Publius Septimius Geta was a Roman emperor from 209 to 211, jointly with his father, Septimius Severus (reigned 193–211), and his brother, Caracalla (reigned 198–217). The younger son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, he was given the title caesar on January 28, 198, when his elder brother

Getae, an ancient people of Thracian origin, inhabiting the banks of the lower Danube region and nearby plains. First appearing in the 6th century bc, the Getae were subjected to Scythian influence and were known as expert mounted archers and devotees of the deity Zalmoxis. Although the daughter of

Getafe, city, south-central Madrid provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), central Spain. Notable buildings include a large Piarist seminary and the 16th-century Church of Santa María Magdalena, built in the austere style of Juan de Herrera. In the vicinity, the Hill of

Red Hot Chili Peppers: …the group’s 11th studio album, The Getaway (2016). Its lead single, “Dark Necessities,” topped Billboard’s alternative, adult alternative, and mainstream rock music charts, the fourth song in history to do so.

Sam Peckinpah: Bloody Sam: …responded with the gritty thriller The Getaway (1972). Based on a novel by Jim Thompson, it starred McQueen as a prisoner who is paroled on the condition that he rob a bank, but, after being double-crossed, he goes on the run with his wife (Ali MacGraw). Superbly plotted and highly…

textile: Weft knitting: In the Getaz toe, the seam is placed under the toes instead of on top of them.

Christa Wolf: …novel, Der geteilte Himmel (1963; Divided Heaven; filmed 1964), established her reputation. This work explores the political and romantic conflicts of Rita and Manfred. He defects to West Berlin for greater personal and professional freedom, and she, after a brief stay with him, rejects the West and returns to East…

Gethsemane, garden across the Kidron Valley on the Mount of Olives (Hebrew Har ha-Zetim), a ridge paralleling the eastern part of Jerusalem, where Jesus is said to have prayed on the night of his arrest before the Crucifixion. The name Gethsemane (Hebrew gat shemanim, “oil presses”) suggests that

Gethsemane, garden across the Kidron Valley on the Mount of Olives (Hebrew Har ha-Zetim), a ridge paralleling the eastern part of Jerusalem, where Jesus is said to have prayed on the night of his arrest before the Crucifixion. The name Gethsemane (Hebrew gat shemanim, “oil presses”) suggests that

Getae, an ancient people of Thracian origin, inhabiting the banks of the lower Danube region and nearby plains. First appearing in the 6th century bc, the Getae were subjected to Scythian influence and were known as expert mounted archers and devotees of the deity Zalmoxis. Although the daughter of

Germanic religion and mythology: Early medieval records: …importance survives from before the Getica, a history of the Goths written by the Gothic historian Jordanes circa 550; it was based on a larger (lost) work of Cassiodorus, which also incorporated the earlier work of Ablavius. The Getica incorporates valuable records of Gothic tradition, the origin of the Goths,…

Getae: Their culture is sometimes called Geto-Dacian.

Georg Philipp Telemann: Life: …sonatas); the first music periodical, Der getreue Music-Meister (1728–29; containing 70 compositions); Der harmonische Gottesdienst (1725–26; 72 church cantatas); and 36 fantasias for harpsichord.

get, Jewish document of divorce written in Aramaic according to a prescribed formula. Orthodox and Conservative Jews recognize it as the only valid instrument for severing a marriage bond. Rabbinic courts outside Israel, recognizing the need to comply with civil laws regulating divorce and

epistemology: Plato: …century, when the American philosopher Edmund L. Gettier produced a startling counterexample. Suppose that Kathy knows Oscar very well. Kathy is walking across the mall, and Oscar is walking behind her, out of sight. In front of her, Kathy sees someone walking toward her who looks exactly like Oscar. Unbeknownst…

John Lennon: Career with the Beatles: …added to McCartney’s positive-thinking “Getting Better” in 1967. Culturally too, Lennon assumed the role of the candid provocateur. All four Beatles were witty, all four irreverent. But only Lennon would have observed “We’re more popular than Jesus now” or boiled the story of youth culture down to “America had…

Macaulay Culkin: Early life and work: …the next year—The Nutcracker (1993), Getting Even with Dad (1994), The Pagemaster (1994), and, in the title role, Richie Rich (1994)—before taking a step back from acting.

Harry Furniss: …example is the strip cartoon “Getting Gladstone’s Collar Up.” He also designed a famous commercial “tramp” poster for a brand of soap (“I used your soap two years ago and have not used any other since”). Strongly critical of the Royal Academy, he held in 1887 an exhibition of parodies…

Elizabeth Jane Howard: …include Odd Girl Out (1972), Getting It Right (1982; film 1989), Falling (1999; film 2005), and Love All (2008). Among her works of short fiction are We Are for the Dark (1951), a collection of ghost stories, and Mr. Wrong (1975), a volume of collected short stories.

If yours is like many American households, you may have more things hiding in your cupboards, closets, or basement than you know what to do with. If you’re staying put, the clutter may be a mere annoyance. But if you plan on moving, that’s when things get real: You have to figure out what to do

Suzan-Lori Parks: Parks’s first novel, Getting Mother’s Body, was published in 2003.

Henry Handel Richardson: Her second novel, The Getting of Wisdom (1910), is an account of her life at the boarding school in Melbourne. On completing it she began the trilogy that occupied the next 20 years of her life, The Fortunes of Richard Mahony (1930; Australia Felix, 1917; The Way Home,…

Laurie Metcalf: …in a leading role in Getting On (2013–15). Metcalf also earned praise for her performance in an episode of comedian Louis C.K.’s dramedy series Horace and Pete (2016) and for her recurring role as the mother of physicist Sheldon (Jim Parsons) in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory (2007–19); the…

Terry McMillan: Later works and career: …The Interruption of Everything (2005); Getting to Happy (2010), a sequel to Waiting to Exhale; Who Asked You? (2013); and I Almost Forgot About You (2016). McMillan edited Breaking Ice: An Anthology of Contemporary African-American Fiction (1990) and has taught at the universities of Wyoming and Arizona and at

The Golden Girls: Premise and characters: …the straight-talking Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty), a stroke survivor whose retirement home has just burned down. The pilot episode also featured a younger, male, live-in housekeeper character named Coco (Charles Levin), but the show’s creators decided to make Sophia, originally written as a minor character, a permanent part of…

Los Angeles: Museums: …Museum, with locations at the Getty Center in Los Angeles (designed by Richard Meier; 1997) and the Getty Villa in Malibu (opened 2006); and the three locations of the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA; founded 1979)—MOCA Grand Avenue, designed by Isozaki Arata (1986), the Geffen Contemporary at MOCA (1984), in…

Flickr: The following month Getty Images, one of the world’s largest photo agencies, announced a plan to begin inviting select Flickr members to participate in one of its commercial photo groups. Flickr was eventually supplanted as the dominant photo-sharing service by social media companies such as Facebook and Instagram,…

J. Paul Getty Museum, museum and research centre established by oil tycoon J. Paul Getty as a home for his collections of artworks. It comprises two locations in Los Angeles: the Getty Villa and the Getty Center. The former houses a collection of antiquities, while the latter exhibits European art

J. Paul Getty: …a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in nearly 200 other concerns.

Getty Trust, private operating foundation that was founded by the American oil billionaire J. Paul Getty in 1953 for the purpose of establishing the J. Paul Getty Museum, which opened to the public in 1954. The Getty Trust has become a multibillion-dollar philanthropic foundation dedicated to

J. Paul Getty Museum: …locations in Los Angeles: the Getty Villa and the Getty Center. The former houses a collection of antiquities, while the latter exhibits European art and international photography.

The Golden Girls: Premise and characters: …the straight-talking Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty), a stroke survivor whose retirement home has just burned down. The pilot episode also featured a younger, male, live-in housekeeper character named Coco (Charles Levin), but the show’s creators decided to make Sophia, originally written as a minor character, a permanent part of…

J. Paul Getty was an American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death. He owned a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in nearly 200 other concerns. After graduating from the University of Oxford in 1913, Getty bought and sold oil leases near

J. Paul Getty was an American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death. He owned a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in nearly 200 other concerns. After graduating from the University of Oxford in 1913, Getty bought and sold oil leases near

Gettysburg, borough (town), Adams county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., 38 miles (61 km) southwest of Harrisburg, just north of the Maryland border. Laid out in the 1780s by James Gettys and called Gettys-town, it was renamed in 1800 when it became the county seat and was incorporated in 1806.

Gettysburg, borough (town), Adams county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., 38 miles (61 km) southwest of Harrisburg, just north of the Maryland border. Laid out in the 1780s by James Gettys and called Gettys-town, it was renamed in 1800 when it became the county seat and was incorporated in 1806.

Gettysburg Address, world-famous speech delivered by U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln at the dedication (November 19, 1863) of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the site of one of the decisive battles of the American Civil War (July 1–3, 1863). The main address at the dedication ceremony

Gettysburg College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. Though it is affiliated with the Lutheran church, the college maintains a policy of nonsectarian instruction. The college offers a liberal arts curriculum and awards bachelor’s degrees only.

Adams: Soldiers’ Monument in Gettysburg National Cemetery marks the spot where President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863).

Gettysburg: …virtually a museum focusing on Gettysburg National Military Park, 9 square miles (23 square km) in area and site of the hallowed battlefield. The Soldiers’ National Monument in Gettysburg National Cemetery marks the spot where President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863). There are more than 1,600…

Battle of Gettysburg, (July 1–3, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War, fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, that was a crushing Southern defeat. It is generally regarded as the turning point of the war and has probably been more intensively studied and

Getxo, city, suburb of Bilbao, Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is located near where the Nervión River empties into the Bay of Biscay and includes four barrios (city districts): Algorta, Las Arenas, Neguri, and

Stan Getz was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, perhaps the best-known musician of jazz’s “cool school,” noted for his mellow, lush tone. Getz began studying the saxophone at age 13 and made his professional debut at 15. He played with the bands of Jack Teagarden, Stan Kenton, Jimmy Dorsey, and

Stan Getz was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, perhaps the best-known musician of jazz’s “cool school,” noted for his mellow, lush tone. Getz began studying the saxophone at age 13 and made his professional debut at 15. He played with the bands of Jack Teagarden, Stan Kenton, Jimmy Dorsey, and

Arnold Geulincx was a Flemish metaphysician, logician, and leading exponent of a philosophical doctrine known as occasionalism based on the work of René Descartes, as extended to include a comprehensive ethical theory. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) Geulincx studied philosophy

avens, (genus Geum), genus of about 50 species of perennial flowering plants in the rose family (Rosaceae). Most of the species occur in the north or south temperate zone or in the Arctic, and several are cultivated for their white, red, orange, or yellow flowers. Avens rarely grow more than 60 cm

Geum River, river, southwestern South Korea. It rises east of Jeonju in North Jeolla do (province) and flows north-northwest through North Chungcheong do, where it turns southwest and empties into the Yellow Sea at Gunsan. One of the three largest rivers in the country, the Geum River is 249 miles

Geum River, river, southwestern South Korea. It rises east of Jeonju in North Jeolla do (province) and flows north-northwest through North Chungcheong do, where it turns southwest and empties into the Yellow Sea at Gunsan. One of the three largest rivers in the country, the Geum River is 249 miles

Geuzen, the largely Calvinist Dutch guerrilla and privateering forces whose military actions initiated the Netherlands’ revolt against Spanish rule (1568–1609). The term was first applied derisively to the lesser nobility who, together with some of the great Netherlands magnates, in 1566 petitioned

particle accelerator: Accelerating particles: …volts (MeV, or million eV), gigaelectron volts (GeV, or billion eV), or teraelectron volts (TeV, or trillion eV).

Agfa-Gevaert NV: …of Leverkusen, West Germany, and Gevaert Photo-Producten NV of Mortsel, Belgium. The merger established twin operating companies, one German (Agfa-Gevaert AG) and one Belgian (Gevaert-Agfa NV, which in 1971 became Agfa-Gevaert NV). Long known for its development and production of photographic film and photofinishing equipment, Agfa sold its consumer film…

Gévaudan, ancient region of France, formerly located in the southern province of Languedoc and corresponding to most of the modern département of Lozère. A Roman community called Civitas Gabalitana, or Gabalitanus Pagus, it was occupied by the Visigoths in 472 and later became part of the Frankish

Gévaudan: …roaming ground of a mysterious Beast of Gévaudan (Bête du Gévaudan), which inspired much popular literature and contemporary excitement. It appeared suddenly in 1765 and, in three years, allegedly attacked and devoured some 50 persons before it was killed by a peasant named Jean Chastel. The beast was doubtfully identified…

Marie Gevers was a Belgian novelist and poet whose works, almost without exception, evoke Kempenland, a rural area in which she spent most of her life; her family estate, Missembourg, was situated near Antwerp. Gevers first wrote lyrical poems inspired by the everyday incidents of her tranquil

Marie Gevers was a Belgian novelist and poet whose works, almost without exception, evoke Kempenland, a rural area in which she spent most of her life; her family estate, Missembourg, was situated near Antwerp. Gevers first wrote lyrical poems inspired by the everyday incidents of her tranquil

griot, West African troubadour-historian. The griot profession is hereditary and has long been a part of West African culture. The griots’ role has traditionally been to preserve the genealogies, historical narratives, and oral traditions of their people; praise songs are also part of the griot’s

Germanic law: Tribal Germanic institutions: …the law of property was gewere, or the power exercised by the owner, which did not clearly distinguish between legal title and physical control. Various forms of limited ownership were recognized. Land was treated differently from movables; originally it had belonged to each family collectively. Family ownership gradually developed into…

Albin Zollinger: … (1940; “Panhandle”) and his novella Das Gewitter (1943; “The Thunderstorm”) are confrontations with the great movements of his epoch; and while his plots suffer from looseness, his language is rich and evocative.

Confucianism: The Song masters: …By making special reference to gewu (“investigation of things”), he raised doubts about the appropriateness of focusing exclusively on the illumination of the mind in self-cultivation, as his brother seems to have done. The learning of the mind as advocated by Cheng Hao and the learning of the principle as…

Alsace: Geography: Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and Pinot Blanc are among the notable white wines produced. Colmar is the principal centre of the wine-growing region, whose vineyards extend in a narrow strip along the lower slopes of the Vosges west of the city. Parts of the alluvial plain…

Zhao Youqin: His astronomical treatise Gexiang xinshu (“New Writing on the Symbol of Alteration”) presents his cosmological theory featuring a flat Earth inside a spherical Heaven, his explanation of the lunar and solar eclipses, and his experiments with a camera obscura to establish the relationship between the luminosity of an…

aṅgā: Geyya, or geya (a technical term meaning mixed prose and verse), sutta that incorporates gāthā (“verse”). Veyyākaraṇa (“explanation,” or “prophecy”), a category into which the whole Pāli Abhidhamma Piṭaka (“Basket of Special Doctrine”) has been placed, together with miscellaneous works. For the Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That…

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The large and scenic Lake Geygyol lies at an altitude of 5,138 feet (1,566 meters).

geyi, in Chinese Buddhism, the practice of borrowing from Daoist and other philosophical texts phrases with which to explain their own ideas. According to tradition, geyi was first used by Zhu Faya, a student of many religions of the 4th century ce, as he came to understand Buddhism. The technique

Pieter Geyl was a Dutch historian whose works on the Netherlands are highly respected both for their wealth of information and for their scholarly, incisive critical analysis. Geyl became interested in history after entering the University of Leiden, where, during his last year there (1911), he

Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg was a German tank commander in World War II. Geyr joined the German army in 1904. He fought on several fronts in World War I and rose to the rank of captain. He remained in the army after the war, becoming a colonel in 1932 and serving as a German military attaché in

geyser, hot spring that intermittently spouts jets of steam and hot water. The term is derived from the Icelandic word geysir, meaning “to gush.” Geysers result from the heating of groundwater by shallow bodies of magma. They are generally associated with areas that have seen past volcanic

silica mineral: Solubility of silica minerals: …silica results in formation of siliceous sinter or geyserite, as at Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park in the western United States.

Geysir, geyser located in the geothermal area of Hauka valley (Haukadalur), southwestern Iceland. The spouting hot spring gave its name (in use since 1647) to similar phenomena around the world. It spouted boiling water at least as early as the 13th century, but since 1916 it has been relatively

chorale: …of such melodies was the Geystliches Gesangk-Buchleyn (1524), edited by Johann Walther with a preface by Luther. From that time, the technique of chorale writing expanded and many collections were published. Luther’s own compositions include “Ein’ feste Burg” (“A Mighty Fortress”) and “Vom Himmel hoch” (“From Heaven High”), of which…

Minggantu: …an unfinished mathematical manuscript, the Geyuan milü jiefa (“Quick Methods for the Circle’s Division and Precise Ratio”), which his student Chen Jixin completed in 1774. The work was first published in 1839. Starting with infinite series expansions for sine, cosine, and π that had been introduced into China (without, however,…

aṅgā: Geyya, or geya (a technical term meaning mixed prose and verse), sutta that incorporates gāthā (“verse”). Veyyākaraṇa (“explanation,” or “prophecy”), a category into which the whole Pāli Abhidhamma Piṭaka (“Basket of Special Doctrine”) has been placed, together with miscellaneous works. For the Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That…

Gyalshing, town, southwestern Sikkim state, northern India. Gyalshing lies just west of the Rangit River on the Rathong-Kalet interfluve. The town has a hospital, a rest house, a higher secondary school, a college affiliated with Sikkim University in Gangtok, and a small hydroelectric project. Pop.

Japanese music: Onstage music: …(debayashi) and offstage groups (geza). In plays derived from puppet dramas the gidayū musicians, called here the chobo, are placed on their traditional platform offstage left or behind a curtained alcove above the stage-left exit. If other genres are used, the performers are placed about the stage according to…

Árpád dynasty: During the reign of Géza (972–997), Árpád’s great-grandson, they established cordial relations with the West and acknowledged the authority of their king before the authority of their chieftains.

Ladislas I: …Hungary, he and his brother Géza refused to contest the throne against their cousin Salomon; however, they quarreled with him and drove him from the country (1073). Géza took the throne, and, on his death, in 1077, Ladislas succeeded him as king of Hungary.

Hungary: The early kings: …secrecy, and Béla’s eldest son, Géza II (1141–62), ruled thereafter unchallenged, but the succession of Géza’s son, Stephen III (1162–72), was disputed by two of his uncles, Ladislas II (1162–63) and Stephen IV (1163–65). Happily, the death of Stephen IV exhausted the supply of uncles, and Stephen III’s brother, Béla…

Taoism: Internal developments: …continued to prosper, while the Gezao sect flourished at the mountain of that name, in Jiangxi province. This was said to be the spot where the 3rd-century Immortal Ge Xuan had ascended to heaven; the sect looked to him as its founder, and it transmitted the Lingbao scriptures, which he…

Guido Gezelle was a Flemish priest and poet who was one of the masters of 19th-century European lyric poetry. Gezelle was ordained in 1854 while already a teacher at Roeselare, where he remained until 1860. He worked to inspire his students with his religious, poetic, and Flemish-nationalist

Gezer, ancient royal Canaanite city, near present-day Ramla, Israel. Gezer is often mentioned in the Old Testament and in the Egyptian records of the New Kingdom, from Thutmose III (1479–26 bc) to Merneptah (1213–04 bc). Gezer was abandoned about 900 bc and was little occupied thereafter. The

Hebrew alphabet: …of Early Hebrew writing, the Gezer Calendar, dates from the 10th century bce, and the writing used varies little from the earliest North Semitic alphabets. The Early Hebrew alphabet, like the modern Hebrew variety, had 22 letters, with only consonants represented, and was written from right to left; but the…

biblical literature: Parallelism: …religious leaders) was that of gezera shawa, “equal category,” according to which an obscure passage might be illuminated by reference to another containing the same key term. There are several examples in Paul’s Old Testament exegesis, one of the best known being in Galatians 3:10–14, where the mystery of Christ’s…

Yangtze River: Hydroelectric power: …ambitious project completed was the Gezhouba hydroelectric dam above Yichang, which was the first structure to block the flow of the Yangtze. Gezhouba was superseded by the massive Three Gorges Dam project. At the time of the Three Gorges Dam’s completion in 2006, it was the largest dam structure in…

Cyriel Buysse: In some—Het gezin Van Paemel (1903; “The Van Paemel Family”), for example—he again took up the cause of the oppressed peasantry. His later novels, including Tantes (1924; “Aunts”) and De schandpaal (1928; “The Pillory”), exhibit a controlled, detached style that enhances his gift for the probing…

Gyalshing, town, southwestern Sikkim state, northern India. Gyalshing lies just west of the Rangit River on the Rathong-Kalet interfluve. The town has a hospital, a rest house, a higher secondary school, a college affiliated with Sikkim University in Gangtok, and a small hydroelectric project. Pop.

Sudan: Mechanized agriculture: …areas are centred on the Gezira Scheme (Al-Jazīrah)—with its Mangil extension—between the Blue and White Niles south of Khartoum. Other major farming areas are watered by the Khashm Al-Qirbah Dam on the Atbara River and by Al-Ruṣayriṣ Dam, which provides irrigation water for the Rahad Scheme.

Al-Jazīrah, (Arabic: “Island”), the northern reaches of Mesopotamia, now making up part of northern Iraq and extending into eastern Turkey and extreme northeastern Syria. The region lies between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and is bounded on the south by a line running between Takrīt and Anbar.

Al-Jazīrah, region, central-southeast Sudan. Al-Jazīrah lies just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers; the Blue Nile runs northwestward through the central part of the region, and the White Nile lies to the west. The Blue Nile is joined by the Dinder River at the southern

Benin: The kingdom of Dahomey: …its power under the kings Gezo (1818–58) and Glélé (1858–89). Gezo liberated Dahomey from its subjection to Oyo by defeating the latter in 1823. Dahomean attempts at expansion eastward, however, brought it up against the powerful state of Abeokuta (also in Nigeria). Dahomean attacks upon Abeokuta in 1851 and 1864…

Benin: The kingdom of Dahomey: …its power under the kings Gezo (1818–58) and Glélé (1858–89). Gezo liberated Dahomey from its subjection to Oyo by defeating the latter in 1823. Dahomean attempts at expansion eastward, however, brought it up against the powerful state of Abeokuta (also in Nigeria). Dahomean attacks upon Abeokuta in 1851 and 1864…

Ethiopian chant: …distinctly different manners of chanting: geʿez, in which most melodies are performed; araray, presumably containing “cheerful” melodies, sung in a higher range, and used less frequently in services; and ezel, associated with periods of fasting and sorrow and used exclusively for Holy Week. According to church tradition, each style of…

Geʿez language, liturgical language of the Ethiopian church. Geʿez is a Semitic language of the Southern Peripheral group, to which also belong the South Arabic dialects and Amharic, one of the principal languages of Ethiopia. Both Geʿez and the related languages of Ethiopia are written and read

ecological footprint: The (GFN)—a nonprofit organization that partnered with hundreds of cities, businesses, and other entities to advance the EF as a metric of sustainability—calculates the per capita global footprint. In 2023 the per capita global footprint was 2.6 gha. Since global biocapacity that year was 1.5 gha…

Martin Chalfie: …discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), a naturally occurring substance in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that is used as a tool to make visible the actions of certain cells. Their work with GFP opened a vast set of opportunities for studying biological processes at the molecular level.

Eduardo Kac: …his best-known and most-controversial work, GFP Bunny. Again mixing conceptual and performance art, Kac centred the project on a rabbit engineered to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria. The animal, named Alba by Kac and his family, was seen by the public only in photographs.…

renal system: Quantitative tests: …function is that of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is calculated by measuring the specific clearance from the body of a substance believed to be excreted solely by glomerular filtration. The renal clearance of any substance is the volume of plasma containing that amount of the substance that…

Google: Early investment, rapid growth, and a 2004 IPO: …proprietary pieces of computer code: Google File System (GFS), Bigtable, and MapReduce. GFS handles the storage of data in “chunks” across several machines; Bigtable is the company’s database program; and MapReduce is used by Google to generate higher-level data (e.g., putting together an index of Web pages that contain the…

Iraq: Labour and taxation: …authorized labour organization is the General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU), established in 1987, which is affiliated with the International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions and the World Federation of Trade Unions. Under the Baʿath government, workers in the private sector were allowed to join only local unions associated with…

Ann Marie Fudge: Fudge joined GFUSA, Kraft General Foods’ largest operating unit, in 1986 as associate director of strategic planning. She soon moved into marketing positions, where her innovative coupon campaign targeting children boosted Kool-Aid’s flagging sales. As vice president of marketing and development (1989–91) for GFUSA’s Dinners and Enhancers…

General Federation of Women’s Clubs International (GFWC), umbrella organization in the United States founded in 1890 to coordinate its members’ efforts at promoting volunteer community service. During its more than century-long existence, the federation has focused its activities on areas such as