The 1619 Project: …York Times Magazine staff writer Nikole Hannah-Jones, who received the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for the project’s introductory essay.

Anatolian religion: The pantheon: There was a mother goddess, Hannahanna “the grandmother,” closely associated with birth, creation, and destiny, but the theologians appear to have regarded her as a minor deity.

Kalgoorlie-Boulder, city, south-central Western Australia. Formed by the administrative merger of the neighbouring towns of Boulder and Kalgoorlie in 1989, it is the principal settlement of the East Coolgardie goldfield, on the western fringe of the Nullarbor Plain and the Great Victoria Desert.

organizational analysis: Challenges to contingency theory: …Ecology (1989), the American sociologists Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman argued that reliability and accountability—the very properties that make organizations the favoured social forms in modern society—also discourage, and in some cases even prevent, organizations from changing their core features. The authors suggested that large changes in the world…

Kalgoorlie-Boulder: …gold by a prospector named Paddy Hannan at a site 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Coolgardie. The main deposit of deep rich ores came to be known as the Golden Mile reef, and the area developed as Hannan’s Find. Kalgoorlie, the name given in 1894 to the town that…

Liberty Korea Party, conservative political party in South Korea. It advocates fiscal responsibility, a market-based economy, and caution in dealing with North Korea. The party was originally formed (as the Grand National Party [GNP]) in 1997 through the merger of the New Korea Party (NKP; formerly

analytic philosophy: Eliminative materialism: Thomas Nagel, Roger Penrose, Alastair Hannay, and J.R. Smythies.

synthetic diamond: James Ballantyne Hannay claimed that he had made diamonds by heating a mixture of paraffin, bone oil, and lithium to red heat in sealed wrought-iron tubes. In 1893 the French chemist Henri Moissan announced he had been successful in making diamonds by placing a crucible…

Gerhart Hauptmann: …tenets in Hanneles Himmelfahrt (1894; The Assumption of Hannele), a poetic evocation of the dreams an abused workhouse girl has shortly before she dies. Der Biberpelz (1893; The Beaver Coat) is a successful comedy, written in a Berlin dialect, that centres on a cunning female thief and her successful confrontation…

Gillian Anderson: Other TV work: The Fall, Sex Education, and The Crown: …role on the American series Hannibal (2013–15). In 2016 Anderson portrayed Anna Pavlovna Scherer in a television adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace and reprised the role of Scully in a six-part X-Files miniseries. Ten additional episodes, starring Anderson and Duchovny, aired in 2018. She also appeared in American…

Himera: …in 409 by Hamilcar’s grandson Hannibal.

Hannibal was a Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218–201 bce) and who continued to oppose Rome and its satellites until his death. Hannibal was the son of the great Carthaginian general

Ridley Scott: His next film, Hannibal (2001), was a box-office hit despite poor reviews, and his military drama Black Hawk Down (2001) was nominated for four Academy Awards, including best director.

Hannibal, city, Ralls and Marion counties, northeastern Missouri, U.S., on the Mississippi River, 100 miles (160 km) north of St. Louis. Noted as the boyhood home of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Hannibal was the setting for some of his books, including his classics about Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer: …Gang”), including Willow Rosenberg (Alyson Hannigan), an initially shy, intelligent nerd who becomes a formidable lesbian witch, and Xander Harris (Nicholas Brendan), who has no supernatural talents and provides the audience with an identifiable “human” perspective, as well as Buffy’s watcher, Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head, later known for…

James Hannington was an English Anglican missionary and the first bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, and ordained in 1874, Hannington became curate at Hurstpierpoint in 1875. In 1878 his thoughts were turned to mission work by the murder of two missionaries on

Fox Broadcasting Company: …& Colmes was replaced by Hannity when Colmes left the show in 2009. A radio division, Fox News Radio, was introduced in 2003. Despite its slogan “fair and balanced,” however, the network’s coverage was widely perceived as favoring politically conservative viewpoints.

Alan Colmes: … News Channel’s political debate show Hannity & Colmes. He also hosted The Alan Colmes Show, a nationally syndicated late-night talk radio program on Fox News Radio.

Sean Hannity is an American television and radio personality, author, and conservative political commentator. Hannity is best known for his role as cohost of the Fox News Channel’s liberal-conservative debate show Hannity & Colmes (1996–2009). He also hosted the Fox News shows Hannity’s America

Hanno was a Carthaginian who conducted a voyage of exploration and colonization to the west coast of Africa sometime during the 5th century. Setting sail with 60 vessels holding 30,000 men and women, Hanno founded Thymiaterion (now Kenitra, Mor.) and built a temple at Soloeis (Cape Cantin, now Cape

Hanno was a leader of the aristocratic pro-Roman faction at Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201) between Rome and Carthage. In 241, Hanno was given command against the Carthaginian mercenaries who had raised a rebellion among the native North African peoples subject to Carthage.

Hanno was a leader of the aristocratic pro-Roman faction at Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201) between Rome and Carthage. In 241, Hanno was given command against the Carthaginian mercenaries who had raised a rebellion among the native North African peoples subject to Carthage.

Saint Anno ; canonized 1183; feast day December 4) was the archbishop of Cologne who was prominent in the political struggles of the Holy Roman Empire. Educated at Bamberg, Anno became confessor to the Holy Roman emperor Henry III, who appointed him archbishop in 1056. He was the leader of the

Evan Hunter was a prolific American writer of best-selling fiction, of which more than 50 books are crime stories published under the pseudonym Ed McBain. Hunter graduated from Hunter College (1950) and held various short-term jobs, including playing piano in a jazz band and teaching in vocational

pottery: Faience, or tin-glazed ware: Hannong in 1709. The wares—painted in blue, in other faience colours, and in overglaze colours—were much copied elsewhere. Overglaze colours were introduced about 1740, their first recorded use in France. (For the first use in Europe, see below Germany and Austria.) Brilliant indianische Blumen (flower…

arcanist: …Paul-Antoine Hannong and his sons Joseph-Adam and Pierre-Antoine.

arcanist: …Jakob Ringler, Robert Dubois, and Paul-Antoine Hannong and his sons Joseph-Adam and Pierre-Antoine.

arcanist: … and his sons Joseph-Adam and Pierre-Antoine.

Lower Saxony: Its capital is Hannover.

Hanover, former state of northwestern Germany, first an electorate (1692–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire, then a kingdom (1814–66), and finally a Prussian province (1866–1945). After World War II the state was administratively abolished; its former territory formed about 80 percent of the Land

Hannover, city, capital of Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the Leine River and the Mittelland Canal, where the spurs of the Harz Mountains meet the wide North German Plain. First mentioned in documents in 1100, Hannover was chartered in 1241 and joined the Hanseatic

world’s fair: Later years: …of ideas known as the Hannover Principles, first promulgated in 1992 by the architectural firm of William McDonough in preparation for the exposition, argued that future expositions should focus on the realistic presentation of contemporary social and environmental problems and their possible solutions.

Pueblo Indians: …exception is the village of Hano, composed of Tewa refugees from the Rio Grande.

Hanoi, city, capital of Vietnam. The city is situated in northern Vietnam on the western bank of the Red River, about 85 miles (140 km) inland from the South China Sea. In addition to being the national capital, Hanoi is also a province-level municipality (thanh pho), administered by the central

De Tham: …other nationalists in an abortive attempt to kill French guests at a banquet. Thereafter he was a hunted man with a price on his head. He was finally assassinated by three Chinese who were among his followers.

Tower of Hanoi, puzzle involving three vertical pegs and a set of different sized disks with holes through their centres. The Tower of Hanoi is widely believed to have been invented in 1883 by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas, though his role in its invention has been disputed. Ever popular,

Seoul: Housing: Old-style wooden houses, or hanok, are still found in a few areas of the old city and adjacent to the remains of the city wall.

Gabriel Hanotaux was a statesman, diplomat, and historian who directed a major French colonial expansion in Africa and who championed a Franco-Russian alliance that proved important in the events leading to World War I. Trained as an archivist-historian, Hanotaux joined the faculty of the École des

Gabriel Hanotaux was a statesman, diplomat, and historian who directed a major French colonial expansion in Africa and who championed a Franco-Russian alliance that proved important in the events leading to World War I. Trained as an archivist-historian, Hanotaux joined the faculty of the École des

Lower Saxony: Its capital is Hannover.

Hanover, village, seat of Hanover county, east-central Virginia, U.S. It lies immediately east of Ashland, near the Pamunkey River, 15 miles (24 km) north of Richmond. Founded in 1720 and named for the elector of Hanover (afterward King George I of England), it is known for its association with

Hanover, former state of northwestern Germany, first an electorate (1692–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire, then a kingdom (1814–66), and finally a Prussian province (1866–1945). After World War II the state was administratively abolished; its former territory formed about 80 percent of the Land

Hannover, city, capital of Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on the Leine River and the Mittelland Canal, where the spurs of the Harz Mountains meet the wide North German Plain. First mentioned in documents in 1100, Hannover was chartered in 1241 and joined the Hanseatic

Hanover, borough (town), York county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies in the Conewago Creek valley, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of York. Laid out in 1763 by Colonel Richard McAllister, it was incorporated as a borough in 1815 and named for Hanover, Germany. Earlier it had been known as

Hanover, town (township), Grafton county, western New Hampshire, U.S. It lies along the Connecticut River and includes the communities of Hanover and Etna. It was settled in 1765 and named for Hanover, Connecticut, the home of many of its early settlers. Hanover is the seat of Dartmouth College

Hanover: The Hanover Tavern (c. 1723), operated by John Shelton, Henry’s father-in-law, has been restored and is now the home of the Barksdale Theatre.

house of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded to the British crown, as George I, in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), George III (reigned 1760–1820), George IV

Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend: …was the formation of the League of Hanover (1725), which brought England, France, and Prussia into an alliance against Austria and Spain. Nevertheless, in 1730 Townshend resigned because Walpole—by now the dominant minister—would not allow him to pursue an aggressive policy against Austria.

Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang was the oldest son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin,

Kublai Khan: Social and administrative policy: …third and fourth classes, the hanren, or northern Chinese, and the nanren, or southern Chinese—the latter group also referred to pejoratively as manzi (“barbarians”)—who lived in what had been Nan Song China. The expenses of state and the support of the privileged bore heavily on those two classes. Kublai’s continuing…

François Hanriot was the commander in chief of the Paris national guard during the supremacy of the Jacobin Club radicals, led by Maximilien Robespierre, in the French Revolution. A partisan of the Revolution from the start, Hanriot showed great courage in the rising of August 10, 1792, after which

John was the king of Denmark (1481–1513) and Norway (1483–1513) and king (as John II) of Sweden (1497–1501) who failed in his efforts to incorporate Sweden into a Danish-dominated Scandinavian union. He was more successful in fostering the commercial development of Danish burghers to challenge the

Hans Adam II, prince of Liechtenstein is a member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989. Hans Adam, the eldest son of Prince Francis Joseph II, spent his early youth in the castle of Vaduz with his brothers and his sister but he and his siblings were not

Hans Adam II, prince of Liechtenstein is a member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989. Hans Adam, the eldest son of Prince Francis Joseph II, spent his early youth in the castle of Vaduz with his brothers and his sister but he and his siblings were not

Hans Brinker, novel for children by Mary Mapes Dodge, published in 1865. The story is set in the Netherlands and concerns the fortunes of the impoverished Brinker family. The good deeds of the Brinker children (Hans and Gretel) help to restore their father’s health and bring about their own good

Hans Brinker, novel for children by Mary Mapes Dodge, published in 1865. The story is set in the Netherlands and concerns the fortunes of the impoverished Brinker family. The good deeds of the Brinker children (Hans and Gretel) help to restore their father’s health and bring about their own good

Charles Vidor: Later films: …then made the family musical Hans Christian Andersen (1952), with Danny Kaye in the title role. Thunder in the East (1952) was an adventure movie starring Alan Ladd as a gunrunner in India and Deborah Kerr as the blind daughter of a missionary. With Rhapsody (1954), Vidor returned to the…

Heinrich August Marschner: His most successful opera, Hans Heiling, was produced in Berlin in 1833; it remains in the operatic repertory in Germany. He produced five further operas, but none of them achieved the success of his earlier works. Stylistically, Marschner exhibits both the musical flavour and the interest in the supernatural…

Hans Hofmann: …and later opened his own Hans Hofmann School of Fine Art, which soon became one of the most prestigious art schools in the country. By 1939 he was able to break away from the Expressionistic landscapes and still lifes he had painted in the early 1930s, and he developed a…

René Schickele: …conflict was powerfully dramatized in Hans im Schnakenloch (1916; “Hans in the Gnat Hole”), in which the protagonist, Hans, must choose between Germany and France in time of war; torn within himself, he seeks death in the French Army, which he expects to be defeated. After having a considerable popular…

Hjalmar Fredrik Elgérus Bergman: His first popular novel Hans Nåds testamente (1910; “His Grace’s Will”) was set in Bergslagen, and portrayed the eccentric Baron Roger and his valet Vickberg in richly comic scenes. Beneath the humour, however, there are undertones of tragedy, as is characteristic, too, of his later works. A collection of…

Victor Hugo: Early years (1802–30): …in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L’Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called the Cénacle, Hugo shared in launching…

Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect their mutual trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. (Hanse was a medieval German word for “guild,” or

fat and oil processing: Extractors: …of the best, was the Bollman or Hansa-Mühle unit from Germany, in which solvent percolates through oilseed flakes contained in perforated baskets moving on an endless chain. After the extraction cycle is complete, the baskets of extracted flakes are dumped automatically and then refilled with fresh flakes to initiate another…

Kinoshita Keisuke: Hanasaku minato (1943; The Blossoming Port), his first independently directed film, was a major success. Three years later, Osone-ke no asa (1946; A Morning with the Osone Family) established his reputation as one of the most talented postwar directors. In two of his most popular films, Karumen kokyō…

Hansard, the official report of the debates of both houses of the British Parliament. The name and publication format were subsequently adopted by other Commonwealth countries. It is so called after the Hansards, a family of printers who began working with Parliament in the late 18th century. The

e-democracy: From community to politics: ’s Hansard Society conducted several experiments from the late 1990s, including a discussion on flood management, a pathbreaking forum on experiences of domestic violence involving more than 200 women in interactive discussion, and an online evidence and discussion forum on the 2002 draft Communications Bill. The…

Hansard: …family was first established by Luke Hansard, who was born at Norwich on July 5, 1752. After an apprenticeship to a Norwich printer, Hansard became a compositor at the printing office of John Hughs, printer to the House of Commons, in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. In 1774 he was made…

Hansard: The eldest son, Thomas Curson Hansard (1776-1833), after some years in his father’s office, took over another printing business in 1805 and in 1823 established the Paternoster Row press. He was the first printer, and later publisher, of the unofficial series of Parliamentary Debates inaugurated by William Cobbett…

Lorraine Hansberry was an American playwright and civil rights activist whose play A Raisin in the Sun (1959) was the first drama by an African American woman to be produced on Broadway. Hansberry was the youngest of four children born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a real estate broker who also

Theodor W. Hänsch is a German physicist who shared one-half of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Physics with John L. Hall for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy, the use of lasers to determine the frequency (color) of light emitted by atoms and molecules. (The other half of the

Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect their mutual trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. (Hanse was a medieval German word for “guild,” or

metalwork: Europe from the Middle Ages: …the basins are known as Hanseatic bowls. They are round, some being more convex than others; and the inside is engraved with scenes from classical mythology, with themes from the Old and New Testaments and the legends of the saints, or with allegorical figures personifying the virtues and the vices,…

Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect their mutual trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. (Hanse was a medieval German word for “guild,” or

metalwork: Middle Ages: …to a group known as Hanseatic tankards. These tankards have a heavy-looking, potbellied body set on a shallow circular base and a slightly convex lid. They were used in the coastal regions of Germany—that is, along the North Sea and Baltic coasts—and also in the Low Countries and Scandinavia. These…

Grimm’s Fairy Tales: The best-known tales include “Hansel and Gretel,” “Snow White,” “Little Red Riding Hood,” “Sleeping Beauty,” “Tom Thumb,” “Rapunzel,” “The Golden Goose,” and “Rumpelstiltskin.” The universal appeal of these stories—whether they are considered as psychological archetypes or as fantasy narratives—inspired a myriad of print,

Hänsel and Gretel, opera by the German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (with a German libretto by his sister, Adelheid Wette) that premiered in Weimar, Germany, on December 23, 1893. Humperdinck, who began his career as an assistant to Richard Wagner, used Wagner’s harmonic techniques, although with

Hänsel and Gretel, opera by the German composer Engelbert Humperdinck (with a German libretto by his sister, Adelheid Wette) that premiered in Weimar, Germany, on December 23, 1893. Humperdinck, who began his career as an assistant to Richard Wagner, used Wagner’s harmonic techniques, although with

Timpanogos Cave National Monument: …three separate chambers—Timpanogos, Middle, and Hansen caves—that have been connected by man-made tunnels. The caves are noted for their pink and white, crystal-filigreed walls and their tinted, delicate helictite formations; stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, and underground pools are also found in the cave. One of the stalactites (the Great Heart of…

leprosy, chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), and the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and eyes. It is caused by the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. Destruction of the peripheral nerves by the bacillus leads

leprosy, chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, the peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), and the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and eyes. It is caused by the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. Destruction of the peripheral nerves by the bacillus leads

Happening: Kaprow, Dick Higgins, and Al Hansen—all students at John Cage’s composition class at the New School for Social Research in New York City—performed Happenings and were associated with Fluxus, as were other artists, such as Wolf Vostell and Carolee Schneemann.

Alvin Harvey Hansen was an American economist noted for his strong and influential advocacy of the theories of John Maynard Keynes. Hansen was educated at Yankton College (B.A., 1910) and at the University of Wisconsin (Ph.D., 1918), where he studied under economists Richard T. Ely and John R.

leprosy: Transmission: In 1873, however, G.H. Armauer Hansen, a physician working in a leprosy hospital in Bergen, Norway, discovered the leprosy bacillus in a sample of tissue from one of his patients. Hansen was able to identify the organism under the microscope because its propensity to collect iron caused it…

Dr. Demento is an American radio broadcaster, record collector, and musicologist whose cult-favorite radio program, the Dr. Demento Show, aired from 1971 to 2010 and revitalized the appreciation of novelty music. Since 2010, the Dr. Demento Show has been produced as a weekly online-only program.

Beck is an American singer-songwriter who brought Bob Dylan’s embodiment of the hipster folk minstrel into the age of hip-hop and sampling. Beck had art in his genes: his family included a mother (Bibbe Hansen) with ties to Andy Warhol’s Factory, a musician father (David Campbell) who would go on

Western architecture: Scandinavia and Finland: The Danish architect Christian Frederik Hansen, a pupil of Harsdorff, turned the medieval and Baroque city of Copenhagen into a Neoclassical capital. He built the town hall, court house, and prison (1803–16) and the church of Our Lady (1810–29), with its Boullée-inspired interior. Schinkel’s example in Berlin was…

Emil Nolde was a German Expressionist painter, printmaker, and watercolourist known for his violent religious works and his foreboding landscapes. Born of a peasant family, the youthful Nolde made his living as a wood-carver. He was able to study art formally only when some of his early works were

Emile Christian Hansen was a Danish botanist who revolutionized the brewing industry by his discovery of a new method of cultivating pure strains of yeast. Hansen, who began his working life as a journeyman house painter, received a Ph.D. in 1877 from the University of Copenhagen. Two years later

leprosy: Transmission: In 1873, however, G.H. Armauer Hansen, a physician working in a leprosy hospital in Bergen, Norway, discovered the leprosy bacillus in a sample of tissue from one of his patients. Hansen was able to identify the organism under the microscope because its propensity to collect iron caused it…

H.C. Hansen was a politician and statesman who, as foreign minister and prime minister, led Denmark to a prominent position in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and guided the stabilization of Denmark’s post-World War II economy. Hansen became secretary of the Social Democratic Party’s

Western architecture: Scandinavia and Greece: …its most fitting civic expression: Hans Christian Hansen, a friend of Bindesbøll, excavated and restored the ancient Greek monuments on the Acropolis and built the University (1839–50). This crisp Ionic building eventually formed a group with the National Library and the Academy of Science, which were added from designs by…

H.C. Hansen was a politician and statesman who, as foreign minister and prime minister, led Denmark to a prominent position in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and guided the stabilization of Denmark’s post-World War II economy. Hansen became secretary of the Social Democratic Party’s

Jens Andersen Hansen was a journalist and politician, a leading 19th-century champion of Denmark’s peasantry. A self-educated shoemaker, Hansen became coeditor, with Rasmus Sørensen, of the peasant newspaper Almuevennen (“Friend of the Peasantry”) in 1842; he was sole editor from 1843 to 1856. A

Joseph Hansen was an American writer, author of a series of crime novels featuring the homosexual insurance investigator and detective Dave Brandstetter. Hansen, who also wrote under the pseudonyms Rose Brock and James Colton, began his career as an editor, novelist, and journalist in the 1960s. He

Lars Peter Hansen is an American economist who, with Eugene F. Fama and Robert J. Shiller, was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Economics. Hansen’s work had a significant impact across a wide range of fields within economics, including econometrics, macroeconomics, labour economics, and finance.

Martin Alfred Hansen was one of the most widely read Danish authors of his day. Hansen first was a farm worker and then became a teacher in the 1930s. From two early novels of social consciousness, Nu opgiver han (1935; “Now He Gives Up”) and Kolonien (1937; “The Colony”), he went on to write a

Martin Alfred Hansen was one of the most widely read Danish authors of his day. Hansen first was a farm worker and then became a teacher in the 1930s. From two early novels of social consciousness, Nu opgiver han (1935; “Now He Gives Up”) and Kolonien (1937; “The Colony”), he went on to write a

Peter Andreas Hansen was a Danish-born German astronomer whose most important work was the improvement of the theories and tables of the orbits of the principal bodies in the solar system. Hansen became director of the Seeberg Observatory, near Gotha, in 1825, and in 1857 a new observatory was

William Webster Hansen was an American physicist who contributed to the development of radar and is regarded as the founder of microwave technology. After earning a Ph.D. at Stanford University in 1933, Hansen began teaching there the next year. His early pioneering work in 1937 on microwave