Anne-Louis Girodet was a painter whose works exemplify the first phase of Romanticism in French art. Girodet began to study drawing in 1773. He later became a student of the Neoclassical architect Étienne-Louis Boullée, with whose encouragement he joined the studio of Jacques-Louis David in late

Maurice Girodias was a French publisher of banned books, including many classics of modern literature. As a young man Girodias worked closely with his father, Jack Kahane, whose Obelisk Press published such classics of erotica as Henry Miller’s Tropic of Cancer (1934) and Frank Harris’s My Life and

Juan de Padilla: …field by replacing Padilla with Don Pedro Girón, an important nobleman. After Charles’s troops had recovered Tordesillas (December 5) and Girón had defected, the Junta Santa recalled Padilla. Padilla’s reappointment was received with a great outpouring of popular enthusiasm. He occupied Torrelobatón on February 28, 1521. Seven weeks later, however,…

Girona, city, capital of Girona provincia (province), in the Catalonia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the Oñar River in the foothills of the Los Ángeles Mountains, a short distance inland from a Mediterranean coastal resort area known as the Costa Brava.

Girona, provincia (province) in the Catalonia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. Girona is the northeasternmost province of the autonomous community and of Spain. It is bounded by France and the Pyrenees to the north, by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast,

Aquitaine: …the southwestern départements of Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques. In 2016 the Aquitaine région was joined with the régions of Poitou-Charentes and Limousin to form the new administrative entity of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The present-day région of Nouvelle-Aquitaine roughly matches the western half of the historical region of Aquitaine.

Gironde, estuary on the Bay of Biscay, in Gironde département, Aquitaine région, southwestern France, formed by the confluence of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers (qq.v.). It trends from southeast to northwest for about 45 miles (72 km) and is navigable for oceangoing vessels, although it has

Girondin, a label applied to a loose grouping of republican politicians, some of them originally from the département of the Gironde, who played a leading role in the Legislative Assembly from October 1791 to September 1792 during the French Revolution. Lawyers, intellectuals and journalists, the

Oliverio Girondo was an Argentine writer, painter, and poet known for his involvement with Ultraism, a movement in poetry characterized by avant-garde imagery and symbolism as well as metrical complexity. Born to a well-to-do family, Girondo traveled extensively across Europe and other parts of the

Italian literature: Poetry: …on a single character in Girone il cortese (1548; “Girone the Courteous”) and Avarchide (1570), an imitation of the Iliad of Homer. Giambattista Giraldi, while more famous as a storyteller and a tragic playwright, was a literary theorist who tried to apply his own pragmatic theories in his poem Ercole…

José María Gironella was a Spanish author best remembered for his long historical novel Los cipreses creen en Dios (1953; The Cypresses Believe in God), in which the conflicts within a family portrayed in the novel symbolize the dissension that overtook the people of Spain during the years

José María Gironella was a Spanish author best remembered for his long historical novel Los cipreses creen en Dios (1953; The Cypresses Believe in God), in which the conflicts within a family portrayed in the novel symbolize the dissension that overtook the people of Spain during the years

Thomas Kinkade was an American artist who built a successful industry on his light-infused paintings of tranquil idyllic scenes. Kinkade studied art history and took studio classes for two years at the University of California, Berkeley, before transferring to the Art Center College of Design in

Nikolay Karlovich Giers was a statesman and foreign minister of Russia during the reign of Alexander III (ruled 1881–94). He guided Russia into a rapprochement with France and thereby formed the basis of the Russo-Franco-British alliance that fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Having

Lagash, one of the most important capital cities in ancient Sumer, located midway between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southeastern Iraq. The ancient name of the mound of Telloh was actually Girsu, while Lagash originally denoted a site southeast of Girsu, later becoming the name of the whole

Thomas Girtin was a British artist who at the turn of the 19th century firmly established the aesthetic autonomy of watercolour (formerly used mainly to colour engravings) by employing its transparent washes to evoke a new sense of atmospheric space. While still boys, Girtin and his friend J.M.W.

coeducation: In England, Girton College at Cambridge was established for women in 1869, and the London School of Economics was opened to women in 1874. Germany permitted women to matriculate in 1901, and by 1910 women had been admitted to universities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland,…

Arthur Giry was a French historian noted for his studies of the French Middle Ages. After a brief career in administrative services and journalism, Giry devoted himself to scholarship. His first major work was Histoire de la ville de Saint-Omer et de ses institutions jusqu’au XIVe siècle (1877).

Arthur Giry was a French historian noted for his studies of the French Middle Ages. After a brief career in administrative services and journalism, Giry devoted himself to scholarship. His first major work was Histoire de la ville de Saint-Omer et de ses institutions jusqu’au XIVe siècle (1877).

African art: Coastal East Africa: Like the Konso, the Giryama of Kenya produced grave posts surmounted by schematic heads. Notable among the remaining peoples who produce sculpture are the Kamba, who spontaneously developed a style of wood carving, embellished with coiled-wire jewelry ornament, now sold in gift shops; formerly their art was applied to…

guaranteed wage plan: Known as the guaranteed income stream (GIS), this plan was designed to guarantee employees 50 percent of their hourly rate of pay until age 62. GIS programs were widely used during the economic slump of the early 1980s, when many labour settlements used it to provide income stability…

GIS, computer system for performing geographical analysis. GIS has four interactive components: an input subsystem for converting into digital form (digitizing) maps and other spatial data; a storage and retrieval subsystem; an analysis subsystem; and an output subsystem for producing maps, tables,

Parasite, South Korean thriller and black-comedy film, released in 2019, that was the first Korean film to win the prestigious Palme d’Or at the Cannes film festival and the first foreign-language film to win the Academy Award for best picture. Directed by acclaimed filmmaker Bong Joon-Ho, Parasite

gisant, in sepulchral sculpture, a recumbent effigy representing the person dying or in death. The typical gisant depicts the deceased in “eternal repose,” awaiting the resurrection in prayer or holding attributes of office and clothed in the formal attire of his social class or office. A variant

Gisborne, unitary authority, east-central North Island, New Zealand. The authority includes the eastern side of East Cape (the easternmost promontory of North Island), most of the Raukumara Range, and the Waipaoa and Mata rivers. Gisborne is bounded by the Bay of Plenty regional council to the west

Gisborne, city (“district”) and port on Poverty Bay, east coast of North Island, New Zealand. The city is located where the Waimata and Taruheru rivers join to form the Turanganui. It was the first area in New Zealand visited (1769) by Captain James Cook. It received its first permanent European

Valéry Giscard d’Estaing was a French political leader, who served as the third president of the Fifth Republic of France (1974–81). Giscard was the eldest son of a prominent French financier and economist and member of a patrician family. He attended the École Polytechnique (interrupting his

Conrad II: In 1016 he married Gisela, the widowed duchess of Swabia and a descendant of Charlemagne. Conrad, however, was distantly related to Gisela. When strict canonists took exception to the marriage, Emperor Henry II, who was jealous of the growth of Conrad’s personal influence, used their findings as an excuse…

Henry I: Henry defeated Giselbert, king of Lotharingia, in 925, and that region, which had become independent of Germany in 910, was brought back under German control. Giselbert, who was recognized as duke of Lotharingia, married the king’s daughter Gerberga in 928.

Giselle, ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, first performed in Paris on June 28, 1841. Other than the Christmas carol Minuit, Chrétiens (known in English as O Holy Night), Giselle is Adam’s most famous work. The idea for the ballet Giselle originated with French poet and novelist Théophile

Smashing Pumpkins: …was the band’s debut album, Gish (1991), with its arena-ready anthems, multitracked guitars, and high melodrama, that helped transform the rock landscape of the 1990s. The Smashing Pumpkins got even bigger with the release of their second album, the multiplatinum Siamese Dream (1993), which featured the hits “Cherub Rock,” “Today,”…

Dorothy Gish was an American actress who, like her sister Lillian, was a major figure in silent films, particularly director D.W. Griffith’s classics. Gish grew up in New York City and made her stage debut at age four. She and Lillian formed close friendships with the actress Mary Pickford (then

Dorothy Gish was an American actress who, like her sister Lillian, was a major figure in silent films, particularly director D.W. Griffith’s classics. Gish grew up in New York City and made her stage debut at age four. She and Lillian formed close friendships with the actress Mary Pickford (then

Lillian Gish was an American actress who, like her sister Dorothy, was a major figure in the early motion picture industry, particularly in director D.W. Griffith’s silent film classics. She is regarded as one of silent cinema’s finest actresses. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent

Lillian Gish was an American actress who, like her sister Dorothy, was a major figure in the early motion picture industry, particularly in director D.W. Griffith’s silent film classics. She is regarded as one of silent cinema’s finest actresses. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent

Gísla saga, an Icelandic saga set in northwestern Iceland and written probably before the middle of the 13th century, which tells of an outlaw poet, Gísli Súrsson (d. c. ad 980), who was punished by his enemies for loyally avenging his foster brother. It includes rich descriptions of nature and is

Gísla saga, an Icelandic saga set in northwestern Iceland and written probably before the middle of the 13th century, which tells of an outlaw poet, Gísli Súrsson (d. c. ad 980), who was punished by his enemies for loyally avenging his foster brother. It includes rich descriptions of nature and is

Gislebertus was a French sculptor who made major contributions to the Cathedral of Saint-Lazare in Autun and to several Burgundian churches from 1125 to 1135. Gislebertus first worked at Cluny and by 1115 was probably one of the chief assistants to the Master of Cluny. In the Cluny workshop he

Gislebertus was a French sculptor who made major contributions to the Cathedral of Saint-Lazare in Autun and to several Burgundian churches from 1125 to 1135. Gislebertus first worked at Cluny and by 1115 was probably one of the chief assistants to the Master of Cluny. In the Cluny workshop he

gismondine, rare mineral in the zeolite family. Many specimens have been found in Ireland and Iceland in basaltic lavas, along with such other zeolites as chabazite, thomsonite, and phillipsite. Gismondine forms colourless, bipyramidal crystals of orthorhombic symmetry; it is a hydrated calcium

gismondine, rare mineral in the zeolite family. Many specimens have been found in Ireland and Iceland in basaltic lavas, along with such other zeolites as chabazite, thomsonite, and phillipsite. Gismondine forms colourless, bipyramidal crystals of orthorhombic symmetry; it is a hydrated calcium

Gisors, market town, Eure département, Normandy région, northwestern France. It lies in the valley of the Epte River, northwest of Paris and southwest of Beauvais. The early town was dominated by an 11th- and 12th-century castle built by the kings of England and France, and its strategic position

Charles Fouquet, duke de Belle-Isle was a marshal of France and statesman chiefly important for his role in involving France in the War of the Austrian Succession. A grandson of the notorious Nicolas Fouquet, finance minister under Louis XIV, Belle-Isle joined the army as a youth and fought in the

Philip II: Early life and kingship: …July 1185 (confirmed by the Treaty of Gisors in May 1186), the king and the count of Flanders composed their differences (which had been chiefly over possession of Vermandois, in Picardy) so that the disputed territory was partitioned, Amiens and numerous other places passing to the king and the remainder,…

Asia: Geologic and climatic influences: …in the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay ranges, played a significant role.

stagecraft: Costume in Baroque opera and ballet: Berain and Henri Gissey were attached to the Royal Cabinet of Louis XIV. Gissey is most famous for his celebrated Carrousel (1662), a horse spectacular never since surpassed in its magnificence—500 noblemen in plumed regalia escorted by a greater number of elaborately dressed attendants. Costumes represented different…

George Gissing was an English novelist, noted for the unflinching realism of his novels about the lower middle class. Gissing was educated at Owens College, Manchester, where his academic career was brilliant until he was expelled (and briefly imprisoned) for theft. His personal life remained,

George Gissing was an English novelist, noted for the unflinching realism of his novels about the lower middle class. Gissing was educated at Owens College, Manchester, where his academic career was brilliant until he was expelled (and briefly imprisoned) for theft. His personal life remained,

Icelandic literature: Prose: One of the first was Ísleifr, who, after being educated and ordained a priest, was consecrated bishop. His school at Skálholt in southern Iceland was for many centuries the chief bishopric and a main centre of learning. The earliest remembered historian is Sæmundr the Wise, but Ari Þorgilsson is regarded…

imatinib: …for the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), which are rare cancers affecting interstitial cells that regulate the autonomic nervous function of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of imatinib against other types of cancers are ongoing.

Christopher Gist was an American colonial explorer and military scout who wrote highly informative journals describing his experiences. Little is known about the early life of Gist, although it is probable that his surveyor father trained him in this profession. In 1750 he left his home in North

Sequoyah was the creator of the Cherokee writing system (see Cherokee language). Sequoyah was probably the son of a Virginia fur trader named Nathaniel Gist. Reared by his Cherokee mother, Wuh-teh of the Paint clan, in the Tennessee country, he never learned to speak, read, or write English. He was

Mount Elgon: The Bantu-speaking Gishu (Gisu), cultivators of coffee, bananas, millet, and corn (maize), occupy the western slopes. Elgonyi was the Masai name for the mountain. The Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson visited the southern side of Elgon in 1883; in 1890 Frederick (later Sir Frederick) Jackson and Ernest Gedge traversed…

Gisulph II was the prince of Salerno, the last important Lombard ruler to oppose the Norman conquest of southern Italy; his defeat marked the end of effective resistance to the Normans. In 1052 Gisulph’s father, Gaimar V, was assassinated in a revolt. Gisulph, held captive by the assassins, was

Gisulph II was the prince of Salerno, the last important Lombard ruler to oppose the Norman conquest of southern Italy; his defeat marked the end of effective resistance to the Normans. In 1052 Gisulph’s father, Gaimar V, was assassinated in a revolt. Gisulph, held captive by the assassins, was

Gisulph II was the prince of Salerno, the last important Lombard ruler to oppose the Norman conquest of southern Italy; his defeat marked the end of effective resistance to the Normans. In 1052 Gisulph’s father, Gaimar V, was assassinated in a revolt. Gisulph, held captive by the assassins, was

Git, open-source distributed version control system (DVCS) created by Linux developer Linus Torvalds in 2005. As of 2024 Git is the most widely used version control system and is used by both individuals and companies including Microsoft, Netflix, and Google. GitHub and GitLab Both GitHub and

Bhagavad Gita, an episode recorded in the great Sanskrit poem of the Hindus, the Mahabharata. It occupies chapters 23 to 40 of Book VI of the Mahabharata and is composed in the form of a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Krishna, an avatar (incarnation) of the god Vishnu. Composed perhaps in the

Gītagovinda, (Sanskrit: “The Poem in which the Cowherd Is Sung”), lyrical poem celebrating the romance of the divine cowherd Krishna and his beloved, Rādhā, renowned both for its high literary value and for its expression of religious longing, and popular particularly among Vaiṣṇavas (followers of

Gita Press, Hinduism’s largest printer, publisher, and distributor of religious literature. Envisaged as the Hindu equivalent of a Christian Bible society, Gita Press was established on April 29, 1923, in the town of Gorakhpur by altruistic businessmen under the direction of Jayadayal Goyandka

Gītagovinda, (Sanskrit: “The Poem in which the Cowherd Is Sung”), lyrical poem celebrating the romance of the divine cowherd Krishna and his beloved, Rādhā, renowned both for its high literary value and for its expression of religious longing, and popular particularly among Vaiṣṇavas (followers of

Roma, an ethnic group of traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India but live in modern times worldwide, principally in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India, as well as the major language

Gītāñjali, a collection of poetry, the most famous work by Rabindranath Tagore, published in India in 1910. Tagore then translated it into prose poems in English, as Gitanjali: Song Offerings, and it was published in 1912 with an introduction by William Butler Yeats. Medieval Indian lyrics of

Rabindranath Tagore: …introduced to the West in Gitanjali (Song Offerings) (1912). This book, containing Tagore’s English prose translations of religious poems from several of his Bengali verse collections, including Gitanjali (1910), was hailed by W.B. Yeats and André Gide and won him the Nobel Prize in 1913. Tagore was awarded a knighthood…

Spain: The Gitano minority: The one ethnic minority of long standing in Spain is the Roma (Gypsies), who are known in Spain as Gitanos. Their traditional language is Caló. Many of them have assimilated into the mainstream of Spanish society, but others continue to lead their traditional…

Roma, an ethnic group of traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India but live in modern times worldwide, principally in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India, as well as the major language

Spain: The Gitano minority: The one ethnic minority of long standing in Spain is the Roma (Gypsies), who are known in Spain as Gitanos. Their traditional language is Caló. Many of them have assimilated into the mainstream of Spanish society, but others continue to lead their traditional…

Gitega, town in central Burundi that serves as the country’s political capital. The town lies about 40 miles (65 km) east of Bujumbura, the country’s economic capital. For centuries Gitega was the seat of the Burundian mwami (king) and the capital of the kingdom of Burundi. It also served as an

Bartter syndrome: Types of Bartter syndrome: Gitelman syndrome is caused by mutations in SLC12A3 (solute carrier family 12, member 3), which encodes a protein that specializes in the transport of sodium and chloride into the kidney tubules, thereby mediating the reabsorption of these electrolytes and maintaining electrolyte homeostasis.

GitHub, open-source software development reference platform that allows users to share, edit, and store their programming code online or make it accessible to multiple users via cloud computing. The website and GitHub app have features such as version control, source code management, and revision

Athabaskan language family: Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken to the west, contributed xwts’a:n or pts’a:n (‘totem pole’), which became ts’an in Witsuwit’en. The Witsuwit’en ləmes ‘mass’ is from the French la messe; məsin ‘copper’ is from the English machine. All extant Athabaskan languages use some English loanwords. French…

Git: Both GitHub and GitLab function as software code repositories that use Git to help developers collaborate more effectively.

Todd Gitlin was an American political activist, author, and public intellectual best known as a media analyst and as an internal critic of the American left. Gitlin was born into a liberal Jewish family and attended public schools in New York City. After graduating as valedictorian from the Bronx

Todd Gitlin was an American political activist, author, and public intellectual best known as a media analyst and as an internal critic of the American left. Gitlin was born into a liberal Jewish family and attended public schools in New York City. After graduating as valedictorian from the Bronx

Gitlow v. New York, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 8, 1925, that the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment protection of free speech, which states that the federal “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech,” applies also to state governments. The decision

Gitlow v. New York: …arose in November 1919 when Benjamin Gitlow, who had served as a New York state assemblyman, and an associate, Alan Larkin, were arrested by New York City police officers for criminal anarchy, an offense under New York state law. Gitlow and Larkin were both Communist Party members and publishers of…

Guantánamo Bay detention camp, U.S. detention facility on the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, located on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in southeastern Cuba. Constructed in stages starting in 2002, the Guantánamo Bay detention camp (often called Gitmo, which is also a name for the naval base) was used to

steroid: Cardiac glycosides and aglycones: (Digitalis): digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxin. Each of these contains a specific aglycone (e.g., digitoxigenin [23] is the aglycone of digitoxin) linked to three molecules of the sugar digitoxose and is derived from a more complex glycoside (digilanides A, B, and C, respectively) from which glucose and acetic…

gittern, either of two medieval stringed musical instruments, the guitarra latina and the guitarra morisca. The latter was also known as the guitarra saracenica. The guitarra latina, an ancestor of the modern guitar, usually had four strings and was plucked with a plectrum. Early drawings and the

get, Jewish document of divorce written in Aramaic according to a prescribed formula. Orthodox and Conservative Jews recognize it as the only valid instrument for severing a marriage bond. Rabbinic courts outside Israel, recognizing the need to comply with civil laws regulating divorce and

Jubba River, principal river of Somalia in northeastern Africa. Originating via its headwater streams in the Mendebo Mountains of southern Ethiopia, it flows about 545 miles (875 km) from Doolow on the Ethiopian frontier to the Indian Ocean just north of Kismaayo, one of Somalia’s three main ports.

Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duke du Maine: …ambassador, Antonio Giudice, Prince de Cellamare, to substitute Philip V of Spain (grandson of Louis XIV) as regent instead of Orléans. Orléans learned of the plot, and in December du Maine, his wife, and Cellamare were arrested. Imprisoned for a little more than a year, du Maine then retired from…

Franciabigio was an Italian Renaissance painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings. His style included early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and proto-Mannerist elements. Franciabigio had completed an apprenticeship under his father, a weaver, by 1504. He probably then trained

Franciabigio was an Italian Renaissance painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings. His style included early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and proto-Mannerist elements. Franciabigio had completed an apprenticeship under his father, a weaver, by 1504. He probably then trained

Franciabigio was an Italian Renaissance painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings. His style included early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and proto-Mannerist elements. Franciabigio had completed an apprenticeship under his father, a weaver, by 1504. He probably then trained

Prince Andrew, duke of York: Scandal: A woman named Virginia Giuffre claimed that in 2001, while underage, she was forced by Epstein to have sex with the prince. Andrew denied the allegations, and in November 2019 he gave a televised interview concerning Epstein. Andrew stated that he did not regret their friendship, which reportedly…

Donato Bramante: Roman period of Donato Bramante: …of an organic plan, the Via Giulia (from the Ponte Sisto to the Vatican) was laid out with a large piazza that was to constitute a centre of activity for the city government; the Via della Lungara (from the Vatican across Trastevere to the river port installations of Ripa Grande)…

Western architecture: Italian Mannerism or Late Renaissance (1520–1600): In the Villa Giulia (c. 1550–55), the most significant secular project of its time, Vasari appears to have been in charge of the scenic integration of the various elements; Giacomo da Vignola designed part of the actual building, while the Mannerist sculptor Bartolommeo Ammanati was largely responsible…

Georg Raphael Donner: …Heiligenkreutz, Donner met the sculptor Giovanni Giuliani and was encouraged to take up sculpture, working in Giuliani’s studio and later entering the Vienna Academy. He lived in Salzburg for some years, later returning to Vienna, where he produced his masterpiece, the Providence Fountain (1738–39) on the Neuer Markt. The figures…

Rudy Giuliani is an American lawyer and politician who served as mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was especially known for his handling of the September 11, 2001, attacks and his involvement in Pres. Donald Trump’s efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. Giuliani

Rudy Giuliani is an American lawyer and politician who served as mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was especially known for his handling of the September 11, 2001, attacks and his involvement in Pres. Donald Trump’s efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. Giuliani

Julian Alps, range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River and Sella di (Pass of) Camporosso (northwest) and

Federico Fellini: Major works: …in Giulietta degli spiriti (1965: Juliet of the Spirits), with Masina as a simple bourgeois haunted by the supernatural.

Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli: …in the German states, and Giulietta e Romeo (1796), after William Shakespeare, held to be his finest work. From 1794 to 1804 he was music director at Loreto, where he composed a large number of sacred works (still in manuscript) and continued to write operas for production in Milan and…

Carlo Maria Giulini was an Italian conductor esteemed for his skills in directing both grand opera and symphony orchestras. Giulini studied under Bernardino Molinari at Rome’s Accademia di Santa Cecilia (later Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia). As violist for that institution’s resident

Beverly Sills: …production of George Frideric Handel’s Giulio Cesare—noteworthy for her evident vocal accomplishment and the subtlety of her acting ability—brought her to international prominence as a performer of the florid repertoire and made her a celebrity.

Giulio Romano was a late Renaissance painter and architect, the principal heir of Raphael, and one of the initiators of the Mannerist style. Giulio was apprenticed to Raphael as a child and had become so important in the workshop that by Raphael’s death, in 1520, he was named with G. Penni as one

Giunta Pisano was an Italian painter, a native of Pisa and a pioneer who, coming from Tuscany to Assisi, influenced the development of Umbrian art. It is said that he painted in the upper church of Assisi, notably a “Crucifixion” dated 1236, with a figure of Father Elias, the general of the

Saverio Mercadante: …Meyerbeer, and his next opera, Il giuramento (“The Oath”; performed in 1837 and considered to be his best opera), reflects the lessons he learned from that composer. Thereafter he continued to attempt a more harmonious blend of drama and music and led the way toward simplified vocal lines, originality, and…

Giurgiu, județ (county), southeastern Romania, occupying an area of 1,361 square miles (3,526 square km) bounded on the south by the Danube River and Bulgaria. The county, consisting mostly of lowlands, was formed in 1981 from a portion of Ilfov district. Besides the eastward-flowing Danube, the