galliard, (French gaillard: “lively”), vigorous 16th-century European court dance. Its four hopping steps and one high leap permitted athletic gentlemen to show off for their partners. Performed as the afterdance of the stately pavane, the galliard originated in 15th-century Italy. It was

dress: The Middle East from the 6th century: …the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a gallibiya in Egypt, or a dishdasha in Algeria. The garment generally has wide, long sleeves, and the long skirt may be slit up the sides; some styles are open in front like a…

gallic acid, substance occurring in many plants, either in the free state or combined as gallotannin. It is present to the extent of 40–60 percent combined as gallotannic acid in tara (any of various plants of the genus Caesalpinia) and in Aleppo and Chinese galls (swellings of plant tissue), from

Gallic Wars, (58–50 bce), campaigns in which the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. Clad in the bloodred cloak he usually wore “as his distinguishing mark of battle,” Caesar led his troops to victories throughout the province, his major triumph being the defeat of the Gallic army led by

Celtic religion: The Celtic gods: … is the passage in Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico (52–51 bc; The Gallic War) in which he names five of them together with their functions. Mercury was the most honoured of all the gods and many images of him were to be found. Mercury was regarded as the inventor of…

Gallicanism: …Gallicanism was found in the Four Gallican Articles, approved by the assembly of the clergy of France in 1682. This declaration stated: (1) the pope has supreme spiritual but no secular power; (2) the pope is subject to ecumenical councils; (3) the pope must accept as inviolable immemorial customs of…

Gallican chant, music of the ancient Latin Roman Catholic liturgy in the Gaul of the Franks from about the 5th to the 9th century. Scholars assume that a simple and uniform liturgy existed in western Europe until the end of the 5th century and that only in the 6th century did the Gallican church

Gallican Confession, Christian statement of faith adopted in 1559 in Paris by the first National Synod of the Reformed Church of France. Based on a 35-article draft of a confession prepared by John Calvin, which he sent with representatives from Geneva to the French synod, the draft was revised by

biblical literature: The Vulgate: …to be known as the Gallican Psalter. This version was later adopted into the Vulgate. The third revision, actually a fresh translation, was made directly from the Hebrew, but it never enjoyed wide circulation. In the course of preparing the latter, Jerome realized the futility of revising the Old Latin…

Gallicanism, a complex of French ecclesiastical and political doctrines and practices advocating restriction of papal power; it characterized the life of the Roman Catholic Church in France at certain periods. Despite its several varieties, Gallicanism consisted of three basic ideas: independence

John Alcock: … (1497;“The Hill of Perfection”) and Gallicantus Johannis Alcock episcopi Eliensis ad fratres suos curatos in sinodo apud Barnwell (1498;“Gallicantus [Song of the Cock] of John Alcock Bishop of Ely to His Brother Clergy in the Synod at Barnwell”). The last is a little treatise written in allusion to his name…

Golden Gloves: The New York organizer was Paul Gallico of the New York Daily News. In later years the idea was taken up by other cities, and a national tournament was held. In some years before and after World War II, U.S. Golden Gloves champions met a European team.

water cock, (Gallicrex cinerea), marsh bird of the rail family, Rallidae (order Gruiformes). It occurs from India to Japan and throughout Southeast Asia to the Philippines. The male is blue-black with red legs, a strongly conical red bill, and a protruding red frontal shield. The female is mottled

Strait of Dover, narrow water passage separating England (northwest) from France (southeast) and connecting the English Channel (southwest) with the North Sea (northeast). The strait is 18 to 25 miles (30 to 40 km) wide, and its depth ranges from 120 to 180 feet (35 to 55 metres). Until the

Joseph-Simon Gallieni was a French army officer figure who successfully directed the pacification of the French Sudan and Madagascar and the integration of those African territories into the French colonial empire. After training at the military academy of Saint-Cyr and serving in the Franco-German

Gallienus was a Roman emperor who ruled jointly with his father, Valerian, from 253 until 260, then was the sole emperor until 268. Gallienus ruled an empire that was disintegrating under pressures from foreign invaders. The Senate proclaimed him co-emperor because it saw that no one man could run

Gallienus was a Roman emperor who ruled jointly with his father, Valerian, from 253 until 260, then was the sole emperor until 268. Gallienus ruled an empire that was disintegrating under pressures from foreign invaders. The Senate proclaimed him co-emperor because it saw that no one man could run

Gaston-Alexandre-Auguste, marquis de Galliffet was a French military leader who severely suppressed revolts in the Paris Commune in 1871. Galliffet served with distinction at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55) during the Crimean War and in Emperor Napoleon III’s wars in Algeria, Italy, and Mexico.

galliform, (order Galliformes), any of the gallinaceous (that is, fowl-like or chickenlike) birds. The order includes about 290 species, of which the best-known are the turkeys, chickens, quail, partridge, pheasant and peacock (Phasianidae); guinea fowl (Numididae); and grouse (Tetraonidae).

galliform, (order Galliformes), any of the gallinaceous (that is, fowl-like or chickenlike) birds. The order includes about 290 species, of which the best-known are the turkeys, chickens, quail, partridge, pheasant and peacock (Phasianidae); guinea fowl (Numididae); and grouse (Tetraonidae).

Gaston Gallimard was a French publisher whose firm was one of the most influential publishing houses of the 20th century. The son of a wealthy art collector, Gallimard studied law and literature at the University of Paris and turned to journalism soon afterward. In 1908, with André Gide and Jean

dinosaur: Clues to dinosaurian metabolism: Ornithomimus, Gallimimus, and Dromiceiomimus, had long hind legs and must have been very fleet. The dromaeosaurs, such as Deinonychus, Velociraptor, and Dromaeosaurus, also were obligatory bipeds. They killed prey with

blindman’s buff, children’s game played as early as 2,000 years ago in Greece. The game is variously known in Europe: Italy, mosca cieca (“blind fly”); Germany, Blindekuh (“blind cow”); Sweden, blindbock (“blind buck”); Spain, gallina ciega (“blind hen”); and France, colin-maillard (named for a

Horacio Quiroga: …degollada y otras cuentos (1925; The Decapitated Chicken and Other Stories). The work generally recognized as his masterpiece, Anaconda (1921), portrays on several levels—realistic, philosophical, and symbolic—the battles of the snakes in the tropical jungle, the nonvenomous anaconda and the venomous viper.

snipe: The common snipe, Gallinago (sometimes Capella) gallinago, bears some resemblance to the related woodcock and is about 30 cm (12 inches) long, including the bill. It is a fair game bird, springing up with an unnerving squawk, flying a twisted course, and dropping suddenly to cover.…

Vai, people inhabiting northwestern Liberia and contiguous parts of Sierra Leone. Early Portuguese writers called them Gallinas (“chickens”), reputedly after a local wildfowl. Speaking a language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family, the Vai have close cultural ties to the Mande peoples.

Point Gallinas, the northernmost point of mainland South America. It is part of La Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia, where it juts out into the Caribbean

Point Gallinas, the northernmost point of mainland South America. It is part of La Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia, where it juts out into the Caribbean

Julio Ramón Ribeyro: …the best-known of which is Los gallinazos sin plumas (1955; “Featherless Buzzards”). The title story of that collection, which is among the stories translated in Marginal Voices (1993), is his most famous and most anthologized.

moorhen, bird species also called common gallinule. See

gallinule: …is sometimes known as the Florida gallinule.

gallinule, any of several species of marsh birds belonging to the rail family, Rallidae, in the order Gruiformes. Gallinules occur in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions worldwide and are about the size of bantam hens but with a compressed body like the related rails and coots. They are

Junius Gallio was a Roman official who dismissed the charges brought by the Jews against the apostle Paul (Acts 18:12–17). The elder brother of the philosopher and tragedian Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Novatus assumed the name Gallio after his adoption by the senator Junius Gallio. Upon the accession of

David Williamson: …in collaboration with Peter Weir, Gallipoli (1981) and The Year of Living Dangerously (1982).

Gallipoli, seaport and town, European Turkey. It lies on a narrow peninsula where the Dardanelles opens into the Sea of Marmara, 126 miles (203 km) west-southwest of Istanbul. An important Byzantine fortress, it was the first Ottoman conquest (c. 1356) in Europe and was maintained as a naval base

Gallipoli Campaign, (February 1915–January 1916), in World War I, an Anglo-French operation against Turkey, intended to force the 38-mile- (61-km-) long Dardanelles channel and to occupy Constantinople. Plans for such a venture were considered by the British authorities between 1904 and 1911, but

Murad I: …rescued the Byzantines and occupied Gallipoli on the Dardanelles, but the Turks recaptured the town the next year. In 1371 Murad crushed a coalition of southern Serbian princes at Chernomen in the Battle of the Maritsa River, took the Macedonian towns of Dráma, Kavála, and Seres (Sérrai), and won a…

Sir John Monash: …an infantry brigade at the Battle of Gallipoli during the Dardanelles Campaign in Turkey, and in 1916–17 he commanded a division on the Western Front. Monash was not a frontline general. Instead, his extensive and successful business experience led him to emphasize planning and organization. He favoured using technical and…

Gallipolis, city, seat (1803) of Gallia county, southern Ohio, U.S., on the Ohio River, near its junction with the Kanawha River, about 30 miles (50 km) north-northeast of Huntington, W.Va. The third oldest European settlement in Ohio, it was founded in 1790 by the Scioto Company for Royalists

weka, (Gallirallus australis), species of nonmigratory flightless bird of the rail family (Rallidae) that is endemic to New Zealand. The weka is roughly the size of a chicken (Gallus gallus), and its appearance is characterized by its variable, but mainly brown, plumage with black streaks. The

weka: …side of North Island; the western weka (G. australis australis), a common bird with nearly black plumage that inhabits the northern and western parts of South Island; the buff weka (G. australis hectori) of Chatham and Pitt islands; and the Stewart Island weka (G. australis scotti), which inhabits

weka: …divided into four subspecies: the North Island weka (Gallirallus australis greyi), which inhabits the eastern side of North Island; the western weka (G. australis australis), a common bird with nearly black plumage that inhabits the northern and western parts of South Island; the buff weka (G. australis hectori

weka: …parts of South Island; the buff weka (G. australis hectori) of Chatham and Pitt islands; and the Stewart Island weka (G. australis scotti), which inhabits Stewart Island and smaller islands nearby.

weka: … and Pitt islands; and the Stewart Island weka (G. australis scotti), which inhabits Stewart Island and smaller islands nearby.

Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin was one of the first Roman Catholic priests to serve as a missionary to European immigrants in the United States during the early 19th century. He was known as the “Apostle of the Alleghenies.” Of noble Russian parentage (his father was Prince Dmitry Alekseyevich

gallium (Ga), chemical element, metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. It liquefies just above room temperature. Gallium was discovered (1875) by French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who observed its principal spectral lines while examining material

arsenic: Commercial production and uses: …as in the form of gallium arsenide, GaAs, for diodes, lasers, and transistors.

computer: Power consumption: …has been renewed interest in gallium arsenide (GaAs) chips. GaAs chips can run at higher speeds and consume less power than silicon chips. (GaAs chips are also more resistant to radiation, a factor in military and space applications.) Although GaAs chips have been used in supercomputers for their speed, the…

epitaxy: …placed in separate cells for gallium arsenide epitaxy. In chemical vapour deposition the atoms for epitaxial growth are supplied from a precursor gas source (e.g., silane). Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition is similar, except that it uses metal-organic species such as trimethyl gallium (which are usually liquid at room temperature) as…

Nick Holonyak, Jr.: By using the semiconductor material gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and the technique of stimulated emission, in 1962 Holonyak succeeded in operating the first practical visible LED device. Holonyak’s device emitted red light. After LEDs that produce green and blue light were developed (in the 1970s and ’90s, respectively), LEDs that…

thin-film solar cell: Types of thin-film solar cells: Gallium arsenide (GaAs) thin-film solar cells have reached nearly 30 percent efficiency in laboratory environments, but they are very expensive to manufacture. Cost has been a major factor in limiting the market for GaAs solar cells; their main use has been for spacecraft and satellites.

hydride: Covalent hydrides: …hydrogen compounds of aluminum and gallium are elusive species, although AlH3 and Ga2H6 have been detected and characterized to some degree. Ionic hydrogen species of both boron (BH4−) and aluminum (AlH4−) are extensively used as hydride sources.

lamp: Modern electrical light sources: …for example, are made of gallium phosphide treated with nitrogen. Segmented LEDs provide the digital displays on many electronic devices.

mineral deposit: Immiscible melts: …iron ores at Kiruna and Gällivare. These magnetite-apatite bodies encased in volcanic rocks have been variously interpreted as having formed as immiscible oxide magmas, as iron-rich sediments that were subsequently metamorphosed, and as deposits arising from volcanic exhalations.

drawing: Inks: The manufacture of gallnut ink had been known from the medieval scriptoria (copying rooms set apart for scribes in monasteries). An extract of gallnuts mixed with iron vitriol and thickened with gum-arabic solution produces a writing fluid that comes from the pen black, with a strong hint of…

Leopoldo Alas: … (1896; The Moral Tales), and El gallo de Sócrates (1901; “The Rooster of Socrates”), all marked by his characteristic humour and sympathy for the poor, the lonely, and the downtrodden.

Nicaragua: Daily life and social customs: The country’s national dish is gallo pinto (fried rice mixed with black beans and other spices). Corn (maize) is the staple of Nicaraguan gastronomy and is used in many foods, such as nacatamal (cornmeal dough stuffed with meat and cooked in plantain leaves), indio viejo (corn tortilla with meat, onions,…

Joseph Colombo: …target of the followers of Joseph Gallo, with whom Colombo had fought gang wars for a decade.

AIDS: The emergence of AIDS: …sent samples to American virologist Robert C. Gallo, who had contributed to the discovery of the first known human retrovirus (human T-lymphotropic virus) several years earlier. Gallo helped establish that HIV caused AIDS, and he contributed to the subsequent development of a blood test for its detection. Montagnier initially called…

Italian language: …are distinguished: Northern Italian, or Gallo-Italian; Venetan, spoken in northeastern Italy; Tuscan (including Corsican); and three related groups from southern and eastern Italy—(1) the dialects of the Marche, Umbria, and Rome, (2) those of Abruzzi, Puglia (Apulia), Naples, Campania, and Lucania

Imperial units: Establishment of the system: The new gallon was defined as equal in volume to 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water weighed at 62 °F with the barometer at 30 inches, or 277.274 cubic inches (later corrected to 277.421 cubic inches). The two new basic standard units were the imperial standard yard…

gallop, accelerated canter in which the rider’s weight is brought sharply forward as the horse reaches speeds up to 30 miles (50 km) an hour. At the gallop, which usually averages 12 miles (20 km) an hour, the reins are held more loosely than at the canter, and the horse carries his head relatively

Western Australia: Western Australia since c. 1950: …as a campaign platform for Geoff Gallop, whose election as premier in 2001 returned Western Australia to a Labor government. The Labor government pursued policies aimed at social equity, economic development, improvement in education, and environmental sustainability.

Red Grange was an American collegiate and professional gridiron football player and broadcaster who was an outstanding halfback, known for spectacular long runs that made him one of the most famous players of the 20th century. He was an important influence in popularizing professional football.

glacier: Glacier surges: These unusual glaciers are called surging glaciers.

Ferenc Puskás was a Hungarian professional football (soccer) player who became the sport’s first international superstar. Puskás scored 83 goals in 84 games with the Hungarian national team and was a member of three European Cup-winning teams (1959, 1960, 1966) with the Spanish club Real Madrid.

tannin: Gallotannin, or common tannic acid, is the best known of the hydrolyzable tannins. It is produced by extraction with water or organic solvents from the galls of certain trees, notably the Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria) and Chinese nutgall (Rhus chinensis). Tara, the pod from Caesalpinia…

livestock farming: Beef cattle breeds: …the native home of the Galloway breed is the ancient region of Galloway in southwestern Scotland, it probably had a common origin with the Angus. The Galloway is distinguished by its coat of curly black hair. Though the breed has never attained the prominence of other beef breeds, it has…

Galloway, traditional region, southwestern Scotland, comprising the historic counties of Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire, which form the central and western portions of Dumfries and Galloway council area. Galloway is bounded by the historic county of Ayrshire (council areas of South Ayrshire

Joseph Galloway: His “A plan of a proposed Union between Great Britain and the Colonies” in 1774 provided for a president general to be appointed by the king and a colonial legislature to have rights and duties similar to the House of Commons. After a day’s debate his plan…

Xenia: The log cabin (1799) of James Galloway, frontier scout and American Revolutionary War soldier, is preserved as a historic monument. Parts of Xenia were rebuilt after tornadoes in 1974 destroyed nearly half of the city. Nearby educational institutions include two historically important black universities at Wilberforce: Central State University (1887)…

Joseph Galloway was a distinguished American colonial attorney and legislator who remained loyal to Great Britain at the time of the American Revolution (1775–83). His effort in 1774 to settle differences peacefully narrowly missed adoption by the Continental Congress. He was, perhaps, the greatest

Irish Sea: …feet (175 m) at the Mull of Galloway, near the sea’s junction with the North Channel. In classical times the Irish Sea was known as Oceanus Hibernicus.

gallows, the apparatus for executing the sentence of death by hanging. It usually consists of two upright posts and a crossbeam but sometimes consists of a single upright with a beam projecting from the top. The Roman gallows was the cross, and, in the older translations of the Bible, gallows was

gallstone, concretion composed of crystalline substances (usually cholesterol, bile pigments, and calcium salts) embedded in a small amount of protein material formed most often in the gallbladder. The most common type of gallstone consists principally of cholesterol; its occurrence has been linked

Gallup, city, seat (1901) of McKinley county, northwestern New Mexico, U.S., on the Puerco River, near the Arizona state line. Settled in 1880 as a Westward Overland Stagecoach stop, it became a construction headquarters for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad and was named for David L. Gallup,

Gallup organization, U.S. research and polling organization, founded in 1958 by the American statistician George Horace Gallup. The organization is best known for its Gallup Polls, which are surveys it conducts to measure public opinion on political and economic matters and to predict the outcome

public opinion: Opinion research: …first questions asked by the American Institute of Public Opinion, later to be called the Gallup Poll, was “Are Federal expenditures for relief and recovery too great, too little, or about right?” To this, 60 percent of the sample replied that they were too great, only 9 percent thought they…

George Gallup was an American public-opinion statistician whose Gallup Poll became almost synonymous with public-opinion surveys. Gallup helped to advance the public’s trust in survey research in 1936 when he, Elmo Roper, and Archibald Crossley, acting independently but using similar sampling

George Gallup was an American public-opinion statistician whose Gallup Poll became almost synonymous with public-opinion surveys. Gallup helped to advance the public’s trust in survey research in 1936 when he, Elmo Roper, and Archibald Crossley, acting independently but using similar sampling

Sardinian language: …the northwest and Gallurese (Gallurian) in the northeast—exhibit a mixed Sardinian-Italian typology as a consequence of the encroachment of medieval Ligurian and Corsican influences. Gallurese in particular is related to the dialect of Sartène in Corsica, and it may have been imported into the Gallura region in the 17th…

Sardinian language: …the northwest and Gallurese (Gallurian) in the northeast—exhibit a mixed Sardinian-Italian typology as a consequence of the encroachment of medieval Ligurian and Corsican influences. Gallurese in particular is related to the dialect of Sartène in Corsica, and it may have been imported into the Gallura region in the 17th…

jungle fowl, any of four Asian birds of the genus Gallus, family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). (For Australian jungle fowl, see megapode.) Gallus species differ from other members of the pheasant family in having, in the male, a fleshy comb, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and high-arched

Wilhelm Adolf Becker: …led to his publication of Gallus (1838), the story of a Roman youth. Derived from Suetonius’ Life of Augustus and embellished to include all aspects of Roman life and customs, the book became a classic in its field, the English translation passing through 10 editions between 1844 and 1891. A…

Gallus was a Roman emperor from 251 to 253. Gallus came from an ancient family of Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy), whose ancestry could be traced to the pre-Roman Etruscan aristocracy. He served the emperor Decius with loyalty and distinction as legate of Moesia and was proclaimed emperor after the

Galli, priests, often temple attendants or wandering mendicants, of the ancient Asiatic deity, the Great Mother of the Gods, known as Cybele, or Agdistis, in Greek and Latin literature. The Galli were eunuchs attired in female garb, with long hair fragrant with ointment. Together with priestesses,

Gallus Caesar was the ruler of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, with the title of caesar, from 351 to 354. Sources dating from this period describe Gallus’ reign at Antioch (present-day Antakya, Tur.) as tyrannical. His father, Julius Constantius, was the half brother of Constantine the

chicken, (Gallus gallus), any of more than 60 breeds of medium-sized poultry that are primarily descended from the wild red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus, family Phasianidae, order Galliformes) of India. The chicken is perhaps the most widely domesticated fowl, raised worldwide for its meat and eggs.

jungle fowl: The red jungle fowl (G. gallus) is the ancestor of the domestic fowl. The cock has shining silky plumage, red on the head and back and green-black elsewhere—a pattern seen also in several domestic breeds; the hen is rusty brown with speckled neck and minimal comb.…

chicken: …there is evidence that the gray jungle fowl (G. sonneratii) of southern India and other jungle fowl species, also members of Gallus, may have contributed to the bird’s ancestry. There is some debate about what the chicken’s scientific name should be. Although many taxonomists and ornithologists consider it as a…

ancient Rome: Foreign policy: …25 bc an expedition under Aelius Gallus opened the Red Sea to Roman use and simultaneously revealed the Arabian Desert as an unsurpassed and, indeed, unsurpassable boundary. The same year Gaius Petronius, the prefect of Egypt, tightened Rome’s grip as far as the First Cataract and established a broad military…

Gaius Cornelius Gallus was a Roman soldier and poet, famous for four books of poems to his mistress “Lycoris” (the actress Volumnia, stage name Cytheris), which, in ancient opinion, made him one of the four greatest Roman elegiac poets. Gallus was a friend of Augustus and Virgil and, having

Arabia Felix: … 14) sent an expedition under Gaius Aelius Gallus to Arabia Felix, with disastrous results. Partly because of a native guide’s treachery, the troops traveled by a circuitous way through waterless regions, so that they reached southern Arabia weakened by disease, heat, and want of water, unable to accomplish much commercially…

Gaius Cornelius Gallus was a Roman soldier and poet, famous for four books of poems to his mistress “Lycoris” (the actress Volumnia, stage name Cytheris), which, in ancient opinion, made him one of the four greatest Roman elegiac poets. Gallus was a friend of Augustus and Virgil and, having

Jacob Handl was a German-Austrian composer known for his sacred music. A Cistercian monk, Handl traveled in Bohemia, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), and Silesia (now southwestern Poland), was a member of the Viennese court chapel in 1574, and was choirmaster to the bishop of Olmütz

Roscius was a Roman comic actor of such celebrity that his name became an honorary epithet for any particularly successful actor. Born into slavery at Solonium, Roscius gained such renown on the stage that the dictator Sulla freed him from bondage and conferred upon him the gold ring, the emblem of

Jacob Handl was a German-Austrian composer known for his sacred music. A Cistercian monk, Handl traveled in Bohemia, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), and Silesia (now southwestern Poland), was a member of the Viennese court chapel in 1574, and was choirmaster to the bishop of Olmütz

Galloway: …Galloway is derived from the Gallgaidhel, or Gallwyddel (“Stranger Gaels”), the original Celtic people of this region, called Novantae by the Romans. The last “king” of Galloway died in 1234. During the 14th century the Balliols and Comyns were the chief families, succeeded about 1369 by the Douglases (until 1458)…

Évariste Galois: …if and only if the group of automorphisms (functions that take elements of a set to other elements of the set while preserving algebraic operations) is solvable, which means essentially that the group can be broken down into simple “prime-order” constituents that always have an easily understood structure. The term…

algebra: Noether and Artin: …for the latter’s reformulation of Galois theory. Rather than speaking of the Galois group of a polynomial equation with coefficients in a particular field, Artin focused on the group of automorphisms of the coefficients’ splitting field (the smallest extension of the field such that the polynomial could be factored into…