World War I: The collapse of Austria-Hungary: …their very timely offensive), a Hungarian National Council prescribing peace and severance from Austria was set up in Budapest. On October 27 a note accepting the U.S. note of October 18 was sent from Vienna to Washington—to remain unacknowledged. On October 28 the Czechoslovak committee in Prague passed a “law”…

Budapest: Cultural life: Founded in 1802, the Hungarian National Museum has extensive historical and archaeological holdings. The music academy, established in 1875 by the pianist and composer Franz Liszt, has acquired international fame. The Opera House was restored to its 19th-century splendour in 1984. Completed in 2002 and located on the Danube…

partridge: …partridge of Europe is the gray partridge (Perdix perdix), called Hungarian (or hun) partridge in North America, where it was introduced in 1889 (Virginia) and again, much more successfully, in 1908–09 (Alberta). It ranges throughout the British Isles and across Europe to the Caspian region. The gray partridge has a…

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Budapest: Buda, Óbuda, and Pest: After the outbreak of revolution in Pest in March 1848, a Hungarian ministry, transferred from Pozsony (modern Bratislava, Slovakia) and responsible to the Diet, was established there. In the ensuing civil war Buda was besieged in May 1849 by the revolutionary army of the patriot Lajos Kossuth. Repression followed…

Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active

Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C-Sharp Minor, the second and most famous of the 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies composed for piano by Franz Liszt between 1846–53. Originally composed in 1851 for solo piano, the work was soon converted into orchestral form by Liszt’s colleague, Franz Doppler, who also added a

saddle: The English, or Hungarian, saddle is lighter, flatter, and padded and was designed for sport and recreational uses.

Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), left-wing Hungarian political party. Although the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) was founded in 1989, its origins date to 1948, when the Hungarian Social Democratic Party merged into what was first called the Hungarian Workers’ Party and then, following the

Hungary: Overview: …it was reorganized as the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, which survived until the fall of communism in 1989.

bargello work: …the flamelike gradation of colour, flame stitch; its 17th-century name was Hungarian stitch.

Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active

Hungary: Overview: …it was reorganized as the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, which survived until the fall of communism in 1989.

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1956, the 16th Olympiad coincided with one of the signal events of Cold War history: the Soviet army’s repression of an uprising in Hungary against the pro-Soviet government there. Thousands of Hungarians were killed during the incident, and in the following months

horizontally striped red-white-green national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The tricolour flag of Hungary was officially adopted on October 12, 1957, after the abortive revolution in 1956. The colours are the same as those found in the traditional coat of arms of Hungary. The white is

history of Hungary, a survey of important events and people in the history of Hungary from ancient times to the present. The citizens of Hungary know their landlocked central European country as Magyarország, “Land of Magyars.” They are unique among the nations of Europe in that they speak a

Reformed Church in Hungary, Reformed church that developed in Hungary during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. The influence of the Reformation was felt early in Hungary. A synod at Erdod adopted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1545, and by 1567 the Synod of Debrecen adopted

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Steve McQueen: Films: …his first feature-length commercial film, Hunger (winner of the Cannes film festival’s Caméra d’Or). Using long takes, claustrophobic camera angles, and much human silence, the film chillingly tells the story of the last days of the Irish nationalist Bobby Sands (played by Michael Fassbender), who undertook a hunger strike at…

Hunger, novel by Knut Hamsun, published in 1890 as Sult. It is the semiautobiographical chronicle of the physical and psychological hunger experienced by an aspiring writer in late 19th-century Norway. The unnamed narrator of this plotless episodic work is an introspective young man whose hunger to

motivation: Hunger: The question of why we eat when we do appears to involve two separate mechanisms. The first mechanism, typically called short-term regulation, attempts to take in sufficient energy to balance what is being expended. It is usually assumed that time between meals and meal…

T Bone Burnett: …sound track of the movie The Hunger Games (2012). Ghost Brothers of Darkland County, a Southern gothic musical he created with Stephen King and John Mellencamp, premiered in 2014.

Woody Harrelson: …the Hunger Games series (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015), which was adapted from Suzanne Collins’s popular young-adult books. He was compelling in the title role of Rob Reiner’s LBJ (2016).

the Chemical Brothers: …Is Not a Game” for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 (2014). For No Geography (2019), the duo won another Grammy for best dance/electronic album, and the single “Got to Keep On” took the Grammy for best dance recording.

Woody Harrelson: 2013, 2014, and 2015), which was adapted from Suzanne Collins’s popular young-adult books. He was compelling in the title role of Rob Reiner’s LBJ (2016).

hunger strike, form of nonviolent protest in which a person refuses to eat for a prolonged period of time until certain demands are met. Hunger strikes have been staged to draw attention to various national independence movements and such causes as women’s suffrage, prisoners’ rights, and workers’

Susan Sarandon: …scientist-turned-vampire in the horror film The Hunger (1983), although these films were less successful.

Michael Bolton: …he scored a hit with The Hunger (1987), which featured the hit singles “That’s What Love Is All About,” “Walk Away,” and his rendition of Otis Redding’s classic 1968 hit “(Sittin’ on) the Dock of the Bay.”

Wilhelm Raabe: (1864; The Hunger-Pastor), Abu Telfan, oder Die Heimkehr vom Mondgebirge, 3 vol. (1868; Abu Telfan, Return from the Mountains of the Moon), and Der Schüdderump, 3 vol. (1870; “The Rickety Cart”). These three novels are often viewed as a trilogy that is central to Raabe’s generally…

Roxane Gay: Hunger, Not That Bad, and other works: In 2017 Gay published Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body, which details her experiences as a large woman, her relationship with food, and her struggles with body image. The book was another bestseller and a National Book Critics Circle finalist for best autobiography. That same year, she released her…

Ed Bullins: …well as the short-story collection The Hungered One (1971) and the novel The Reluctant Rapist (1973).

Wilhelm Raabe: (1864; The Hunger-Pastor), Abu Telfan, oder Die Heimkehr vom Mondgebirge, 3 vol. (1868; Abu Telfan, Return from the Mountains of the Moon), and Der Schüdderump, 3 vol. (1870; “The Rickety Cart”). These three novels are often viewed as a trilogy that is central to Raabe’s generally…

Icelandic literature: The sagas: …13th century, such as the Hungrvaka (“The Appetizer”), a short history of the bishops of Skálholt from Ísleifr to Kloengr. In the late 12th century several short histories of Norwegian kings were taken from Norway to Iceland, where they influenced Icelandic historians. The Ágriþ, a summary of the histories, or…

Bengali literature: Literary movements: The Hungry Generation was an avant-garde movement launched by a group of writers known as the Hungryalist quartet: Shakti Chatterjee, Malay Roychoudhury, Debi Roy, and Samir Roychoudhury. Established with disruptive intent, the movement lasted for some years in the 1960s and challenged existing ideas about literature.

Hungry Ghost Festival, frightening and festive Buddhist and Daoist holiday celebrated in East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in areas with Chinese cultural influence, to propitiate the ghosts of the deceased. The holiday is celebrated on the 15th day of the 7th month on the Chinese lunar

Michael Imperioli: Stardom: The Sopranos and White Lotus: …2009 Imperioli wrote and directed The Hungry Ghosts, a drama involving intertwined stories; the film starred Steve Schirripa, a Sopranos castmate. Imperioli later appeared in Regina King’s well-received directorial debut, One Night in Miami… (2020), a fictional talk between Muhammad Ali, Malcolm X, Sam Cooke, and Jim Brown

Adam Driver: …in the uncomfortable domestic drama Hungry Hearts and a charming if entitled hipster in Baumbach’s While We’re Young.

Yiddish literature: The 21st century: Many of Yezierska’s characters in Hungry Hearts (1920), for example, speak English that is Yiddish-inflected; some phrases are translated word-for-word from Yiddish expressions. In the masterpiece of American Jewish immigrant fiction, Henry Roth’s novel Call It Sleep (1934), the characters’ Yiddish speech is rendered in eloquent English, while their English…

Henri Rousseau: Later paintings and recognition of Henri Rousseau: …the academicians), where his painting The Hungry Lion (1905) was hung in the same room as the works of the group of avant-garde painters known as the Fauves (“Wild Beasts”)—Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice de Vlaminck. At last the critics began to speak of Rousseau in a positive light.…

Maydūm: …pyramid was probably begun by Huni, the last king of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–c. 2575), but was apparently completed by his successor, Snefru, the first king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465). Late in its reconstruction under Snefru, the outer casing and fill of the pyramid began to…

János Hunyadi was a Hungarian general and governor of the kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1452, who was a leading commander against the Turks in the 15th century. Hunyadi is first mentioned, probably as a small child, in the diplomas by which King Sigismund transferred possessions of Hunyad castle

Kiss of Death: Nick Bianco (played by Victor Mature) decides to testify against his former mob cronies in order to win release from prison and be reunited with his family. The caveat is that he must reintegrate himself into the mob and risk his life to bring the top criminals to justice.…

Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, (July 8, 1833), defensive alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the village of Hünkâr İskelesi, near Istanbul, by which the Ottoman Empire became a virtual protectorate of Russia. Facing defeat by the insurgent Muḥammad ʿAlī Pasha of Egypt, the Ottoman

Oceti Sakowin: … people), Brulé (Upper and Lower), Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Oglala, Sans Arcs, and Oohenonpa (Two-Kettle).

David Bowie: Not until Hunky Dory (1971) did he hit on the attractively postmodern notion of presenting his chameleonism as an identity rather than the lack of one.

H.L. Hunley, Confederate submarine that operated (1863–64) during the American Civil War and was the first submarine to sink (1864) an enemy ship, the Union vessel Housatonic. The Hunley was designed and built at Mobile, Alabama, and named for its chief financial backer, Horace L. Hunley. Less than

Hangul, alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters (originally 28), including 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The consonant characters are formed with curved or angled lines. The vowels are composed of vertical or

Hangul, alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters (originally 28), including 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The consonant characters are formed with curved or angled lines. The vowels are composed of vertical or

Mexican tulip poppy, (Hunnemannia fumariifolia), perennial plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae) native to southwestern North America. The plant is the only member of the genus Hunnemannia and is grown as an ornamental. The Mexican tulip poppy has large four-petaled sulfur-yellow flowers about 5

coin: Post-Roman coinage in the West: …struck by Gaiseric (428–477) or Huneric (477–484) in the Byzantine emperor’s name, but in the absence of any royal monogram it cannot easily be attributed. The chief Spanish coinage was that of the Visigoths, who controlled southern Gaul also and—after Leovigild (568–586)—Suevia (modern Galicia), with its rich gold mines; hence…

Hun, member of a nomadic pastoralist people who invaded southeastern Europe c. 370 ce and during the next seven decades built up an enormous empire there and in central Europe. Appearing from beyond the Volga River some years after the middle of the 4th century, they first overran the Alani, who

Jerome C. Hunsaker was an American aeronautical engineer who made major innovations in the design of aircraft and lighter-than-air ships. Upon graduating in 1908 from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., Hunsaker was assigned to the naval construction corps. In 1909 he was sent to study at the

Jerome C. Hunsaker was an American aeronautical engineer who made major innovations in the design of aircraft and lighter-than-air ships. Upon graduating in 1908 from the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., Hunsaker was assigned to the naval construction corps. In 1909 he was sent to study at the

carboxylic acid: Other reactions: …in a reaction called the Hunsdiecker reaction; e.g., RCOOAg + Br2→ RBr + AgBr + CO2). This is a useful way of cleaving a single carbon atom from a carbon skeleton.

Lord Chamberlain’s Men, a London-based theatrical company with which William Shakespeare was intimately connected for most of his professional career as a dramatist. It was the most important company of players in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. The troupe’s early history is somewhat complicated.

Hunsrück, southernmost mountain region of the Rhenish Uplands in central Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), western Germany, bounded by the Rhine (east), Mosel (north), Saar (west), and Nahe (south) rivers. The undulating Hunsrück plateau, extending approximately 55 mi (90 km) in a

Devonian Period: Sediment types: …and in Europe the German Hunsrückschiefer and Wissenbacherschiefer are similar. The latter are frequently characterized by distinctive fossils, though rarely of the benthic variety, indicating that they were formed when seafloor oxygen levels were very low. Distinctive condensed pelagic limestones rich in fossil cephalopods occur locally in Europe and the…

Lee Jung-Jae: …debut with the spy thriller Hunt (Heon-teu), which premiered at the Cannes film festival. He also starred in the film and wrote the screenplay.

Derek Mahon: (1968), The Snow Party (1975), The Hunt by Night (1982), Harbour Lights (2005), Life on Earth (2008), and New Selected Poems (2016).

Johann Sebastian Bach: The Weimar period: …mir behagt, also called the Hunt Cantata (BWV 208).

Tom Clancy: …surprise Cold War best seller The Hunt for Red October (1984; film 1990), which introduced his popular protagonist, CIA agent Jack Ryan, who was featured in a number of his later books. Red Storm Rising (1986), Patriot Games (1987; film 1992), Clear and Present Danger (1989;

Alec Baldwin: Stardom: Beetlejuice, The Hunt for Red October, and The Aviator: …CIA agent Jack Ryan in The Hunt for Red October (1990), an adaptation of Tom Clancy’s popular thriller. The film was a box-office hit, and it established Baldwin as a major star. In 1990 he also made the first of his numerous hosting appearances on the TV sketch comedy Saturday…

Taika Waititi: Flight of the Conchords and What We Do in the Shadows: Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), which Waititi adapted from a novel by Barry Crump, is about a boy (Julian Dennison) who runs away after the death of his foster mother (Rima Te Wiata). He is followed and found by his foster father (Sam Neill), and…

Domenichino: …Aldobrandini the celebrated canvas of The Hunt of Diana, which was subsequently taken by Cardinal Scipione Borghese. This work shows that he was a sensitive colourist, and its idyllic mood departs from the arid classicism of his frescoes. Between 1624 and 1628 he was occupied with the frescoed pendentives and…

John Hunt, Baron Hunt was a British army officer, mountaineer, and explorer who led the expedition on which Edmund (later Sir Edmund) Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest) in

John Hunt, Baron Hunt was a British army officer, mountaineer, and explorer who led the expedition on which Edmund (later Sir Edmund) Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest) in

Arabic literature: Later genres: …other categories, khamriyyāt (wine poems), ṭardiyyāt (hunt poems), zuhdiyyāt (ascetic poems), and ghazal (love poems).

Arabic literature: Later genres: …other categories, khamriyyāt (wine poems), ṭardiyyāt (hunt poems), zuhdiyyāt (ascetic poems), and ghazal (love poems).

electronic game: Interactive fiction: One of the first was Hunt the Wumpus, which appeared in several versions for different systems. Kenneth Thompson, a researcher at Bell Laboratories, wrote one version in C for the UNIX operating system, which he had codeveloped; Gregory Yob wrote another in BASIC that was distributed widely through listings in…

Hunt v. McNair, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (6–3) on June 25, 1973, that a state program under which a religiously affiliated institution of higher education received financial assistance for improvements to its campus did not constitute state support of religion in violation

E. Howard Hunt was an American intelligence operative who was best known for his seminal role in the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon. Hunt spent 33 months in prison after he pleaded guilty to wiretapping and conspiracy in the 1972 break-in at the

human intelligence: Cognitive theories: …that of the American psychologists Earl B. Hunt, Nancy Frost, and Clifford E. Lunneborg, who in 1973 showed one way in which psychometrics and cognitive modeling could be combined. Instead of starting with conventional psychometric tests, they began with tasks that experimental psychologists were using in their laboratories to study…

E. Howard Hunt was an American intelligence operative who was best known for his seminal role in the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon. Hunt spent 33 months in prison after he pleaded guilty to wiretapping and conspiracy in the 1972 break-in at the

H. L. Hunt was an American founder of a multibillion dollar oil business who promoted his ultraconservative political views on his own radio program. Hunt speculated in cotton properties until 1920. With a borrowed $50, he went to Arkansas and began trading in oil leases, buying and selling almost

H. L. Hunt was an American founder of a multibillion dollar oil business who promoted his ultraconservative political views on his own radio program. Hunt speculated in cotton properties until 1920. With a borrowed $50, he went to Arkansas and began trading in oil leases, buying and selling almost

Harriot Kezia Hunt was an American physician and reformer whose medical practice, though not sanctioned by a degree for some 20 years, achieved considerable success by applying principles of good nutrition, exercise, and physical and mental health. Hunt was reared in a family of liberal social and

Helen Hunt is an American actress known for her caustic wit and easy charm. Her popularity on the television series Mad About You (1992–99; 2019) led to a successful film career, highlighted by her Academy Award-winning performance in As Good As It Gets (1997). Hunt was introduced to acting by her

Helen Hunt is an American actress known for her caustic wit and easy charm. Her popularity on the television series Mad About You (1992–99; 2019) led to a successful film career, highlighted by her Academy Award-winning performance in As Good As It Gets (1997). Hunt was introduced to acting by her

Henry Hunt was a British radical political reformer who gained the nickname “Orator” Hunt for his ubiquitous speechmaking in which he advocated universal suffrage and annual parliaments. Hunt’s success as an orator came to national attention when he presided over an assembly of 60,000 people

Somalia: Penetration of the interior: …in the British protectorate, by J.A. Hunt between 1944 and 1950, and much of the country was mapped by aerial survey.

James Hunt was a British race-car driver who won the 1976 Formula One (F1) Grand Prix world championship by one point over his Austrian archrival, Niki Lauda. Hunt began racing his own car in Formula Ford events in 1969. He quickly graduated to Formula Three races, where his aggressive driving and

Leigh Hunt was an English essayist, critic, journalist, and poet, who was an editor of influential journals in an age when the periodical was at the height of its power. He was also a friend and supporter of the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. Hunt’s poems, of which “Abou Ben Adhem” and

James Hunt was a British race-car driver who won the 1976 Formula One (F1) Grand Prix world championship by one point over his Austrian archrival, Niki Lauda. Hunt began racing his own car in Formula Ford events in 1969. He quickly graduated to Formula Three races, where his aggressive driving and

Boris Johnson: Tenure as foreign secretary: May named Jeremy Hunt, the long-serving health secretary, as Johnson’s replacement.

John Hunt, Baron Hunt was a British army officer, mountaineer, and explorer who led the expedition on which Edmund (later Sir Edmund) Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest) in

Leigh Hunt was an English essayist, critic, journalist, and poet, who was an editor of influential journals in an age when the periodical was at the height of its power. He was also a friend and supporter of the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. Hunt’s poems, of which “Abou Ben Adhem” and

Linda Hunt is an American stage, film, and television character actress known for her resonant voice, small stature, and magnetic performances in a wide variety of roles. For her performance in The Year of Living Dangerously (1982), Hunt won an Academy Award. Hunt grew up in Westport, Connecticut,

Great Expectations: …the spinster Miss Havisham (Martita Hunt), where he falls in love with her ward, Estella (Jean Simmons). Later, as a young man, Pip (now played by John Mills) discovers that an anonymous benefactor has financed a gentleman’s lifestyle for him in London. There he becomes friends with the raffish…

Mary Hannah Hanchett Hunt was an American temperance leader who adopted a physiological basis for her campaign against the use of alcoholic beverages. Mary Hanchett taught school for a year before attending the Amenia (New York) Seminary and the Patapsco Female Institute near Baltimore, Maryland.

Silver Thursday: …of reigning monarchs and despots, Nelson Bunker Hunt (1926–2014) was the richest man in the world at the start of the 1960s, having inherited a fortune from his father, the legendary oilman H. L. Hunt, and earned another fortune through investments and speculation. By 1970 he foresaw a volatile economic…

On Her Majesty’s Secret Service: Production notes and credits:

Richard Morris Hunt was an architect who established in the United States the manner and traditions of the French Beaux-Arts (Second Empire) style. He was instrumental in establishing standards for professional architecture and building in the United States; he took a prominent part in the founding

Liverpool FC: …for exciting forwards such as Roger Hunt, Kevin Keegan, Ian Rush, Kenny Dalglish (who managed the club from 1985 to 1991), and Michael Owen, as well as attacking midfielder Steven Gerrard.

John Hunt, Baron Hunt was a British army officer, mountaineer, and explorer who led the expedition on which Edmund (later Sir Edmund) Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain (29,035 feet [8,850 metres]; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest) in

Tim Hunt is a British scientist who, with Leland H. Hartwell and Paul M. Nurse, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2001 for discovering key regulators of the cell cycle. After receiving a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1968, Hunt conducted research at the Albert Einstein

James Douglas: With T. Sterry Hunt (1826–92), he invented the Hunt–Douglas process for extracting copper from its ores. In 1875 he became superintendent of the Chemical Copper Company, Phoenixville, Pa., where he installed the first commercial electrolytic plant for refining copper. Six years later, the metal dealers Phelps,…

Hilary Swank: …and the following year in The Hunt, a controversial satire in which conservatives are kidnapped and hunted for sport by wealthy liberals. Swank then played an astronaut in the Netflix series Away (2020). In the thriller Fatale (2020), she portrayed a police detective who involves a one-night stand in an…

Carlos Saura: La caza (1965; The Hunt) was his first violent indictment of Spanish society under Francisco Franco. Saura’s bitter El jardin de las delicias (1970; The Garden of Delights) was delayed, then mutilated by Spanish censors. Ana y los lobos (1972; Anna and the Wolves) was also delayed by…

George Henry Lewes: …1850 Lewes and his friend Thornton Leigh Hunt founded a radical weekly called The Leader, for which he wrote the literary and theatrical features. His Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences (1853) originally appeared as a series of articles in The Leader.