hawk: …hawk (Polyboroides typus) and the crane hawk (Geranospiza nigra) of tropical America are medium-sized gray birds resembling the harriers but having short broad wings.

isoprenoid: Biosynthesis of isoprenoids: The formation of geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor of the monoterpenes, from two molecules of IPPP requires that one of them be transformed to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). In the equations below, only the covalent bonds of the carbon skeletons are shown, and PP stands for the pyrophosphate group.

Hospitallers: …hospital’s superior, a monk named Gerard, intensified his work in Jerusalem and founded hostels in Provençal and Italian cities on the route to the Holy Land. The order was formally named and recognized on February 15, 1113, in a papal bull issued by Pope Paschal II. Raymond de Puy, who…

Nicholas II was the pope from 1059 to 1061, a major figure in the Gregorian Reform. Born in a region near Cluny, Gerard was most likely exposed to the reformist zeal of the monastery there. As bishop of Florence from 1045, he imposed the canonical life on the priests of his diocese. His efforts at

Saint Bonaventure: …(1269) from an assault by Gerard of Abbeville, a teacher of theology at Paris, who renewed the charge of William of Saint-Amour. He also protected the church during the period 1267–73 by upholding the Christian faith while denouncing the views of unorthodox masters at Paris who contradicted revelation in their…

Nicholas II was the pope from 1059 to 1061, a major figure in the Gregorian Reform. Born in a region near Cluny, Gerard was most likely exposed to the reformist zeal of the monastery there. As bishop of Florence from 1045, he imposed the canonical life on the priests of his diocese. His efforts at

Lorraine: History: It remained with Gerard of Châtenois and his male descendants from 1048 to 1431. The authority of these dukes was offset not only by the temporal power of the three bishoprics within their frontiers, namely Metz, Toul, and Verdun, but also by the rise of great feudal dynasties:…

Gerard of Cremona was a European medieval scholar who translated the works of many major Greek and Arabic writers into Latin. Gerard went to Toledo to learn Arabic in order to read the Almagest of the 2nd-century-ad Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy, which was not then available in Latin;

St. Gerard ; feast day September 24) was a Venetian Benedictine monk, one of the chief Christian evangelizers of Hungary. He was a scion of the Morosini family and served as bishop of Csanád in southern Hungary. In the struggle for the throne that followed the death of Stephen I, Gerard became a

Seven Holy Founders: Benedict dell’Antella, Bartholomew Amidei, Gerard Sostegni, and Ricoverus Uguccione. Formally Ordo Fratrum Servorum Sanctae Mariae (“Order of Friar Servants of St. Mary”), the order is a Roman Catholic congregation of mendicant friars dedicated to apostolic work.

Netherlands: Foreign intervention: …10, 1584, at Delft, by Balthasar Gérard, a fanatical young Roman Catholic from Franche-Comté, spurred by the promises of the ban of Philip II. William’s death did not end the rebellion, as Philip had hoped, but it did result in the almost unnoticed disappearance of the central government in Brussels.…

François Gérard was a Neoclassical painter best known for his portraits of celebrated European personalities, particularly the leading figures of the French First Empire and Restoration periods. Gérard studied first under the sculptor Augustin Pajou and later with the painter Jacques-Louis David,

François Gérard was a Neoclassical painter best known for his portraits of celebrated European personalities, particularly the leading figures of the French First Empire and Restoration periods. Gérard studied first under the sculptor Augustin Pajou and later with the painter Jacques-Louis David,

Grandville was a French caricaturist who is admired as a fantasist and proto-Surrealist. His big-headed people, seen as if in distorting mirrors, and his animal analogies (individuals with the bodies of men and the faces of animals) have been considered among the sources for Lewis Carroll’s Alice

John Gerard was an English herbalist, author of The Herball, or generall historie of plantes (1597). In 1562 Gerard went to London to become an apprentice to a barber-surgeon and, after seven years, was granted permission to establish his own practice. While studying in London, he became interested

St. Gerard ; feast day September 24) was a Venetian Benedictine monk, one of the chief Christian evangelizers of Hungary. He was a scion of the Morosini family and served as bishop of Csanád in southern Hungary. In the struggle for the throne that followed the death of Stephen I, Gerard became a

St. Gerard ; feast day September 24) was a Venetian Benedictine monk, one of the chief Christian evangelizers of Hungary. He was a scion of the Morosini family and served as bishop of Csanád in southern Hungary. In the struggle for the throne that followed the death of Stephen I, Gerard became a

Bulgaria: Bulgaria’s transition: …in July 2009, the centre-right Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (Grazhdani za Evropeisko Razvitie Balgariya; GERB), led by former Sofia mayor Boiko Borisov, garnered nearly 40 percent of the votes and secured 116 seats in the 240-seat National Assembly, while the Socialist-led Coalition for Bulgaria claimed only 40 seats.…

bridge: Gerber convention: This was devised in 1938 by John Gerber of Houston, Texas. An unnecessary bid of four clubs, when the bid could not possibly have a natural meaning (such as opener bids one no trump, responder bids four clubs) asks partner to show the…

Gaylen Gerber is an American artist and educator known primarily for his gray monochrome paintings, which he titled Backdrop or Support. Often foregrounding the works of other artists with his own painted backgrounds, he challenged viewer perceptions of art’s context and neutrality. Gerber studied

the Defenders: When Steve Gerber took over as writer with issue no. 20 (February 1975), the comic entered its most memorable era. Gerber pitted the team—now reduced to a nucleus of Hulk, Dr. Strange, Valkyrie, and Nighthawk—against a group of deviant scientists known as the Headmen. One of…

Sylvester II was the French head of the Roman Catholic church (999–1003), renowned for his scholarly achievements, his advances in education, and his shrewd political judgment. He was the first Frenchman to become pope. Gerbert was born of humble parentage near Aurillac in the ancient French

gerbil, (subfamily Gerbillinae), any of more than 110 species of African, Indian, and Asian rodents, including sand rats and jirds, all of which are adapted to arid habitats. One Mongolian species (Meriones unguiculatus) is a gentle and hardy animal that has become a popular pet. All gerbils have

gerbil, (subfamily Gerbillinae), any of more than 110 species of African, Indian, and Asian rodents, including sand rats and jirds, all of which are adapted to arid habitats. One Mongolian species (Meriones unguiculatus) is a gentle and hardy animal that has become a popular pet. All gerbils have

George Gerbner was a Hungarian-born American journalist known for his research into television content and the development of cultivation theory, which posits that stories told by a culture and its media form the foundation of that culture. At an early age, Gerbner developed a keen interest in the

Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was a Dutch statesman who as prime minister (1940–45) conducted the Netherlands’ World War II government-in-exile and controlled its armed forces (1940–44). Gerbrandy obtained his law degree at the Free University of Amsterdam in 1911 and practiced law thereafter. He was a

Ethiopia: Resources and power: …in 2016, and the massive Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and power stations along the Blue Nile River, construction of which began in 2011. Filling of the GERD reservoir, scheduled to take place during the rainy season across several years, began in July 2020, and power generation began when the…

Gerd, in Norse mythology, the daughter of the giant Gymir and the wife of

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), relatively common digestive disorder characterized by frequent passage of gastric contents from the stomach back into the esophagus. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and upper abdomen. Other symptoms may include

Gerd, in Norse mythology, the daughter of the giant Gymir and the wife of

Richard Gere is an American actor and humanitarian, perhaps best known for his portrayal of genteel characters in romantic films. Gere spent his childhood in upstate New York. In 1967 he enrolled at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship but left college after two

Richard Gere is an American actor and humanitarian, perhaps best known for his portrayal of genteel characters in romantic films. Gere spent his childhood in upstate New York. In 1967 he enrolled at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship but left college after two

Erik Robert Lindahl: …Die Gerechtigkeit der Besteuerung (1919; “The Justness of Taxation”). That principle holds that each person’s share of taxes paid for government-provided goods and services should equal the share of benefits each person receives. Lindahl argued that not only would such a payment scale be just and fair, but it would…

Netherlands: Justice: …five courts of appeal (gerechtshoven). The Supreme Court (Hoge Raad) ensures a uniform application of the law, but it cannot determine constitutionality. In the legislative process itself, the government and the parliament together pass judgment on the constitutionality of a bill under consideration. Laws that are at variance with…

Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, Protestant church in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition organized in the Netherlands in 1892 through a merger of the Christian Reformed Church and a group of Reformed churches that were followers of Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920), a Dutch theologian and statesman.

Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), Protestant church in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition that arose in the Netherlands in 1944 out of a doctrinal controversy within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken). Followers of Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920),

Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), Protestant church in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition that arose in the Netherlands in 1944 out of a doctrinal controversy within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken). Followers of Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920),

Nurhachi was a chieftain of the Jianzhou Juchen, a Manchurian tribe, and one of the founders of the Manchu, or Qing, dynasty. His first attack on China (1618) presaged his son Dorgon’s conquest of the Chinese empire. The Juchen (Chinese: Nüzhen, or Ruzhen) were a Tungus people who belonged to those

gerenuk, (Litocranius walleri), the longest-necked member of the gazelle tribe (Antilopini, family Bovidae), a browsing antelope of the lowland arid thornbush of the Horn of Africa. The gerenuk’s shoulder height is 80–105 cm (31–41 inches), and the animal weighs 28–52 kg (62–114 pounds). It has a

Gerês Mountains, short range of mountains, less than 20 mi (32 km) long, with a maximum width of about 11 mi, reaching an elevation of nearly 5,000 ft (1,507 m). They run east-northeast from Portugal’s northwestern interior into Spanish Galicia. The area is known for its Roman ruins, including the

Gerês Mountains, short range of mountains, less than 20 mi (32 km) long, with a maximum width of about 11 mi, reaching an elevation of nearly 5,000 ft (1,507 m). They run east-northeast from Portugal’s northwestern interior into Spanish Galicia. The area is known for its Roman ruins, including the

Gereshk, town, southwestern Afghanistan. It lies along the Helmand River, 75 miles (120 km) west-northwest of Kandahār, with which it is linked by road. Gereshk is the centre of a rich agricultural area; the Kajakī dam upriver diverts water to the Boghrā irrigation canal. The town was originally

Aladár Gerevich was a Hungarian fencer who played a leading role in the Hungarian team’s 36-year dominance of the Olympic sabre competition. Gerevich won seven gold medals in fencing, and he was the first person to win a gold medal in the same sport at six different Olympics. Did You Know? During a

African art: Personal decoration: …its height in the annual gerewol, a beauty contest between men whose faces are painted and who wear metal bracelets, bead necklaces, and head ornaments. The women regularly wear elaborate hairstyles (often featuring golden rings around separate locks of hair) together with a profusion of jewelry. The varieties of dress…

Valery Gergiev is a Russian conductor, known for his charismatic stage presence and passionate performances, who became artistic and general director of the Mariinsky Theatre (previously called Kirov Theatre) in St. Petersburg in 1996. Gergiev was the son of Ossetian parents and spent much of his

history of logic: Other 18th-century logicians: …developed by the French mathematician Joseph-Diez Gergonne in 1816–17, although Gergonne retreated from two-dimensional graphs to linear formulas that could be more easily printed and manipulated. For complicated reasons, almost all German formal logic came from the Protestant areas of the German-speaking world.

Nikolaus Gerhaert von Leyden was a master sculptor who was one of the most significant artists of his time in the Upper Rhine country. Gerhaert had myriad followers, and the expressive realism of his style influenced many of his contemporaries. Sandstone and limestone were his most frequent

Nikolaus Gerhaert von Leyden was a master sculptor who was one of the most significant artists of his time in the Upper Rhine country. Gerhaert had myriad followers, and the expressive realism of his style influenced many of his contemporaries. Sandstone and limestone were his most frequent

classical scholarship: Developments in archaeology and art history: Eduard Gerhard (1795–1867) founded the study of Greek vase painting as a scientific discipline; his report on the numerous Greek vases excavated from the Etruscan necropolis of Vulci (1831) was epoch-making. In Bonn, Welcker built up the first large collection of plaster casts of Greek…

Johann Gerhard was a leading German Protestant theologian, biblical scholar, renowned polemicist, author of the standard Lutheran dogmatic treatise Loci Theologici, and spearhead of every major Lutheran theological gathering of his time. Gerhard was deeply influenced as a youth by the Lutheran

Josef Mengele: …friends with an old-time Nazi, Wolfgang Gerhard, and living in a succession of houses owned by a Hungarian couple. In 1985 a team of Brazilian, West German, and American forensic experts determined that Mengele had taken Gerhard’s identity, died in 1979 of a stroke while swimming, and was buried under…

Einar Gerhardsen was a four-time prime minister of Norway (1945, 1945–51, 1955–63, 1963–65) and leader of the Norwegian Labour Party, who led his nation’s postwar economic recovery program. The son of a Labour Party member, Gerhardsen joined the party during World War I and sided with its radical

Einar Gerhardsen was a four-time prime minister of Norway (1945, 1945–51, 1955–63, 1963–65) and leader of the Norwegian Labour Party, who led his nation’s postwar economic recovery program. The son of a Labour Party member, Gerhardsen joined the party during World War I and sided with its radical

Charles Gerhardt was a French chemist who was an important precursor of the German chemist August Kekule and his structural organic chemistry. Gerhardt’s Swiss-born father, Samuel Gerhardt, initially worked in a bank. In 1825 Samuel Gerhardt became a manufacturer of white lead but had little

Charles Gerhardt was a French chemist who was an important precursor of the German chemist August Kekule and his structural organic chemistry. Gerhardt’s Swiss-born father, Samuel Gerhardt, initially worked in a bank. In 1825 Samuel Gerhardt became a manufacturer of white lead but had little

Elena Gerhardt was a mezzo-soprano, one of the most accomplished singers of German lieder of her time. Gerhardt studied at the Leipzig Conservatory and made her debut at Leipzig in 1903. Having early decided against an operatic career, she made an international reputation as an exponent of German

dentistry: Geriatric dentistry: Geriatric dentistry is concerned with the oral health of elderly persons, who usually have significant medical problems and are taking multiple medications. In addition, they may have psychological and socioeconomic problems that require sophisticated dental management. A basic premise of geriatric dentistry is…

gerontology and geriatrics: geriatrics, scientific and medical disciplines, respectively, that are concerned with all aspects of health and disease in the elderly, and with the normal aging process. Gerontology is the scientific study of the phenomena of aging, by which is meant the progressive changes that take place…

Théodore Géricault was a painter who exerted a seminal influence on the development of Romantic art in France. Géricault was a dandy and an avid horseman whose dramatic paintings reflect his flamboyant and passionate personality. As a student, Géricault learned the traditions of English sporting

Théodore Géricault was a painter who exerted a seminal influence on the development of Romantic art in France. Géricault was a dandy and an avid horseman whose dramatic paintings reflect his flamboyant and passionate personality. As a student, Géricault learned the traditions of English sporting

Jenin, town in the West Bank. Originally administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920–48), Jenin was in the area annexed by Jordan in 1950 following the first of the Arab-Israeli wars (1948–49). After the Six-Day War of 1967, it was part of the West Bank territory under Israeli

Antoine Gérin-Lajoie was a writer, librarian, and leader in the early literary movement of French Canada. During his college years, Gérin-Lajoie composed “Un Canadien errant” (“A Wandering Canadian”), a song that invoked those exiled after the rebellions of 1837–38. He also wrote an early French

Indonesia: Indonesia after Suharto: …Party (Partai Gerkan Indonesia Raya; Gerindra) in the July 2014 presidential election. Jokowi faced a legislative challenge, however, because Gerindra, led by Prabowo, was able to form a large-majority coalition in the parliament that included the PD, Golkar, and the Muslim PPP. In 2015 Indonesia’s economic performance was solid but…

Mount Gerizim, mountain located in the West Bank just south of Nāblus, near the site of biblical Shechem. In modern times it was incorporated as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920–48) and subsequently as part of Jordan (1950–67). After 1967 it became part of the West Bank (territory

Modest Mussorgsky: Life and career: …father entrusted the boys to Anton Gerke, future professor of music at the St. Petersburg Conservatory.

Arctic: Conquest of the Northeast Passage: Rusanov, the expedition vessel, Gerkules, entered the Kara Sea around the north end of Novaya Zemlya late in the season in 1912. None of the 11 members of the expedition survived, and remains have been found along the southeastern shores of the Kara Sea.

Gerlach Peak, highest peak (8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) of the Carpathian Mountains and of Slovakia. It is in the High Tatra range near the Polish

Ludwig von Gerlach was a Prussian judge, politician, and editor who helped found the conservative newspaper Kreuzzeitung (1848), which became the voice of the Conservative Party, and which opposed Bismarck’s unification plans for Germany during the 1860s and ’70s. Like his brother Leopold, Ludwig

Helmut von Gerlach was a German pacifist journalist and politician, a consistent opponent of German nationalism, whose writings exercised a significant influence on public opinion during the latter part of the reign of William II and during the Weimar Republic. Originally a conservative, Gerlach

Helmut von Gerlach was a German pacifist journalist and politician, a consistent opponent of German nationalism, whose writings exercised a significant influence on public opinion during the latter part of the reign of William II and during the Weimar Republic. Originally a conservative, Gerlach

Otto von Gerlach was a Prussian Lutheran theologian and educator, younger brother of Leopold and Ludwig von Gerlach. Educated at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Göttingen, he began lecturing at the University of Berlin in 1828; in 1834 he became pastor at the new St. Elisabeth Church in Berlin’s

Leopold von Gerlach was the eldest of three brothers prominent in German conservatism during the first half of the 19th century. A Prussian general and adjutant and political adviser to King Frederick William IV, he consistently pursued a conservative policy defending the old order, especially

Leopold von Gerlach was the eldest of three brothers prominent in German conservatism during the first half of the 19th century. A Prussian general and adjutant and political adviser to King Frederick William IV, he consistently pursued a conservative policy defending the old order, especially

Ludwig von Gerlach was a Prussian judge, politician, and editor who helped found the conservative newspaper Kreuzzeitung (1848), which became the voice of the Conservative Party, and which opposed Bismarck’s unification plans for Germany during the 1860s and ’70s. Like his brother Leopold, Ludwig

Otto von Gerlach was a Prussian Lutheran theologian and educator, younger brother of Leopold and Ludwig von Gerlach. Educated at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Göttingen, he began lecturing at the University of Berlin in 1828; in 1834 he became pastor at the new St. Elisabeth Church in Berlin’s

Walther Gerlach was a German physicist noted especially for his work with Otto Stern on the deflections of atoms in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field. Educated at the University of Tübingen, he became a lecturer there in 1916; after periods at Göttingen and Frankfurt, he returned to Tübingen as

Adrien-Victor-Joseph, baron de Gerlache de Gomery was a Belgian naval officer who led the first Antarctic expedition concentrating on scientific observation (1897–99). Sailing with him as mate on the Belgica was Roald Amundsen, who on a subsequent expedition of his own was the first to reach the

Nathaniel Palmer: …subsequent voyages Palmer discovered the Gerlache Strait and Orleans Channel in Antarctica as well as the South Orkney Islands.

Étienne-Constantin, baron de Gerlache was a Belgian Catholic statesman and historian and a parliamentary leader in the first years of the Belgian kingdom established in 1830. He helped Leopold of Saxe-Coburg become the first king of the Belgians as Leopold I in 1831. After practicing law in Paris

Gerlach Peak, highest peak (8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) of the Carpathian Mountains and of Slovakia. It is in the High Tatra range near the Polish

Gerlach Peak, highest peak (8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) of the Carpathian Mountains and of Slovakia. It is in the High Tatra range near the Polish

Gerlach Peak, highest peak (8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) of the Carpathian Mountains and of Slovakia. It is in the High Tatra range near the Polish

soma: …between the soma and the germ cells was propounded by the 19th-century German biologist August Weismann in the “germ plasm” theory that emphasized the role of the immortal, heredity-carrying genes and chromosomes, which are transmitted through successive generations of each species and determine the character of each individual in the…

teratoma: Epidemiology and pathology: Teratomas are a type of germ cell tumor and are often also considered to be a type of congenital tumor (a tumor present at birth), since they may originate during embryonic development, even though many are not apparent until childhood or adulthood. They commonly occur in the ovaries or testes…

germ layer, any of three primary cell layers, formed in the earliest stages of embryonic development, consisting of the endoderm (inner layer), the ectoderm (outer layer), and the mesoderm (middle layer). The germ layers form during the process of gastrulation, when the hollow ball of cells that

biological development: The scope of development: …19th century, as the “germ plasm” and the “soma.” The germ plasm consists of the essential elements, or genes, passed on from one generation to the next, and the soma consists of the body that may be produced as the organism develops. In more modern terms, Weismann’s germ plasm…

germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, English surgeon Joseph Lister, and German physician Robert Koch are given

fungus: Asexual reproduction: …to a structure called a germ tube, which develops into a new hypha.

Feodosiya: …the earliest documented use of biological warfare.

biological weapon, any of a number of disease-producing agents—such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, toxins, or other biological agents—that may be utilized as weapons against humans, animals, or plants. The direct use of infectious agents and poisons against enemy personnel is an ancient

germ-plasm theory, concept of the physical basis of heredity expressed by the 19th-century biologist August Weismann (q.v.). According to his theory, germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of the body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells (eggs and sperm) and is the

Saint Germanus of Paris ; feast day May 28) was an abbot, bishop, and one of France’s most revered saints, who was an important, though unsuccessful, mediator in the fratricidal conflicts among several Merovingian kings. Ordained a priest in 530 at Autun, Germanus was made abbot of the Monastery of

Saint Germanus of Auxerre ; feast day: Wales, August 3; elsewhere, July 31) was a Gallic prelate who was twice sent on crucial missions to England that helped effect the consolidation of the British church. After practicing law at Rome, Germanus was made a provincial governor in Armorica (ancient

François-Thomas Germain was the last of the distinguished Germain family of Parisian silversmiths. He took over the family workshop on the death of his father, Thomas Germain (q.v.), in 1748. At the same time he was granted apartments in the Louvre and was made the royal silversmith. He continued

George Sackville-Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville was an English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the British army for his failure to obey orders in the Battle of Minden (1759) during the Seven Years’ War. As colonial secretary he was partly responsible for the British defeat at

Sophie Germain was a French mathematician who contributed notably to the study of acoustics, elasticity, and the theory of numbers. As a girl Germain read widely in her father’s library and then later, using the pseudonym of M. Le Blanc, managed to obtain lecture notes for courses from the newly

Pierre Germain was the first notable member of a distinguished family of Parisian silversmiths. Germain was the son of a silversmith and at the age of 17 was presented to Louis XIV. He was admitted as a master in the guild in 1669. In 1677 he made an ornate frame for a portrait of the king, notable

Sophie Germain was a French mathematician who contributed notably to the study of acoustics, elasticity, and the theory of numbers. As a girl Germain read widely in her father’s library and then later, using the pseudonym of M. Le Blanc, managed to obtain lecture notes for courses from the newly

French literature: Prose fiction: Sylvie Germain’s magic realism works on landscapes steeped in history, where the past painfully but also productively encloses the present. Her novel La Pleurante des rues de Prague (1992; The Weeping Woman on the Streets of Prague) is a dreamlike, surreal evocation of a city…

Thomas Germain was a French silversmith, perhaps the best-known member of a distinguished family of silversmiths. The son of Pierre Germain, he studied painting as a boy under Louis Boullogne the Younger. About 1688 he was sent to Rome, where in 1691 he became apprenticed to an Italian silversmith.