Hermann von Helmholtz: Early life: His greatest work, Handbook of Physiological Optics (1867), was characterized—like all of his scientific works—by a keen philosophical insight, molded by exact physiological investigations, and illustrated with mathematical precision and sound physical principles.

Julius von Sachs: …his book on plant physiology, Handbuch der Experimental Physiologie der Pflanzen (1865), he discussed how root hairs remove water from the soil and deliver it to other cells of the root. In 1874 he announced the first part of his imbibition theory stating that imbibed (absorbed) water moves in tubes…

Earth sciences: Weather and climate: For example, Julius Hann’s massive Handbuch der Klimatologie (“Handbook of Climatology”), first issued in 1883, is mainly a compendium of works published in the Meteorologische Zeitschrift (“Journal of Meteorology”). The Handbuch was kept current in revised editions until 1911, and this work is still sometimes called the most skillfully written…

August Schleicher: …results appeared in the remarkable Handbuch der litauischen Sprache (1856–57; “Handbook of the Lithuanian Language”), the first scientific description and analysis of Lithuanian, complete with a grammar, reader, and glossary.

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein: …a chemist who compiled the Handbuch der organischen Chemie, 2 vol. (1880–83; “Handbook of Organic Chemistry”), an indispensable tool for the organic chemist.

Karl, baron von Rokitansky: (1842–46; Treatise of Pathological Anatomy, 1849–52), represented an elevation of the discipline to the status of an established science.

Hans Bethe: Early work: …book-length reviews in the 1933 Handbuch der Physik—the first with Sommerfeld on solid-state physics and the second on the quantum theory of one- and two-electron systems—exhibited his remarkable powers of synthesis. Along with a review on nuclear physics in Reviews of Modern Physics (1936–37), these works were instant classics. All…

Johannes Müller: His Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen stimulated further basic research and became a starting point for the mechanistic concept of life processes, which was widely accepted in the second half of the 19th century.

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle: …of histology, followed by the Handbuch der rationellen Pathologie, 2 vol. (1846–53; “Handbook of Rational Pathology”), written while he was professor of anatomy and pathology at the University of Heidelberg (1844–52). The Handbuch, describing diseased organs in relation to their normal physiological functions, represents the beginning of modern pathology. Among…

Wilhelm Adolf Becker: His Handbuch der römischen Altertumer, 5 vol. (1843–68; “Handbook of Roman Antiquities”), was completed by the classical scholars Theodor Mommsen and Joachim Marquardt.

François-Alphonse Forel: His standard work on limnology, Handbuch der Seenkunde (1901), included a study of the hitherto unexplained movement of lake waters known as seiches. Forel is credited with the discovery of density currents, which occur in the Alpine lakes because of the cold temperatures of entering glacier-derived streams. He also explained…

Rudolf Virchow: Early career: …the publication of his six-volume Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie (“Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapeutics”), most of the first volume of which he wrote himself. At Würzburg he also began to formulate his theories on cellular pathology and started his anthropological work with studies of the abnormal skulls…

encyclopaedia: Chemistry, music, and philosophy: …was the publication of the Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie (1817–19; “Handbook of Theoretical Chemistry”) by the German scientist Leopold Gmelin, a work of such excellence that long after its first publication it still appeared in new editions from the Gmelin-Institut. Heinrich Rose, a German chemist, issued his Ausführliches Handbuch der…

handcuffs, device for shackling the hands, used by police on prisoners under arrest. Until modern times, handcuffs were of two kinds: (1) the figure 8, which confined the hands close together either in front of or behind the body, and (2) rings that fitted around the wrists and were connected by a

Handegg Falls, waterfall on the Aare River in Bern canton, south-central Switzerland; it is located about 9 miles (14 km) south-southeast of the village of Meiringen. After carving its way through the Aare Gorge, the stream is joined by the Aerlenbach (creek) and plunges from a height of 150 feet

handedness, a tendency to use one hand rather than the other to perform most activities; it is the usual practice to classify persons as right-handed, left-handed, or ambidextrous. See

Handegg Falls, waterfall on the Aare River in Bern canton, south-central Switzerland; it is located about 9 miles (14 km) south-southeast of the village of Meiringen. After carving its way through the Aare Gorge, the stream is joined by the Aerlenbach (creek) and plunges from a height of 150 feet

Handegg Falls, waterfall on the Aare River in Bern canton, south-central Switzerland; it is located about 9 miles (14 km) south-southeast of the village of Meiringen. After carving its way through the Aare Gorge, the stream is joined by the Aerlenbach (creek) and plunges from a height of 150 feet

George Frideric Handel was a German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, noted particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741), and is also known for such occasional pieces as Water Music (1717) and Music for

George Frideric Handel was a German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, noted particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741), and is also known for such occasional pieces as Water Music (1717) and Music for

Jacob Handl was a German-Austrian composer known for his sacred music. A Cistercian monk, Handl traveled in Bohemia, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), and Silesia (now southwestern Poland), was a member of the Viennese court chapel in 1574, and was choirmaster to the bishop of Olmütz

Ignazio Silone: Una manciata di more (1952; A Handful of Blackberries, 1954) and Il segreto di Luca (1956; The Secret of Luca, 1958) show Silone’s continued concern with the needs of southern Italy and the complexities of social reform. In Uscita di sicurezza (1965; Emergency Exit, 1968), Silone describes his shifts from…

Philip K. Dick: …Dick’s numerous story collections are A Handful of Darkness (1955), The Variable Man and Other Stories (1957), The Preserving Machine (1969), and the posthumously published I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon (1985). Several of his short stories and novels were adapted for film, including “We Can Remember It for You…

A Handful of Dust, satirical novel by Evelyn Waugh, published in 1934. The novel, which is often considered Waugh’s best, examines the themes of contemporary amorality and the death of spiritual values. Precipitated by the failure of Waugh’s marriage and by his conversion to Roman Catholicism, the

Judi Dench: …with a View (1985) and A Handful of Dust (1988). In the 1990s Dench took the role of James Bond’s boss, M, in GoldenEye (1995)—the first of several Bond movies in which she appeared—and subsequently played two British queens, the recently widowed Queen Victoria in Mrs. Brown (1997) and Queen…

Kamala Markandaya: Literary career: Later works by Markandaya include A Handful of Rice (1966), The Coffer Dams (1969), The Nowhere Man (1972), Two Virgins (1973), The Golden Honeycomb (1977), and Pleasure City (1982; also published as Shalimar).

handgun, any firearm small enough to be held in one hand when fired. It usually fires a single projectile or bullet, and additional ammunition may be available in a revolving mechanism or magazine. Handguns may be used for target shooting, hunting small game, or personal self-defense. What do you

accordion, free-reed portable musical instrument, consisting of a treble casing with external piano-style keys or buttons and a bass casing (usually with buttons) attached to opposite sides of a hand-operated bellows. The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many

PDA, an electronic handheld organizer used in the 1990s and 2000s to store contact information, manage calendars, communicate by e-mail, and handle documents and spreadsheets, usually in communication with the user’s personal computer (PC). The first PDAs were developed in the early 1990s as

disability, the experience of any physical or cognitive health condition and its impact on the affected person’s ability to interact with the environment and to carry out activities. Persons affected by disability often confront barriers that prevent participation in community and social activities

handicap, in sports and games, method of offsetting the varying abilities or characteristics of competitors in order to equalize their chances of winning. Handicapping takes many, often complicated, forms. In horse racing, a track official known as the handicapper may assign weights to horses

disability, the experience of any physical or cognitive health condition and its impact on the affected person’s ability to interact with the environment and to carry out activities. Persons affected by disability often confront barriers that prevent participation in community and social activities

Asia: Handicrafts: Traditional cottage industries and handicrafts continue to play an important role in the economies of all Asian countries. They not only constitute major manufacturing activities in themselves but are also often the only available means to provide additional employment and raise the level of…

Motorola, Inc.: Founding as Galvin Manufacturing: …Kentucky; the second was the Handie-Talkie, an AM-band, handheld device with a long antenna that ultimately was used by soldiers during World War II. Both AM-based systems were quickly superseded by FM technologies. The most notable replacement occurred in 1943, when Galvin Manufacturing invented the FM Walkie-Talkie. This device was…

Peter Handke is an avant-garde Austrian playwright, novelist, poet, and essayist, one of the most original German-language writers in the second half of the 20th century. He was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize for Literature, cited for “an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored

perfume: …as perfumes but also called extraits, extracts, or handkerchief perfumes, contain about 10–25 percent perfume concentrates. The terms toilet water and cologne are commonly used interchangeably; such products contain about 2–6 percent perfume concentrate. Originally, eau de cologne was a mixture of citrus oils from such fruits as lemons and…

dove tree, (species Davidia involucrata), small flowering tree, in the family Nyssaceae, with showy creamy bracts (modified leaves) surrounding the flowers. Native to southwestern China, it has been introduced elsewhere. Pyramidal in shape, with large bright-green leaves, it is especially

Jacob Handl was a German-Austrian composer known for his sacred music. A Cistercian monk, Handl traveled in Bohemia, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic), and Silesia (now southwestern Poland), was a member of the Viennese court chapel in 1574, and was choirmaster to the bishop of Olmütz

Jonathan Demme: …films for Corman before directing Handle with Care (1977; originally titled Citizens Band), a raucous ensemble comedy centred on the citizens band (CB) radio fad that swept the United States in the 1970s. Although the film was not a blockbuster, Demme’s directing was noticed, and he continued to work on…

bicycle: …steers by leaning and turning handlebars that are attached to the fork. The feet turn pedals attached to cranks and a chainwheel. Power is transmitted by a loop of chain connecting the chainwheel to a sprocket on the rear wheel. Riding is easily mastered, and bikes can be ridden with…

Chelsea Handler is an American comedian and author known for her earthy, bawdy style and her late-night talk show, Chelsea Lately (2007–14). Handler grew up in New Jersey, the youngest of six siblings. As a teen, she competed in the Miss New Jersey pageant, but she did not pursue work in performing

Chelsea Handler is an American comedian and author known for her earthy, bawdy style and her late-night talk show, Chelsea Lately (2007–14). Handler grew up in New Jersey, the youngest of six siblings. As a teen, she competed in the Miss New Jersey pageant, but she did not pursue work in performing

Daniel Handler is an American author best known for his A Series of Unfortunate Events, a 13-book collection of unhappy morality tales for older children that was published between 1999 and 2006. Handler wrote the series under the pen name Lemony Snicket. After earning a B.A. in 1992 from Wesleyan

Sir Frederick Handley Page: …aircraft designer who built the Handley Page 0/400, one of the largest heavy bomber planes used in World War I.

history of flight: The first airlines: …these routes was the stately Handley Page H.P.42, a biplane having a wingspan of 130 feet (40 metres) and four 490-horsepower Bristol Jupiter engines. Depending on seating arrangements, 24 to 38 passengers cruised along at about 100 miles (160 km) per hour over the plane’s 500-mile (800-km) range. The airline…

Halifax, British heavy bomber used during World War II. The Halifax was designed by Handley Page, Ltd., in response to a 1936 Royal Air Force (RAF) requirement for a bomber powered by two 24-cylinder Rolls-Royce Vulture engines. However, the Vulture encountered problems in development, and the

Halifax: The Halifax was designed by Handley Page, Ltd., in response to a 1936 Royal Air Force (RAF) requirement for a bomber powered by two 24-cylinder Rolls-Royce Vulture engines. However, the Vulture encountered problems in development, and the bomber design was reworked in 1937 to take four Rolls-Royce Merlins. The result…

Liverpool: …to the radio comedy of Tommy Handley in the 1940s, Liverpudlians contributed to the British comedy tradition. Tourism has grown in importance and includes a rise in interest for visiting locations associated with the Beatles.

Oscar Handlin was an American historian and educator noted for his examinations of immigration and other social topics in American history. The son of Jewish immigrant parents, Handlin graduated from Brooklyn College in 1934 and earned his M.A. degree from Harvard University in 1935. He then taught

Western painting: Origins in the 19th century: …palette knife; this combined a handling (a technical term in painting meaning the individual’s manipulation of materials in the execution of a work; it has been likened to a person’s signature in handwriting) derived from Courbet with the gray tonality of Manet; its rough-hewn crudity has a consistency that was…

Robert Mannyng: …English poet and author of Handlyng Synne, a confessional manual, and of the chronicle Story of England. The works are preserved independently in several manuscripts, none of certain provenance.

materials handling, the movement of raw goods from their native site to the point of use in manufacturing, their subsequent manipulation in production processes, and the transfer of finished products from factories and their distribution to users or sales outlets. In early systems of handling

Robert Mannyng: …English poet and author of Handlyng Synne, a confessional manual, and of the chronicle Story of England. The works are preserved independently in several manuscripts, none of certain provenance.

George Harrison: …production as a founder of Handmade Films. Among the company’s efforts were the Monty Python film Life of Brian (1979), Time Bandits (1981), and Mona Lisa (1986). Harrison was a frequent collaborator and often appeared on the albums of his former bandmates and other musicians. In the late 1980s he…

Elisabeth Moss: Mad Men and The Handmaid’s Tale: …in another landmark TV series, The Handmaid’s Tale (2017– ), which was inspired by Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel. Moss drew praise for her subtle and complex portrayal of Offred, and in 2017 she earned Emmy Awards for her acting in and coproduction of the series (which was named best drama).…

The Handmaid’s Tale, acclaimed dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, published in 1985. The book, set in New England in the near future, posits a Christian fundamentalist theocratic regime in the former United States that arose as a response to a fertility crisis. The novel, narrated

Volker Schlöndorff: …1984) and Margaret Atwood (The Handmaid’s Tale, 1990).

hand sanitizer, agent applied to the hands for the purpose of removing common pathogens (disease-causing organisms).1,2 Hand sanitizers typically come in foam, gel, or liquid form.1,3 Their use is recommended when soap and water are not available for hand washing or when repeated hand washing

Mitchell Leisen: Films of the 1930s: Hands Across the Table (1935) established a template Leisen would use repeatedly in other romantic comedies: a strong independent woman cannot prevent herself from falling in love with a man who is undeniably charming but does not bring much else to the table. This time…

Adam Levine: …and to release top-ten albums—Hands All Over (2010), Overexposed (2012), V (2014), Red Pill Blues (2017), and Jordi (2021)—and singles (notably 2010’s “Moves like Jagger,” featuring Christina Aguilera). In addition, the band headlined the Super Bowl

Usher: Acting career: His later films included Hands of Stone (2016), in which he portrayed Sugar Ray Leonard, and Burden (2018), based on a true story about a Black minister (played by Forest Whitaker) who befriends a member of the Ku Klux Klan (Garrett Hedlund) and causes him to confront his racist…

Bahāʾī Faith: Organization: …appointive institutions, such as the Hands of the Cause of God and the continental counselors. The members of the Hands of the Cause of God were appointed by Bahāʾu’llāh and Shoghi Effendi. The continental counselors are appointed by the Universal House of Justice. The primary functions of both groups are…

imposition of hands, ritual act in which a priest or other religious functionary places one or both hands palms down on the top of another person’s head, usually while saying a prayer or blessing. The imposition of hands was first practiced in Judaism and was adopted by Christianity. In the Hebrew

imposition of hands, ritual act in which a priest or other religious functionary places one or both hands palms down on the top of another person’s head, usually while saying a prayer or blessing. The imposition of hands was first practiced in Judaism and was adopted by Christianity. In the Hebrew

cardiopulmonary resuscitation: …modern form, known as “hands-only” CPR, may be performed by individuals who have not received formal training. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), hands-only CPR, which is recommended solely for use on adults who have suddenly collapsed, requires just “two steps to save a life.” First, the person…

hand tool: Saw: The familiar modern handsaw, with its thin but wide steel blade, cuts on the push stroke; this permits downhand sawing on wood laid across the knee or on a stool, and the sawing pressure helps to hold the wood still. Operator control is superior, and, because the line…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Shiny, usually brightly coloured; feed on fungi (mold); about 600 species; mostly in tropical forests; examples Endomychus, Mycetaea. Family Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Shiny; found with fungi; more than 3,500 species; many in South America.

Ganioda’yo was a Seneca chief and prophet who founded the religious movement known as Gai’wiio (“Good Message”) among the Iroquois Indians of North America in the early 19th century. His name in the Seneca language meant “Handsome Lake.” Little is known of Ganioda’yo’s life before he became a

Alexander McCall Smith: …Minor Adjustment Beauty Salon (2013), The Handsome Man’s De Luxe Café (2014), The Woman Who Walked in Sunshine (2015), The House of Unexpected Sisters (2017), To the Land of Long Lost Friends (2019), and The Joy and Light Bus Company (2021).

handwriting, writing with the hand as distinguished from print. The term handwriting has come to be more or less restricted to mean the form of writing peculiar to each person. Before the introduction of the typewriter for general use, when handwriting had a greater utilitarian value, schools

handwriting: Handwriting identification: Identification of handwriting assumes great importance in courts of law when the authenticity of signature is contested. Even when the handwriting itself is not to be doubted, the conditions under which it was written sometimes become of great moment. Such questions as whether…

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: In Handwriting (1998) Ondaatje returned to his birthplace, Sri Lanka. Fascination with place and history also permeates Al Purdy’s poems about the country north of Belleville, Ont., and about his travels west and to the Arctic (Being Alive, 1978) and to the Soviet Union (Piling Blood,…

cursive: …led to the emergence of handwritten text recognition (HTR), which can transcribe less structured handwriting by using deep-learning algorithms.

astronomy: Ptolemy: …composed the Procheiroi kanones (Handy Tables), in which the astronomical tables of the Almagest were expanded and accompanied by directions for using them but were stripped of the theoretical discussion.

W.C. Handy was an American composer who changed the course of popular music by integrating the blues idiom into then-fashionable ragtime music. Among his best-known works is the classic “St. Louis Blues.” Handy was a son and grandson of Methodist ministers, and he was educated at Teachers

W.C. Handy was an American composer who changed the course of popular music by integrating the blues idiom into then-fashionable ragtime music. Among his best-known works is the classic “St. Louis Blues.” Handy was a son and grandson of Methodist ministers, and he was educated at Teachers

tanker: Tankers of 100,000 dwt and less can be crude-oil (“dirty”) carriers or product (“clean”) carriers. The Aframax tankers are often referred…

tanker: Tankers of 100,000 dwt and less can be crude-oil (“dirty”) carriers or product (“clean”) carriers. The Aframax tankers are often referred to…

Michael Haneke is an Austrian director and screenwriter whose stark and provocative films made him a leading figure in European cinema in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Much of his work examines tendencies toward social alienation and brutality within contemporary middle-class milieus.

electronic instrument: Post-World War II electronic instruments: One example, the Hanert Electrical Orchestra, built in 1944–45 by John Hanert at the Hammond Instrument Co. in Chicago, consisted of a roomful of electronic tone-generating equipment controlled by an elaborate, motor-driven scanner. The scanner, which was mounted on a carriage that rolled along a 60-foot table, read…

electronic instrument: Post-World War II electronic instruments: …Orchestra, built in 1944–45 by John Hanert at the Hammond Instrument Co. in Chicago, consisted of a roomful of electronic tone-generating equipment controlled by an elaborate, motor-driven scanner. The scanner, which was mounted on a carriage that rolled along a 60-foot table, read an encoded score that was drawn on…

Teen Titans: Created by writer Bob Haney, at the behest of DC Comics editor George Kashdan, the group first appeared with no name in The Brave and the Bold #54 (June–July 1964), wherein Robin, Kid Flash, and Aqualad joined forces to stop the villainous Mr. Twister. Wonder Girl joined as…

quiz: A history of quizzing: In 1980, Canadian journalists Chris Haney and Scott Abbott went to Spain, taking a set of reference books and enough money for beer, with the idea that quizzing could become something people would not only do for money but also pay money to do. They created the board game…

metalogic: Nonelementary logic and future developments: From studies on infinitary logics, William Hanf, an American logician, was able to define certain cardinals, some of which have been studied in connection with the large cardinals in set theory. In yet another direction, logicians are developing model theories for modal logics—those dealing with such modalities as necessity and…

Han Feizi was the greatest of China’s Legalist philosophers. His essays on autocratic government so impressed Qin Shi Huang that the future emperor adopted their principles after seizing power in 221 bce. The Hanfeizi, the book named after him, comprises a synthesis of legal theories up to his

Hanford Site, large U.S. nuclear site established during World War II for the production of plutonium, some of which was used in the first atomic bomb. It is located in south-central Washington, northwest of Richland, and was originally operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a unit of the

Hanford Site, large U.S. nuclear site established during World War II for the production of plutonium, some of which was used in the first atomic bomb. It is located in south-central Washington, northwest of Richland, and was originally operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a unit of the

Hanford Site, large U.S. nuclear site established during World War II for the production of plutonium, some of which was used in the first atomic bomb. It is located in south-central Washington, northwest of Richland, and was originally operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a unit of the

Elizabeth Dole is a trailblazing American politician whose career included many “firsts” for women. She was the first female secretary of transportation (1983–87); the first female executive of the American Red Cross (1991–99) since its founder, Clara Barton; and the first serious female contender

Hangzhou, city and capital of Zhejiang sheng (province), China. The city is located in the northern part of the province on the north bank of the Qiantang River estuary at the head of Hangzhou Bay. It has water communications with the interior of Zhejiang to the south, is the southern terminus of

airplane: Heavier-than-air: These include hang gliders, gliders, and sailplanes.

hang gliding, sport of flying in lightweight unpowered aircraft which can be carried by the pilot. Takeoff is usually achieved by launching into the air from a cliff or hill. Hang gliders were developed by the pioneers of practical flight. In Germany, starting in 1891, Otto Lilienthal made several

Hangzhou, city and capital of Zhejiang sheng (province), China. The city is located in the northern part of the province on the north bank of the Qiantang River estuary at the head of Hangzhou Bay. It has water communications with the interior of Zhejiang to the south, is the southern terminus of

Hanga Roa, village on the west coast of Easter Island, in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is the home of most of the island population as well as of the Chilean administrative personnel. Its main economic activities are fishing and

Tanzania: Independence of Tanzania: Sheikh Abdulla Kassim Hanga was appointed prime minister, and Abdul Raḥman Mohammed (“Babu”), leader of the new left-wing Umma (The Masses) Party (formed by defectors from the ZNP), became minister for defense and external affairs. Pending the establishment of a new constitution, the cabinet and all…

Gangubai Hangal was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani (North Indian) classical tradition and doyenne of the Kirana gharana (community of performers who share a distinctive musical style). She was especially admired for her performances of songs of the khayal genre over the course of a career

Gangubai Hangal was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani (North Indian) classical tradition and doyenne of the Kirana gharana (community of performers who share a distinctive musical style). She was especially admired for her performances of songs of the khayal genre over the course of a career

Gangubai Hangal was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani (North Indian) classical tradition and doyenne of the Kirana gharana (community of performers who share a distinctive musical style). She was especially admired for her performances of songs of the khayal genre over the course of a career

construction: Steel long-span construction: …examples being two great airship hangars for the U.S. Navy in New Jersey—the first built in 1922 with a span of 79 meters (262 feet), the second in 1942 with a span of 100 meters (328 feet). The flat truss was used also, reaching a maximum span of 91 meters…

Ch’usŏk, Korean holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one’s ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the United States, the Harvest Moon Festival, as it is also known, is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. The day begins