controlled by the amount of solar radiation received by Earth and also by the fate of this energy within the Earth system—that

Hellabrunn Zoo, zoological garden in Munich. The spacious, wooded, 70-ha (173-ac) grounds resemble the animals’ natural habitats. Hellabrunn specializes in breeding species threatened with extinction, such as the Przewalski’s horse, and back breeding to species already extinct, such as the aurochs,

Austin: Hormel Foods Corporation (originally founded as Geo. A. Hormel & Company), a meatpacking and food-processing corporation begun in Austin in 1891, is the economic mainstay, supplemented by other food-processing concerns and the manufacture of cardboard cartons. The Hormel Institute (1942), affiliated with the University of…

Romania: New constitution: …a percentage point, prompting runner-up Mircea Geoană of the PSD to contest the results in court. Romania’s Constitutional Court subsequently ruled in favour of Băsescu, who took office in December. The president asked Emil Boc, who had been heading the caretaker government, to continue serving as prime minister, this time…

geocaching, an outdoor game in which players are given the coordinates of items hidden in their environment. Players locate these items—referred to as “caches”—using any device with Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities. Caches are small boxes that contain logbooks where seekers write their

hutia: …very short and inconspicuous in Brown’s hutia (Geocapromys brownii) to pronounced and prehensile in the long-tailed Cuban hutia Mysateles prehensilis. Depending on the species, the tail may be thinly or thickly furred and have a thick coat of fur that may be soft or coarse; colours range from gray to…

migration: Lower invertebrates: …crabs of tropical regions (Geocarcinus), have adapted to life on land. They migrate to the sea to reproduce and then return inland and are followed at a later time by the young.

peanut: …underground, a phenomenon known as geocarpy. After pollination and the withering of the flower, an unusual stalklike structure called a peg grows from the base of the flower toward the soil. The fertilized ovules are carried downward in the sturdy tip of the peg until the tip is well below…

latitude and longitude: Technical considerations: …are different kinds of latitude—geocentric, astronomical, and geographic (or geodetic)—but there are only minor differences between them. In most common references, geocentric latitude is implied. Given in degrees, minutes, and seconds, geocentric latitude is the arc (a curved line) that can be drawn along Earth’s surface, created by an…

geocentric model, any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the centre of it all. The most highly developed geocentric model was that of Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century ce). It was generally accepted until the 16th century, after which

geocentric model, any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the centre of it all. The most highly developed geocentric model was that of Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century ce). It was generally accepted until the 16th century, after which

zenith: …not a perfect sphere, the geocentric zenith is slightly different from the geographic zenith except at the Equator and the poles. Geocentric zenith is the intersection with the celestial sphere of a straight line drawn through the observer’s position from the geometric centre of the Earth.

Galapagos Islands: Its giant tortoises are thought to have some of the longest life spans (up to 150 years) of any creature on Earth. The close affinities of Galapagos animals to the fauna of South and Central America indicate that most of the islands’ species originated there. Because of…

turtle: Habitats: The Aldabra giant tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) of the Indian Ocean has received modest protection, and, as a result, it has attained a total population of more than 100,000 according to some estimates, with densities in some areas of 30 to 160 individuals per hectare (12 to…

geochemical cycle, developmental path followed by individual elements or groups of elements in the crustal and subcrustal zones of the Earth and on its surface. The concept of a geochemical cycle encompasses geochemical differentiation (i.e., the natural separation and concentration of elements by

meteorite: Types of meteorites: …separation process is known as geochemical differentiation. When the differentiated asteroid is later broken up by collisions, samples of its rocky mantle, iron core, and core-mantle interface might be represented in the three main categories. Thus, the challenge for researchers is to determine which types of meteorites are related and…

geochemical facies, area or zone characterized by particular physiochemical conditions that influence the production and accumulation of sediment and usually distinguished by a characteristic element, minerals assemblage, or ratio of trace elements. In sedimentary environments the concept of

mining: Prospecting: In geochemical prospecting the search for anomalies is based on the systematic measurement of trace elements or chemically influenced properties. Samples of soils, lake sediments and water, glacial deposits, rocks, vegetation and humus, animal tissues, microorganisms, gases and air, and particulates are collected and tested so…

Victor Moritz Goldschmidt: …of these studies grew the Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente (8 vol., 1923–38; “The Geochemical Laws of the Distribution of the Elements”), a work that formed the foundation of inorganic crystal chemistry.

geochemistry, scientific discipline that deals with the relative abundance, distribution, and migration of the Earth’s chemical elements and their isotopes. A brief treatment of geochemistry follows. For full treatment, see geology: Geochemistry. Until the early 1940s geochemistry was primarily

Meteoritical Society: …interest to the society, and Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (twice monthly; jointly with the Geochemical Society), which focuses on meteorite chemistry. Its nomenclature committee approves names proposed for all newly recovered meteorites and oversees publication of the Meteoritical Bulletin, which records new meteorites and gives their basic characterizations and locations.…

geochronology, field of scientific investigation concerned with determining the age and history of Earth’s rocks and rock assemblages. Such time determinations are made and the record of past geologic events is deciphered by studying the distribution and succession of rock strata, as well as the

roadrunner, either of two species of terrestrial cuckoos, especially Geococcyx californianus, of the deserts of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is about 56 cm (22 inches) long, with streaked olive-brown and white plumage, a short shaggy crest, bare blue and red skin behind the eyes,

roadrunner: …species of terrestrial cuckoos, especially Geococcyx californianus, of the deserts of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is about 56 cm (22 inches) long, with streaked olive-brown and white plumage, a short shaggy crest, bare blue and red skin behind the eyes, stout bluish legs, and a long graduated…

roadrunner: The lesser roadrunner (G. velox) is a slightly smaller (46 cm [18 inches]), buffier, and less streaky bird of Mexico and Central America.

lygaeid bug: …fruit trees, and the predatory Geocoris punctipes, which feeds on mites, termites, and other small plant-feeding insects.

geode, hollow mineral body found in limestones and some shales. The common form is a slightly flattened globe ranging in diameter from 2.5 to more than 30 cm (1 to 12 inches) and containing a chalcedony layer surrounding an inner lining of crystals. The hollow interior often is nearly filled with

relativity: Curved space-time and geometric gravitation: …the shortest natural paths, or geodesics—much as the shortest path between any two points on Earth is not a straight line, which cannot be constructed on that curved surface, but the arc of a great circle route. In Einstein’s theory, space-time geodesics define the deflection of light and the orbits…

relativity: Curved space-time and geometric gravitation: …the shortest natural paths, or geodesics—much as the shortest path between any two points on Earth is not a straight line, which cannot be constructed on that curved surface, but the arc of a great circle route. In Einstein’s theory, space-time geodesics define the deflection of light and the orbits…

geodesic dome, spherical form in which lightweight triangular or polygonal facets consisting of either skeletal struts or flat planes, largely in tension, replace the arch principle and distribute stresses within the structure itself. It was developed in the 20th century by American engineer and