Alpine skiing: …latter including the slalom and giant slalom. The speed events are contested in single runs down long, steep, fast courses featuring few and widely spaced turns. The technical events challenge the skier’s ability to maneuver over courses marked by closely spaced gates through which both skis must pass; winners are…

nurse shark: …the tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus) and the shorttail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum). They are not related to the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)—a type of sand shark inhabiting the waters above the continental shelves in most warm and temperate regions—which is sometimes referred to as the gray nurse…

goliath frog, (Conraua goliath), West African frog inhabiting dense lowland rainforests and a few fast-moving rivers and waterfalls in Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. Classified in the family Conrauidae, it is best known as the world’s largest frog species. Males and females grow as long as 32 cm

snowdrop: …common snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) and giant snowdrop (G. elwesii), are cultivated as ornamentals for their nodding, sometimes fragrant flowers.

solenodon: The giant solenodon (S. arredondoi) is represented by partial skeletons from western Cuba. Whether it survived after 1500 is unknown, as the bones may date to the Pleistocene Epoch (2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago) or the Holocene Epoch (11,700 years ago to the present). This large…

arrau, large and somewhat flat freshwater turtle with a neck that does not retract but instead can be tucked to the side and concealed beneath the shell (see side-necked turtle). Of the several South American Podocnemis species, arrau generally refers to the largest, P. expansa of northern South

giant crab, (Macrocheira kaempferi), species of spider crab (q.v.) native to Pacific waters near Japan. It occurs at depths of 50 to 300 m (150 to 1,000 feet). The largest specimens may be up to 3.7 m or more from the tip of one outstretched claw to another. The body is about 37 cm (15 inches)

giant squid, (genus Architeuthis), any member of a genus of large, elusive cephalopods inhabiting deep regions of temperate to subtropical marine waters. Thought to be the largest or second largest living invertebrate, next to the colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), the giant squid has

giant star, any star having a relatively large radius for its mass and temperature; because the radiating area is correspondingly large, the brightness of such stars is high. Subclasses of giants are supergiants, with even larger radii and brightness for their masses and temperatures (see

John Coltrane: …the virtuoso performance of “Giant Steps” (1959).

cane toad, (Rhinella marina), a large terrestrial omnivorous amphibian considered to be one of the most invasive pests on Earth. This toxic species is native to South and Central America but is now found across the world, from Australia and Oceania to Caribbean islands and parts of the United

Galapagos Islands: Its giant tortoises are thought to have some of the longest life spans (up to 150 years) of any creature on Earth. The close affinities of Galapagos animals to the fauna of South and Central America indicate that most of the islands’ species originated there. Because of…

migration: Reptiles and amphibians: In the Galápagos Islands, giant land tortoises (Testudo elephantopus) stay chiefly in the upper humid zone, where food is abundant, but go down to the dry zone to lay their eggs. Despite their great body weight and slow pace, they travel some 50 kilometres (30 miles) across rough country.

angioedema, allergic disorder in which large, localized, painless swellings similar to hives appear under the skin. Angioedema may be acute or chronic, and the condition may be hereditary or acquired. The swelling is caused by massive accumulation of fluid (edema) following exposure to an allergen

giant water bug, any wide and flat-bodied aquatic insect of the family Belostomatidae (order Heteroptera). This family, although containing only about 100 species, includes the largest bugs in the order: sometimes exceeding 10 cm (4 inches) in the South American species Lethocerus grandis and

giant water scorpion, any member of the extinct subclass Eurypterida of the arthropod group Merostomata, a lineage of large, scorpion-like, aquatic invertebrates that flourished during the Silurian Period (444 to 416 million years ago). Well over 200 species have been identified and divided into 18

otter shrew: The giant otter shrew (Potamogale velox) has the body form, fur texture, and coloration of a river otter but is smaller. It weighs less than 400 grams (0.9 pound) and has a body 27 to 33 cm (11 to 13 inches) long and a slightly shorter…

Diprotodon, extinct genus of marsupial classified in the suborder Vombatiformes and considered to be the largest known group of marsupial mammals. Diprotodon lived during the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) in Australia and is a close relative of living wombats and koalas. Its

Giant’s Castle, peak in the Drakensberg mountain range, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. It rises to 10,869 feet (3,313 metres) above sea level. The peak is situated within the Giant’s Castle Game Reserve, which is part of uKhahlamba/Drakensberg Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site noted for its

Giant’s Castle: …peak is situated within the Giant’s Castle Game Reserve, which is part of uKhahlamba/Drakensberg Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site noted for its natural and cultural value.

Giant’s Causeway, promontory of basalt columns along 4 miles (6 km) of the northern coast of Northern Ireland. It lies on the edge of the Antrim plateau between Causeway Head and Benbane Head, some 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Londonderry. There are approximately 40,000 of these stone pillars,

Hilary Mantel: …returned to historical fiction with The Giant, O’Brien, which imaginatively explores and contrasts the lives of two real 18th-century figures—a freakishly tall sideshow performer steeped in the Irish oral tradition and a Scottish surgeon in thrall to modern science.

connective tissue disease: Necrotizing vasculitides: Giant-cell or temporal arteritis occurs chiefly in older people and is manifested by severe temporal or occipital headaches (in the temples or at the back of the head), mental disturbances, visual difficulties, fever, anemia, aching pains and weakness in the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdles…

granulomatous thyroiditis, inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland, of unknown but presumably viral origin. It may persist from several weeks to a few months but subsides spontaneously. The disease most frequently occurs in women. The thyroid gland becomes enlarged, and most patients complain of

nervous system: Complex mollusks: The giant-fibre system—also seen in earthworms and insects—is very well developed in the squid. The diameter of giant fibres is many times greater than the diameter of most other nerve fibres. Giant neurons in the brain send fibres to the retractor muscles of the head and…

Moon: Origin and evolution: …1980s that a model emerged—the giant-impact hypothesis—that eventually gained the support of most lunar scientists.

Gianti Agreement, (1755), in Indonesia, treaty between two members of the Mataram royal family as a result of a succession war in 1749–57. Pakubuwono II, king of Mataram, had backed a Chinese rebellion against the Dutch. In 1743, in payment for his restoration to power, the King ceded the north

San Francisco Giants, American professional baseball team based in San Francisco. The Giants have won eight World Series titles and 23 National League (NL) pennants. The franchise that would become the Giants was established in 1883 in New York City and was initially known as the Gothams. In 1885

Giants in the Earth, novel by O.E. Rølvaag that chronicles the struggles of Norwegian immigrant settlers in the Dakota territory in the 1870s. First published in Norway in two volumes as I de dage (1924; “In Those Days”) and Riket grundlæges (1925; “The Kingdom Is Founded”), the novel was published

Giants in the Earth, novel by O.E. Rølvaag that chronicles the struggles of Norwegian immigrant settlers in the Dakota territory in the 1870s. First published in Norway in two volumes as I de dage (1924; “In Those Days”) and Riket grundlæges (1925; “The Kingdom Is Founded”), the novel was published

Bükk Mountains: 5-mile (20-by-7-kilometre) limestone plateau (called Giants’ Table) with a rim of white cliffs dominating the surrounding lower mountains. The Bükk is an intensely folded and faulted block range. Along fault lines south of the Bükk are volcanic tuffs and lavas and post-volcanic hot springs. The Bükk, with a continuous tree…

Giulio Romano was a late Renaissance painter and architect, the principal heir of Raphael, and one of the initiators of the Mannerist style. Giulio was apprenticed to Raphael as a child and had become so important in the workshop that by Raphael’s death, in 1520, he was named with G. Penni as one

Lord Byron: Life and career: …he wrote at this time: The Giaour (1813); The Bride of Abydos (1813); The Corsair (1814), which sold 10,000 copies on the day of publication; and Lara (1814).

Vo Nguyen Giap was a Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional strategy and tactics led to the Viet Minh victory over the French (and to the end of French colonialism in Southeast Asia) and later to the North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam

Western painting: Late Baroque and Rococo: …where he was court painter; Corrado Giaquinto, as court painter in Madrid, turned increasingly toward the Rococo, and Sebastiano Conca worked in Rome, falling increasingly victim to the academic classicism dominant there. Anton Domenico Gabbiani practiced a particularly frigid classicism in Florence, and it was mainly in Bologna and Venice…

Al-Jaghbūb, oasis, northeastern Libya, near the Egyptian border. Located at the northern edge of the Libyan Desert on ancient pilgrim and caravan routes, it was the centre for the Sanūsī religious order (1856–95) because of its isolation from Turkish and European influence. The sect founded there a

Giardia lamblia, single-celled parasite of the order Diplomonadida, the cause of the diarrheal illness giardiasis. Similar to other diplomonads, the cells of Giardia lamblia have two nuclei and eight flagella. G. lamblia cells are further distinguished by the presence of minute organelles known as

Giardia lamblia, single-celled parasite of the order Diplomonadida, the cause of the diarrheal illness giardiasis. Similar to other diplomonads, the cells of Giardia lamblia have two nuclei and eight flagella. G. lamblia cells are further distinguished by the presence of minute organelles known as

antiprotozoal drug: …choice in the treatment of giardiasis, an infection of the intestine caused by a flagellated amoeba.

Felice Giardini was an Italian violinist and composer who influenced the music of 18th-century England. Giardini was a chorister at Milan cathedral and studied singing, composition, and harpsichord. He then studied violin in Turin with the celebrated violinist G.B. Somis. He played in opera

Vittorio De Sica: Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (1970; The Garden of the Finzi-Continis), winner of an Oscar for best foreign film, was an extremely successful adaptation of Giorgio Bassani’s classicnovel about the destruction of the Jews in the city of Ferrara during the Holocaust. Una breve vacanza (1973;…

Giorgio Bassani: …Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (1962; The Garden of the Finzi-Continis; film 1971). The narrator of this work contrasts his own middle-class Jewish family with the aristocratic, decadent Finzi-Continis, also Jewish, whose sheltered lives end in annihilation by the Nazis.

Boboli Gardens, approximately 111 acres (45 hectares) of lavishly landscaped gardens behind the Pitti Palace, extending to modern Fort Belvedere, in Florence. Designed in a carefully structured and geometric Italian Renaissance style, the gardens were begun in 1550 by Niccolò di Raffaello de’

Armenian rite: …used by the priest; the Giashotz, the book of midday, containing the Epistle and Gospel readings for each day; and the Z’amagirq, the book of hours, containing the prayers and psalms of the seven daily offices, primarily matins, prime, and vespers.

William Francis Giauque was a Canadian-born American physical chemist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1949 for his studies of the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolute zero. After earning his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1922, Giauque joined

Adagio in G Minor: …century creation by Italian musicologist Remo Giazotto, who claimed to have found a fragment of an Albinoni composition in the archives of a bombed-out German library, the Staatsbibliothek (State Library) in Dresden. That library did contain a trove of Albinoni’s compositions that were destroyed when the city was firebombed during…

the Bee Gees: >Barry Gibb (born September 1, 1946, Isle of Man) Robin Gibb (born December 22, 1949, Isle of Man—died May 20, 2012, London, England) Maurice Gibb (born December 22, 1949, Isle of Man—died January 12, 2003, Miami,

Death Cab for Cutie: Original members were lead singer Ben Gibbard (b. August 11, 1976, Bremerton, Washington, U.S.), guitarist Chris Walla (b. November 2, 1975, Bothell, Washington), bassist Nick Harmer (b. January 23, 1975, Bothell, Washington), and drummer Nathan Good. Later members included Michael Schorr and Jason McGerr.

gibber, rock- and pebble-littered area of arid or semi-arid country in Australia. The rocks are generally angular fragments formed from broken up duricrust, usually silcrete, a hardened crust of soil cemented by silica (SiO2). The gravel cover may be only one rock fragment deep, or it may consist

England: Architecture of England: …cathedral in Liverpool, designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd, and a batch of new universities founded during the 1960s, such as those near Brighton, Canterbury, Colchester, Norwich, and York.

malformation: Exaggerated growth: …is caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Diseased plants are often conspicuous in a field because of their extreme height and pale, spindly appearance. This exaggerated growth response was found to be due to specific substances, known as gibberellins, which were produced by the fungus. Evidence is now available to…

beer: Germination: …secretes a plant hormone called gibberellic acid, which initiates the synthesis of α-amylase. The α- and β-amylases then convert the starch molecules of the corn into sugars that the embryo can use as food. Other enzymes, such as the proteases and β-glucanases, attack the cell walls around the starch grains,…

gibberellin, any of a group of plant hormones that occur in seeds, young leaves, and roots. The name is derived from Gibberella fujikuroi, a hormone-producing fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that causes excessive growth and poor yield in rice plants. Evidence suggests that gibberellins stimulate

gibbet, a primitive form of gallows. It was a custom at one time—though not part of the legal sentence—to hang the body of an executed criminal in chains. This was known as gibbeting. The word gibbet is taken from the French gibet (“gallows”). Its earliest use in English appears to have meant a

Ellis Island, island in Upper New York Bay, formerly the United States’ principal immigration reception centre. Often referred to as the Gateway to the New World, the island lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Manhattan Island, New York City, and about 1,300 feet (400 metres) east of the New

gibbet: This was known as gibbeting.

gibbon, (family Hylobatidae), any of approximately 20 species of small apes found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Gibbons, like the great apes (gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and bonobos), have a humanlike build and no tail, but gibbons seem to lack higher cognitive abilities and

Edward Gibbon was an English rationalist historian and scholar best known as the author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–88), a continuous narrative from the 2nd century ce to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Gibbon’s grandfather, Edward, had made a considerable

artificial heart: Heart-lung machine: …was reported by American surgeon John H. Gibbon, Jr., in 1953. During this operation for the surgical closure of an atrial septal defect, cardiopulmonary bypass was achieved by a machine equipped with an oxygenator developed by Gibbon and a roller pump developed in 1932 by American surgeon Michael E. DeBakey.…

Amazon River: Early European exploration: …the report that he and Lardner Gibbon—both lieutenants in the U.S. Navy—had made to Congress under the title of Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon.

Lewis Grassic Gibbon was a Scottish novelist whose inventive trilogy published under the collective title A Scots Quair (1946) made him a significant figure in the 20th-century Scottish Renaissance. Mitchell quit school at the age of 16 and worked as a junior reporter in Aberdeen and Glasgow before

Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824), U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. The state of New York agreed in 1798 to grant Robert Fulton and his backer, Robert R. Livingston, a monopoly on

Abigail Hopper Gibbons was an American social reformer, remembered especially for her activism in the cause of prison reform. Abigail Hopper was born into a pious Quaker family with a deep tradition of good works, which was reflected throughout her life in her devotion to social causes. She

Portishead: Principal members included lead singer Beth Gibbons (b. January 4, 1965, Keynsham, Bath and North East Somerset, England), producer Geoff Barrow (b. December 9, 1971, Walton-in-Gordano, North Somerset, England), and guitarist Adrian Utley (b. April 27, 1957, Northampton, Northamptonshire, England).

ZZ Top: The members are singer-guitarist Billy Gibbons (b. December 16, 1949, Houston, Texas, U.S.), bass player Dusty Hill (original name Joe Michael Hill, b. May 19, 1949, Dallas, Texas—d. July 27, 2021, Houston), and drummer Frank Beard (b. June 11, 1949, Frankston, Texas).

Cedric Gibbons was an Irish American art director for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) motion-picture studio; his name appears on nearly 1,500 films produced by that studio during the 32 years (1924–56) that he worked there. Credit is usually given to Gibbons for designing the Oscar statuette that is

Watchmen: …writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons, published as a 12-part series by DC Comics from September 1986 to October 1987. The complex characters and mature story line were unlike anything previously seen in the superhero genre.

Grinling Gibbons was a British wood-carver known for his decorative woodwork and for much stone ornamentation at Blenheim and Hampton Court palaces and at St. Paul’s Cathedral. After a childhood in the Netherlands, where his English father had settled, Gibbons went to England and took up residence

James Cardinal Gibbons was an American prelate who, as archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 to 1921, served as a bridge between Roman Catholicism and American Catholic values. Gibbons was taken by his parents from Baltimore to Ireland in 1837. He returned to the United States 10 years later and spent

James Cardinal Gibbons was an American prelate who, as archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 to 1921, served as a bridge between Roman Catholicism and American Catholic values. Gibbons was taken by his parents from Baltimore to Ireland in 1837. He returned to the United States 10 years later and spent

Orlando Gibbons was an organist and composer, one of the last great figures of the English polyphonic school. Gibbons was the most illustrious of a large family of musicians that included his father, William Gibbons (c. 1540–95), and two of his brothers, Edward and Ellis. From 1596 to 1599 Orlando

Stella Gibbons was an English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame. The daughter of a London doctor who worked in the poor section of London, she experienced many unhappy

Stella Gibbons was an English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame. The daughter of a London doctor who worked in the poor section of London, she experienced many unhappy

sea star: …stony-bottomed European waters is the gibbous starlet (Asterina gibbosa). The sea bat (Patiria miniata) usually has webbed arms; it is common from Alaska to Mexico. Sun stars of the genera Crossaster and Solaster are found in northern waters; they have numerous short rays and a broad, often sunburst-patterned disk. The…

thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy and chemical reactions: All batteries depend on some chemical reaction of the form reactants → products for the generation of electricity or on the reverse reaction as the battery is recharged. The change in free energy (−ΔG) for a reaction could be…

thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy and chemical reactions: All batteries depend on some chemical reaction of the form reactants → products for the generation of electricity or on the reverse reaction as the battery is recharged. The change in free energy (−ΔG) for a reaction could be…

phase rule, law relating variables of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, deduced by the American physicist J. Willard Gibbs in his papers on thermodynamics (1875–78). Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are generally considered to be isolated from their environment in some kind of closed

William Francis Gibbs: …in partnership with his brother Frederick H. Gibbs, he designed a transatlantic liner. On the strength of that design, the brothers were given positions with the International Mercantile Marine Company, where they continued on their project until the outbreak of World War I. Wartime design work for the U.S. government…

J. Willard Gibbs was a theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical chemistry from an empirical into a deductive science. Gibbs was the fourth child and

James Gibbs was a Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, set a standard for 18th-century British and American church architecture. Gibbs studied in Rome with Carlo Fontana, a leading exponent of the Italian

Washington Commanders: …the team hired head coach Joe Gibbs, winner of more games than any other coach in Redskins’ history. Gibbs’s record includes eight playoff appearances and four NFC championships along with three Super Bowl victories (1983, 1988, 1992). A testament to Gibbs’s coaching ability—and to the overall quality of his teams—is…

African Americans: Reconstruction and after: Jonathan Gibbs served as Florida’s secretary of state and superintendent of education. Between 1869 and 1901, 20 African American representatives and 2 African American senators—Hiram R. Revels and Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi—sat in the U.S. Congress.

J. Willard Gibbs was a theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical chemistry from an empirical into a deductive science. Gibbs was the fourth child and

Lance Gibbs is a West Indian cricketer who was one of the most successful bowlers of the 1960s and the longtime record holder for most wickets taken in Test (international two-innings, five-day) matches. He is remembered as one of the most effective spin bowlers in the history of international

Lance Gibbs is a West Indian cricketer who was one of the most successful bowlers of the 1960s and the longtime record holder for most wickets taken in Test (international two-innings, five-day) matches. He is remembered as one of the most effective spin bowlers in the history of international

Pearl Gibbs was an Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal people for some 50 years. She was especially skilled in organizing and promoting campaigns for social reform. Pearl Mary Brown was born in La Perouse, just outside Sydney. Her mother, Mary Margaret Brown, was

White House press secretary: Press secretaries in the 21st century: Robert Gibbs, an experienced communications director and campaign press secretary, was the first to hold the position under Barack Obama. Obama later appointed Jay Carney to the position, a former New York Times reporter and former communication director to Vice Pres. Joe Biden. Carney was…

William Francis Gibbs was a naval architect and marine engineer who directed the mass production of U.S. cargo ships during World War II, designed the famous, standardized cargo-carrying Liberty ships, and made many improvements in ship design and construction, notably in the passenger liner

Gibbs-Duhem equation, thermodynamic relationship expressing changes in the chemical potential of a substance (or mixture of substances in a multicomponent system) in terms of changes in the temperature T and pressure P of the system. The chemical potential μ represents the Gibbs free energy per

Walther Nernst: Third law of thermodynamics: …which obtained when integrating the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation relating the free energy change ΔF to the heat content change ΔH and the entropy change ΔS, ΔF = ΔH − TΔS.

gibbsite, the mineral aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] an important constituent of bauxite (q.v.) deposits, particularly those in the Western Hemisphere, where it occurs as white, glassy crystals, earthy masses, or crusts. In significant deposits it is of secondary origin, but small-scale hydrothermal

Gibeah, ancient town of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, located just north of Jerusalem. The site, severely denuded by wind and rain, was partly excavated by William F. Albright in 1922 and 1933. A summit fortress had originally been built in the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000–1550 bce) and was

Byblos, ancient seaport, the site of which is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 20 miles (30 km) north of the modern city of Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited towns in the world. The name Byblos is Greek; papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos,

Gibeon, ancient town, notable as a site mentioned multiple times in the Bible, located northwest of Jerusalem. Gibeon’s inhabitants submitted voluntarily to Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan (as described in chapter 9 of the Book of Joshua). Excavations undertaken in 1956 by a

Taylor Sheridan is an American actor, writer, and director who first garnered attention for his roles on the television series Veronica Mars and Sons of Anarchy but found greater success behind the scenes, notably cocreating such popular TV shows as Yellowstone (2018–24). Born Sheridan Taylor

ghibli, hot and dusty wind descending from the interior highlands of Libya toward the Mediterranean Sea. Although the wind may occur throughout the year, it is most frequent during the spring and early summer. See

Gibraltar, British overseas territory occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterranean coast, just northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the east side of the Bay of Gibraltar (Bay of Algeciras), and directly south of the Spanish city of La Línea. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 0.75

Gibraltar: Land: The Gibraltar candytuft is a flower native only to the Rock. Wild olive and pine trees grow on the Upper Rock. Mammals include rabbits, foxes, and Barbary macaques (often erroneously identified as apes). Barbary macaques have roamed the Rock for hundreds of years and are Europe’s…

Gibraltar remains, Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain. The Gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves, many of which were at times occupied by Neanderthals during the late Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 126,000 to 11,700 years

Battle of Gibraltar, naval battle fought on April 25, 1607, between ships of the Spanish Empire and the Dutch United Provinces. After their loss at the Battle of Ostend, the Dutch United Provinces intensified their maritime campaign against Spain. This culminated in the breathtakingly bold raid on