Tibet, historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called “the roof of the world.” It occupies a vast area of plateaus and mountains in Central Asia, including Mount Everest (Qomolangma [or Zhumulangma] Feng; Tibetan: Chomolungma). It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai

Journey to the West, foremost Chinese comic novel, written by Wu Cheng’en, a novelist and poet of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The novel is based on the actual 7th-century pilgrimage of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602–664) to India in search of sacred texts. The story itself was already a part of

Xia dynasty, (c. 2070–c. 1600 bce), early Chinese dynasty mentioned in legends. According to legend, the founder was Yu, who was credited with having engineered the draining of the waters of a great flood (and who was later identified as a deified lord of the harvest). Yu allegedly made the

Xia Gui was one of China’s greatest masters of landscape painting, cofounder with Ma Yuan of the Ma-Xia school. The album leaf and the hand scroll with a continuous panorama were his predominant forms. His works are typically in ink monochrome, occasionally with a few touches of colour. His style

Xia Yan was a Chinese writer, journalist, and playwright known for his leftist plays and films. Xia was sent to study in Japan in 1920, and, after his forced return to China in 1927, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. In 1929 he founded the Shanghai Art Theatre, was the first to call for a

Xiamen, city and port, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. It is situated on the southwestern coast of Xiamen (Amoy) Island in Xiamen Harbour (an inlet of the Taiwan Strait), the estuary of the Jiulong River. Known as the “garden on the sea,” it has an excellent harbour sheltered by a

Xiang Yu was a Chinese general and leader of the rebel forces that overthrew the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). He was the principal contestant for control of China with Liu Bang, who, as the Gaozu emperor, founded the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Xiang Yu’s defeat signaled the end of the old

Xiang River, river in Hunan province, southeastern China. With a total length of 500 miles (800 km), the Xiang is one of the principal tributaries of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The Xiang rises in the mountains in the northern part of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and flows northeast

Chinese writing: Characteristics: …other types of characters are xiangxing, characters that were originally pictographs (these have a semantic element originally expressed by a picture; for example, the character for tian “field” represents a field by means of a square divided into quarters); zhishi, characters intended to symbolize logical or abstract terms (e.g., er…

Xiang language, Chinese language that is spoken in Hunan province. The two major varieties of Xiang are New Xiang and Old Xiang. New Xiang, which is spoken predominantly around Changsha, the capital of Hunan, has been strongly influenced by Mandarin Chinese. Old Xiang, which is spoken in other

China: Phase two: stalemate and stagnation: Ye Ting—with Xiang Ying, a communist, as chief of staff—this force of 12,000 officers and soldiers operated behind Japanese lines near Shanghai with great success. Its strategy included guerrilla tactics, organizing resistance bases, and recruitment. This army grew to more than 100,000 in 1940; by then it…

Xiang Yu was a Chinese general and leader of the rebel forces that overthrew the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). He was the principal contestant for control of China with Liu Bang, who, as the Gaozu emperor, founded the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Xiang Yu’s defeat signaled the end of the old

Chinese chess, strategy board game played in China from about ad 700. Like orthodox chess, Chinese chess is believed to have been derived from an Indian board game known as chaturanga. As in Western chess, the object of Chinese chess is to capture the opponent’s king (also called general in Chinese

Xiangfan, city, northern Hubei sheng (province), central China. It lies in the middle basin of the Han River and is situated just west of the junction of the Han with its northern tributary, the Tangbai River. It is the head of navigation for steamers and is a transshipment point for the junk

Hong Kong, special administrative region (Pinyin: tebie xingzhengqu; Wade-Giles romanization: t’e-pieh hsing-cheng-ch’ü) of China, located to the east of the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) estuary on the south coast of China. The region is bordered by Guangdong province to the north and the South China

Xiangtan, city, eastern Hunan sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Xiang River at its confluence with the Lian River, 22 miles (35 km) south of Changsha, the provincial capital. Xiangtan has good communications by water in Hunan as far as Hengyang to the south and Shaoyang to the

Chinese literature: Literature in Taiwan after 1949: …the rise of regional (hsiang-t’u) writing, in which the Taiwanese countryside served as the setting for fiction and poetry that effectively captured the dramatic social and psychological effects of transition from a rural to an urban-based society. Huang Ch’un-ming’s Ni-szu i-chih lao-mao (1980; The Drowning of an Old Cat)…

xiao, Chinese end-blown bamboo flute noted for its mellow and melancholy tone. Before the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce), the term xiao denoted a multi-tube instrument later known as the paixiao, or panpipe. Any single tube flute was called di. The transverse flute became increasingly popular during the

xiao, in Confucianism, the attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one’s parents and elder family members that is the basis of individual moral conduct and social harmony. Xiao consists in putting the needs of parents and family elders over self, spouse, and children, deferring to parents’

Xiao He was an adviser who helped Liu Bang establish the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) of China and served as his chief minister. Xiao was a clerk in the district government of Peixian during the later years of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). He early attached himself to Liu Bang, becoming his

Xiao Hinggan Range, mountain range in the northeastern section of Heilongjiang province, northeastern China. The range has a northwest-southeast axis and is located to the southwest of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang). To the west it is connected to the Da Hinggan Range by the Yilehuli Mountains,

Xiao Hong was a Chinese fiction writer known for her novels and stories set in the northeast during the 1930s. In order to avoid an arranged marriage, she left home in 1930 and started to lead a vagrant life. In 1932 she met the writer Xiao Jun; from that time on, she lived with him. She wrote her

Xiaojing, Chinese text consisting of a conversation between Confucius and a disciple of his concerning the idea of filial piety, the reverence for parents. It is sometimes grouped with the Wujing (“Five Classics”) in importance among works of Chinese literature. Xiaojing is thought to have existed

xiaozhuan, in Chinese calligraphy, a standardized and simplified form of the earlier dazhuan script, in which all lines are of even thickness and curves and circles are relatively predominant. Its development during the Qin dynasty (221–206 bc) is traditionally attributed to Li Si, a minister of

Xiaowendi was the posthumous name (shi) of the seventh emperor of the Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535), which dominated much of North China during part of the chaotic 360-year period between the end of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220) and the founding of Sui rule (581–618). Xiaowendi

Xie He was a Chinese figure painter and critic who is best remembered for collating or inventing the famous “Six Principles” (liufa) of Chinese painting. The “Six Principles” introduce Xie’s Gu Huapin Lu (“Classified Record of Painters of Former Times”), which rates 27 painters in three classes of

Xie Lingyun was a prominent Chinese writer of the Six Dynasties era, known chiefly as a nature poet. The scion of an aristocratic house associated with the displaced southern court, Xie was an official under the Eastern Jin and Liu-Song dynasties, but factional intrigues later disrupted his career,

hsien, the basic unit of local government in China. The word hsien may be roughly translated as “county,” or “district.” The hsien originated during the Ch’un-ch’iu, or Spring and Autumn, period (770–476 bc) of Chinese history. Villages or townships on China’s western frontier that had been newly

Xianfeng was the reign name (nianhao) of the seventh emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China. During his reign (1850–61) China was beset internally by the Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and externally by conflicts with the encroaching European powers. By the time the Xianfeng

Kegon, Buddhist philosophical tradition introduced into Japan from China during the Nara period (710–784). Although the Kegon school can no longer be considered an active faith teaching a separate doctrine, it continues to administer the famous Tōdai Temple monastery at Nara. The name Kegon is a

museum: Asia and Africa: …and the last Han emperor, Xiandi (abdicated 220 ce), established a gallery containing portraits of his ministers.

Xianyang, city, central Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. It is situated on the north bank of the Wei River about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of Xi’an, in an area that was the cradle of early Chinese civilization. It is on a vital east-west route through the Wei River valley, with good

China: An intellectual revolution: …own reform journal, Xinchao (“New Tide”). A new experimental literature inspired by Western forms became highly popular, and scores of new literary journals were founded.

Xin Qiji was a Chinese poet and master soldier whose ci (poems written to existing musical patterns) are considered by many critics to be the best of the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279). Xin Qiji became a soldier to avenge the dishonourable victory of the Jin over the Song, but he found no chance

Xin River, river, tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) system in northeastern Jiangxi province, eastern China. The Xin has a length of 194 miles (312 km) and drains an area of about 6,500 square miles (16,800 square km). It rises along the northeastern border of the province and flows

Xin dynasty, (ad 9–25), short-lived dynasty in China formed by Wang Mang, whose usurpation of power from the ruling Liu family constituted an interim in the Han dynasty succession and resulted in historians splitting the Han into the Xi (Western) Han (206 bc–ad 25) and the Dong (Eastern) Han (ad

New Taipei City, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), northern Taiwan. It was created in 2010 when the former T’ai-pei county was administratively reorganized, and it has the status of a county. New Taipei City is bordered by I-lan (Yilan) county to the southeast, T’ao-yüan

Xin’an River Reservoir, large artificial lake near the town of Xin’anjiang, northwestern Zhejiang province, southeastern China. It was created as part of a large hydroelectric project constructed between 1957 and 1977. The project, started with considerable Soviet technical assistance, was not

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

Xinjiang, autonomous region of China, occupying the northwestern corner of the country. It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east, the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south, Afghanistan and the disputed territory of Kashmir to the southwest, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

Hsin-chu, shih (municipality) and seat of Hsin-chu hsien (county), northwestern Taiwan. It lies southwest of Taipei and about 6 miles (10 km) from the island’s west coast, on north-south highway and railway lines that parallel the coast. Hsin-chu was first settled and walled in the 18th century; it

Hsin-chu, county (hsien, or xian), northwestern Taiwan. It is bordered by T’ao-yüan (Taoyuan) special municipality to the north, I-lan (Yilan) and Miao-li (Miaoli) counties to the east and south, respectively, and the Taiwan Strait to the west. Hsin-chu city on the coast is the administrative seat.

Xinxiang, city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. It is a transportation centre located at the head of navigation of the Wei River, with access northeast to Tianjin, and at the southern end of a route from Hebei province that runs west to ultimately connect with southern Shanxi and Shaanxi

Xinhua News Agency, news agency of China, founded in 1931 as the press outlet of the Chinese Communist Party. It was first set up in the Red Army-controlled area in Jiangxi province and in the mid-1930s was moved to Yan’an. The agency is now headquartered in Beijing and has offices around the

Chung-yang Range: Mount Yü (also called Mount Hsin-kao, formerly Mount Morrison) is the highest peak in the range and in Taiwan, at 13,114 feet (3,997 m).

New Taipei City, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), northern Taiwan. It was created in 2010 when the former T’ai-pei county was administratively reorganized, and it has the status of a county. New Taipei City is bordered by I-lan (Yilan) county to the southeast, T’ao-yüan

Hsin-tien, former city (shih, or shi), northern Taiwan. In 2010 it became a city district of the special municipality of New Taipei City when the former T’ai-pei county was reorganized administratively. Hsin-tien lies in the northernmost portion of Taiwan’s western coastal plain on the right bank

Xinyang, city, southern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It is situated in the far south of the Henan plain, in the basin between the Dabie Mountains (south) and the Huai River (north). It has traditionally been on a cultural divide between the plain and the hilly districts to the south.

Hsin-ying, city district (ch’ü, or qu), T’ai-nan special municipality, southwestern Taiwan. Until late 2010 it was the seat of T’ai-nan county, but when the county was amalgamated administratively with T’ai-nan municipality, it became a city district of the new special municipality. Hsin-ying is

Hsinbyushin was the third king (1763–76) of the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty in Myanmar (Burma). He pursued a policy of expansion at the expense of practically all his neighbours. Hsinbyushin’s most important single project was the subjugation of Siam (now Thailand). In 1764 he campaigned

Chinese writing: Characteristics: …most common of which is xingsheng, a type of character that combines a semantic element (called a radical) with a phonetic element intended to remind the reader of the word’s pronunciation. The phonetic element is usually a contracted form of another character with the same pronunciation as that of the…

Lake Khanka, shallow lake on the boundary between Siberia (Russia) and China. Most of the lakeshore is in the Primorsky territory of the Russian Far East; the northern shore is in Heilongjiang province of northeastern China. Much of the lake is surrounded by swampland. The lake varies in area from

xingshu, a semicursive Chinese script that developed out of the Han dynasty lishu script at the same time that the standard kaishu script was evolving (1st–3rd century ad). The characters of xingshu are not abbreviated or connected, but strokes within the characters are often run together. The

Xingtai, city, southwestern Hebei sheng (province), China. It is situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Taihang Mountains, on the upper course of the Ziya River. It became a settlement at an early date. There were several settlements of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 bce) in the area, and

Changchun, city and provincial capital of Jilin sheng (province), China. The area around the city was originally the grazing ground of a Mongol banner (army division). In 1796 the Mongol duke requested and was granted permission from the Qing (Manchu) court to open this area to colonization by

Xiong Foxi was a Chinese playwright who helped create popular drama intended to entertain and educate the peasantry. Xiong Foxi began writing, directing, and acting in plays as a youth and, while at Yanjing University, helped establish the Minzhong Xijushe (People’s Dramatic Society). After

Xiong Shili was one of the outstanding figures of 20th-century Chinese philosophy. His ontological system is an original synthesis of Buddhist, Confucian, and Western motifs. Xiong was an anti-Manchu revolutionary in early youth, but after the age of 30 he devoted himself wholly to philosophy. He

Xiongnu, nomadic pastoral people who at the end of the 3rd century bce formed a great tribal league that was able to dominate much of Central Asia for more than 500 years. China’s wars against the Xiongnu, who were a constant threat to the country’s northern frontier throughout this period, led to

steel: Microalloyed steels: …steels given the generic title high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels had the similar aim of improving the general properties of mild steels with small additions of alloying elements that would not greatly increase the cost. By 1962 the term microalloyed steel was introduced for mild-steel compositions to which 0.01 to 0.05…

Barry Diller: The following year USAI became IAC/InterActiveCorp, which operated such Web sites as Ask.com and the online dating service Match.com. In 2010 Diller stepped down as CEO, though he continued as chairman.

fascism: Croatia: …founder in 1990 of the Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska Stranka Prava; HSP). A former seminary student and dissident under the communist regime in Croatia in the 1980s, Paraga believed that Serbia was a mortal danger to Croatian national survival, and he called for the creation of a “Greater Croatia”…

high-speed rail (HSR), passenger train that generally travels at least 200 km (124 miles) per hour and can cruise up to 355 km (221 miles) per hour, though some have reached higher speeds. More than 20 countries, largely in Asia and Europe, have high-speed rail networks. Transportation researchers

Croatian Peasant Party, dominant political party in Croatia during the first half of the 20th century. Founded in 1904 by Stjepan Radić (and his brother Ante Radić), it advocated home rule for a Croatia dominated by peasants on homesteads increased by redistribution of land. The party formed the

High Speed Train (HST), British long-distance passenger train operating nationwide since 1976, when the first service was opened between London and Bristol-South Wales. The HST introduced high-speed rail travel to the United Kingdom. Powered by two 2,250-horsepower diesel engines, the HST can reach

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first sophisticated optical observatory placed into orbit around Earth. Earth’s atmosphere obscures ground-based astronomers’ view of celestial objects by absorbing or distorting light rays from them. A telescope stationed in outer space is entirely above the

xu, in Chinese Daoism, a state of equilibrium through which one becomes receptive to and attuned with the transforming experience of which one is a part. It is characterized by an unself-conscious sense of continuity with one’s immediate context. This transforming experience is called dao.

Xu Zhimo was a Chinese poet who strove to loosen Chinese poetry from its traditional forms and to reshape it under the influences of Western poetry and the vernacular Chinese language. After graduating from Peking University, Xu went to the United States in 1918 to study economics and political

Xu Guangqi was an official of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and the most influential Chinese convert to Christianity before the 20th century. Xu obtained his jinshi degree, the highest level in the civil-service examination, in 1604 and then studied with Matteo Ricci, the noted Italian Jesuit

Xu Beihong was an influential Chinese artist and art educator who, in the first half of the 20th century, argued for the reformation of Chinese art through the incorporation of lessons from the West. Xu was first taught art in his childhood by his father, Xu Dazhang, a locally known portrait

Chinese languages: Qin dynasty standardization: …dictionary Shuowen jiezi, compiled by Xu Shen about ad 100. This work contains 9,353 characters, a number that certainly exceeds that which it was or ever became necessary to know offhand. Still, a great proliferation of characters took place at special times and for special purposes. The Guangyun dictionary of…

Xu Da was a general who helped the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Hongwu (reigned 1368–98), to overthrow the Yuan (or Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368). Xu joined the future emperor’s rebel band in 1353 and became the leading general, engineering the capture of the capital at Beijing so

Xu Wei was a colourful figure in the history of Chinese painting who is known for having been a child prodigy, bureaucrat, apparent madman, and painter. As a young man, Xu repeatedly failed to pass civil service examinations. During the 1550s and ’60s he did succeed in gaining a reputation as a

Xu Yue was a Chinese astronomer and mathematician. Xu was a disciple of Liu Hong (c. 129–210), an influential government astronomer and mathematician. Apparently, Xu never held any official government position, yet his expertise was highly esteemed by official astronomers who invited his

Xu Guangqi was an official of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and the most influential Chinese convert to Christianity before the 20th century. Xu obtained his jinshi degree, the highest level in the civil-service examination, in 1604 and then studied with Matteo Ricci, the noted Italian Jesuit

Xuchang, city, central Henan sheng (province), China. It is situated along the southwestern edge of the North China Plain northeast of the Funiu Range (an eastern extension of the Qin [Tsinling] Mountains). It has since early times been a natural transportation hub—the point where the north-south

Xuzhou, city, northwestern Jiangsu sheng (province), eastern China. It is located in a gap in the southern portion of the Shandong Hills that constitutes a southwestern extension of the North China Plain. Through this gap flows the Feihuang River (in a former riverbed of the Huang He [Yellow

hsüan, common term in most forms of Chinese religion and philosophy that connotes a hidden or occult dimension to some aspect of experience or reality. First used metaphysically in the Tao-te ching, it is an idea that is given mystical significance in many aspects of later Taoist and Buddhist

Xuancheng, city, southeastern Anhui sheng (province), China. It is the natural centre of the basin north of the Huang Mountains and lies on the route from Nanjing (Jiangsu province) and Wuhu south to Shexian and to Jiangxi province. A settlement was founded on the present site in 590. In 592

xuanji, Chinese jade form found in the Shang (c. 1600–1046 bc) and Zhou (1046–256 bc) dynasties. It is a flat disk similar in shape to the bi, except that the outer edge is broken into an irregular serration of major and minor projecting teeth, much like a circular saw blade. It has been suggested

Xuanhua, former city, northwestern Hebei sheng (province), China. In 1963 it was incorporated into Kalgan (Zhangjiakou), becoming a district of that city. Xuanhua district is situated some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of central Kalgan, on the upper course of the Yang River. In former times the

China: The dynastic succession: The Hongxi (reigned 1424–25), Xuande (1425–35), and Hongzhi (1487–1505) emperors were nevertheless able and conscientious rulers in the Confucian mode. The only serious disruption of the peace occurred in 1449 when the eunuch Wang Zhen led the Zhengtong emperor (first reign 1435–49) into a disastrous military campaign against the…

Xuandi was the posthumous name (shi) of the eighth emperor (reigned 74–49/48 bc) of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), who ascended the throne when the designated heir apparent behaved indecorously during mourning ceremonies for his father. The Xuandi emperor strove to abate the harshness and

Xuanzang was a Buddhist monk and Chinese pilgrim to India who translated the sacred scriptures of Buddhism from Sanskrit into Chinese and founded in China the Buddhist Consciousness Only school. His fame rests mainly on the volume and diversity of his translations of the Buddhist sutras and on the

Xuanzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China, which during his reign (712–756) achieved its greatest prosperity and power. Li Longji was the third son of the Ruizong emperor, who was himself a son of the empress Wuhou. Li Longji was born

Hsin-chu: The Hsüeh-shan (Xueshan) Mountains, with an average elevation of 8,200 feet (2,500 metres), traverse most of the southeastern part of the county and gradually merge with the coastal plains of the northwest. Tea, paddy rice, sweet potatoes, and oranges are grown in Hsin-chu county. Its industries…

xun, Chinese vessel flute made of pottery, one of the oldest known Chinese instruments. In its most common form it is egg-shaped with a flattened bottom, and there are five finger holes—three on the front and two (for thumbs) on the back. Its range is about one octave. The player blows across a

Xunzi was a philosopher who was one of the three great Confucian philosophers of the classical period in China. He elaborated and systematized the work undertaken by Confucius and Mencius, giving a cohesiveness, comprehensiveness, and direction to Confucian thought that was all the more compelling

Xunzi was a philosopher who was one of the three great Confucian philosophers of the classical period in China. He elaborated and systematized the work undertaken by Confucius and Mencius, giving a cohesiveness, comprehensiveness, and direction to Confucian thought that was all the more compelling

Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), nonprofit animal-welfare and animal rights advocacy group founded in 1954. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) is one of the largest such organizations in the world, with more than 10 million members and regional offices and field

herpes simplex: HSV-1: HSV-1 is generally associated with infections in and around the mouth and with other infections above the waist. Typically, infection is characterized by a cluster of small blisters or watery vesicles on the skin or on mucous membranes. Clusters most frequently occur on the…

herpes simplex: HSV-2: The sexually transmitted disease genital herpes is associated primarily with HSV-2. The virus is highly contagious and may be transmitted by individuals who are lifelong carriers but who remain asymptomatic (and may not even know they are infected). Infections are most often acquired through…

nuclear reactor: High-temperature gas-cooled reactors: The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), as mentioned above in Fuel types, is fueled by a mixture of graphite and fuel-bearing microspheres. There are two competitive designs of this reactor type: (1) a German “pebble bed” system that uses spherical fuel elements, nominally…

Myanmar: Myanmar since 1988: …San Suu Kyi’s close friend, Htin Kyaw, as the party’s candidate. Members of the legislature met on March 15, 2016, to vote on the country’s new president. Htin Kyaw was elected. He was inaugurated on March 30, 2016. Aung San Suu Kyi emerged with multiple posts in the government before…

human disease: Viruses: …with an RNA virus, the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1). While much experimental and clinical evidence supports the carcinogenic role of the above-mentioned viruses in humans, additional research suggests that other factors also may be required. Observations that support the multifactorial nature of viral carcinogenesis include the continuous but not…

HTML, a formatting system for displaying material retrieved over the Internet. Each retrieval unit is known as a Web page (from World Wide Web), and such pages frequently contain hypertext links that allow related pages to be retrieved. HTML is the markup language for encoding Web pages. It was

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), militant Islamist group in Syria that emerged during the Syrian Civil War (2011– ) and in 2024 led rebel forces to oust Assad, ending his family’s five-decade rule. HTS was formally created in 2017 through the merger of several rebel organizations, the core of which was

food preservation: Commercial sterility: …process uses the high-temperature–short-time (HTST) method in which foods are heated at a high temperature for a short period of time. The time and temperature conditions depend on several factors, such as size, shape, and type of food. The HTST method results in a higher retention of quality characteristics,…

HTTP, standard application-level protocol used for exchanging files on the World Wide Web. HTTP runs on top of the TCP/IP protocol and (later) on the QUIC protocol. Web browsers are HTTP clients that send file requests to Web servers, which in turn handle the requests via an HTTP service. HTTP was

digital certificate: …as the security basis for HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure).

H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), uncrewed Japanese spacecraft that carries supplies to the International Space Station (ISS). The first HTV was launched from the Tanegashima Space Centre on Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima prefecture, on September 11, 2009. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched