Harald III Sigurdsson was the king of Norway (1045–66). His harsh suppression of lesser Norwegian chieftains cost him their military support in his unsuccessful struggle to conquer Denmark (1045–62). The son of Sigurd Sow (Syr), a chieftain in eastern Norway, and of Estrid, mother of the Norwegian

Harald V is the king of Norway from 1991, succeeding his father, Olav V. Harald was the youngest of three children born to Olav and Crown Princess Märtha. However, as the only son, he became crown prince when his father assumed the throne in 1957. Harald attended the Norwegian Military Academy and

Harald V: Harald’s courtship of a commoner, Sonja Haraldsen, caused some controversy, and he reportedly threatened to never wed if the couple were prevented from marrying. Olav eventually gave his consent, and, after some nine years of dating, the pair were married on August 29, 1968. Harald and Sonja had two children,…

ḥaram, in Islam, a sacred place or territory. The principal ḥarams are in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and, for the Shiʿah, Karbalāʾ (Iraq). At Mecca the ḥaram encompasses the territory traversed by pilgrims engaged in the hajj (great pilgrimage) and ʿumra (lesser pilgrimage), including the Kaʿba and

Israel: The war of 1948: …last remnant of the ancient Temple destroyed by the Romans and held holy by Jews, was occupied by the Jordanians, and Jerusalem’s lifeline to the coast was jeopardized. The Egyptians held Gaza, and the Syrians entrenched themselves in the Golan Heights overlooking Galilee. The 1948 war was Israel’s costliest: more…

Great Mosque of Mecca, mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, built to enclose the Kaaba, the holiest shrine in Islam. As one of the destinations of the hajj and ʿumrah pilgrimages, it receives millions of worshippers each year. The oldest parts of the modern structure date to the 16th century. The mosque,

Harambe, gorilla who was shot and killed at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden on May 28, 2016, after a three-year-old boy fell into his exhibit. Harambe’s death sparked a national debate regarding how the situation should have been handled and provided fodder for a variety of memes and jokes.

Kenya: Education of Kenya: …provide enough government-funded schools, community-built harambee secondary schools were developed. These schools were supposed to receive government assistance to provide for teachers and learning materials, but such support did not always materialize. The government simultaneously pursued a policy of “education for self-reliance,” whereby education was oriented toward preparing students for…

Kenya: Sports and recreation: …although the national team, the Harambee Stars, has had little international success. Basketball, volleyball, and netball are also popular sports. Social clubs often offer the opportunity for Kenyans to play football and volleyball. Netball is played exclusively by women. Internationally, Kenyan athletes are known for their dominance of distance running.…

Haramukh, mountain peak of the Great Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India (the Indian-administered portion of the Kashmir region). Overlooking the Vale of Kashmir, Haramukh rises to 16,872 feet (5,143 meters) and is located some 22 miles (35 km) north of Srinagar. As with

Harran, ancient city of strategic importance, now a village, in southeastern Turkey. It lies along the Balīkh River, 24 miles (38 km) southeast of Urfa. The town was located on the road that ran from Nineveh to Carchemish and was regarded as of considerable importance by the Assyrian kings. Its

Mandaeanism: …the quasi-historical Mandaean document, the Haran Gawaita, which narrates the exodus from Palestine to Mesopotamia in the 1st century ad of a group called Nasoreans (the Mandaean priestly caste as opposed to Mandaiia, the laity). They also call attention to certain Mandaean affinities to Judaism: familiarity with Old Testament writings;…

Gyula Harangozó was one of the founders of the Hungarian National Ballet and an exceptional dancer of the ballet d’action, or dramatic ballet. Harangozó began his career at the Hungarian National Ballet, the ballet company of the Hungarian State Opera. In 1928 a visiting choreographer, Albert

Gyula Harangozó was one of the founders of the Hungarian National Ballet and an exceptional dancer of the ballet d’action, or dramatic ballet. Harangozó began his career at the Hungarian National Ballet, the ballet company of the Hungarian State Opera. In 1928 a visiting choreographer, Albert

Herne, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies at the junction of the Rhine-Herne and the Dortmund-Ems canals, about 10 miles (16 km) west of Dortmund, in the industrial Ruhr district. Known as Haranni in the 10th century, it remained a small village until the discovery

Harappa, village in eastern Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of a now dry course of the Ravi River, west-southwest of the city of Sahiwal, about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Lahore. The village stands on an extensive series of mounds in which excavations since 1921

Indus civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 bce, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium bce. Among the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are

India: Language and scripts, weights and measures: The Harappan script has long defied attempts to read it, and therefore the language remains unknown. Relatively recent analyses of the order of the signs on the inscriptions have led several scholars to the view that the language is not of the Indo-European family, nor is…

Hārer, city, eastern Ethiopia, in the Ch’erch’er Mountains, at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). Probably founded in the 7th century ce by immigrants from Ḥaḍramawt in southern Arabia, Hārer became the capital of the Muslim state of Adal. Conflict with Christian Ethiopians and the Oromo,

Harare, capital of Zimbabwe, lying in the northeastern part of the country. The city was founded in 1890 at the spot where the British South Africa Company’s Pioneer Column halted its march into Mashonaland; it was named for Lord Salisbury, then British prime minister. The name Harare is derived

Our Nonconscious Future: …by superintelligent but completely nonconscious entities.

Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa was a Hungarian-born pioneer who introduced viticulture (grape cultivation) into California. The son of a landowner, Haraszthy immigrated to the United States in 1840. He went to the Upper Midwest and founded what is now Sauk City, Wisconsin. In 1849 he journeyed with

Agoston Haraszthy de Mokcsa was a Hungarian-born pioneer who introduced viticulture (grape cultivation) into California. The son of a landowner, Haraszthy immigrated to the United States in 1840. He went to the Upper Midwest and founded what is now Sauk City, Wisconsin. In 1849 he journeyed with

Herāt, velāyat (province) in western Afghanistan, 23,668 sq mi (61,301 sq km) in area, with its capital at Herāt city. It is bounded by Iran (west), by Turkmenistan and the Afghan province of Bādghīsāt (north), by Ghowr province (east), and by Farāh province (south). Herāt is relatively flat except

Herāt, city, Herāt velāyat (province), western Afghanistan. It lies on the Harīrūd River, south of the Sefīd Kūh (Paropamisus Range), at an elevation of 3,026 feet (922 metres). Herāt is the focus of one of the country’s most densely populated and fertile agricultural areas, irrigated from the

Haratin, inhabitants of oases in the Sahara, especially in southern Morocco and Mauritania, who constitute a socially and ethnically distinct class of workers. In the 17th century they were forcibly recruited into the ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī, the elite army of the Moroccan ruler Ismāʿīl. In modern times

Jim Harbaugh is an American football coach who has had success at both the professional and college level and is especially known for turning around struggling teams. Under his leadership, the NFL’s San Francisco 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII (2013) and the University of Michigan won a

Jim Harbaugh is an American football coach who has had success at both the professional and college level and is especially known for turning around struggling teams. Under his leadership, the NFL’s San Francisco 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII (2013) and the University of Michigan won a

Harbel, town, west-central Liberia, West Africa. It lies along the Farmington River, 15 miles (24 km) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1926 the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company established what became a vast rubber plantation operation centred on Harbel. Liquid latex and crepe rubber are shipped

Harbin, city, capital of Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is located on the south bank of the Sungari (Songhua) River. The site of the city is generally level to undulating, except near the river itself, where low bluffs lead down to the floodplain in places; low-lying areas

Heilongjiang: Education: The Harbin Institute of Technology was founded in 1920 to train technical personnel for the Chinese Eastern Railway. It offers specialized programs in departments of engineering and technology as well as a graduate school. Also noteworthy in the city is Harbin Medical University (1926) and Heilongjiang…

Brook Farm: …four years the commune published The Harbinger, a weekly magazine devoted to social and political problems, to which James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Horace Greeley occasionally contributed.

harbours and sea works, any part of a body of water and the manmade structures surrounding it that sufficiently shelters a vessel from wind, waves, and currents, enabling safe anchorage or the discharge and loading of cargo and passengers. The construction of harbours and sea works offers some of

James G. Harbord was an army officer who served as Gen. John J. Pershing’s chief of staff in Europe during World War I. Joining the 4th Infantry as a private in 1889, Harbord was commissioned in the cavalry two years later. In 1917 he became a brigadier general, serving as chief of staff of the

Harborough, district, administrative county of Leicestershire, England. The district lies mostly within the historic county of Leicestershire, but it includes an area in Market Harborough (the district’s administrative centre) that lies to the south of the River Welland in the historic county of

Harbour Grace, town, southeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It lies on the northeast coast of Avalon Peninsula, 32 miles (51 km) west-northwest of St. John’s, across Conception Bay. Settled about 1550, it was probably named for Le Havre-de-Grâce (Le Havre, France). Peter

Derek Mahon: …The Hunt by Night (1982), Harbour Lights (2005), Life on Earth (2008), and New Selected Poems (2016).

porpoise: …known of these is the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, a shy cetacean that generally avoids boats and rarely leaps above the water. It is found throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere and is hunted in some regions. During the Middle Ages this animal was considered a royal delicacy. The other…

Claude Lorrain: Stylistic development of Claude Lorrain: …first introduced in 1634 in Harbour Scene and, in so doing, used the sun as the means of illuminating a whole picture for the first time in art. This use of light from the sky above the horizon, whether emanating directly from the sun or not, enforces another characteristic of…

harbour seal, (Phoca vitulina), nonmigratory, earless seal (family Phocidae) found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The harbour seal is whitish or grayish at birth and as an adult is generally gray with black spots. The adult male may attain a length and weight of about 1.8 m (6 feet) and 130 kg

David Harbour is an American actor best known for portraying police chief Jim Hopper in the acclaimed science-fiction–horror television series Stranger Things (2016– ). He is also known for playing the title role in the superhero film Hellboy (2019) and for portraying the Red Guardian (also known

David Harbour is an American actor best known for portraying police chief Jim Hopper in the acclaimed science-fiction–horror television series Stranger Things (2016– ). He is also known for playing the title role in the superhero film Hellboy (2019) and for portraying the Red Guardian (also known

portolan chart, navigational chart of the European Middle Ages (1300–1500). The earliest dated navigational chart extant was produced at Genoa by Petrus Vesconte in 1311 and is said to mark the beginning of professional cartography. The portolan charts were characterized by rhumb lines, lines that

harbours and sea works, any part of a body of water and the manmade structures surrounding it that sufficiently shelters a vessel from wind, waves, and currents, enabling safe anchorage or the discharge and loading of cargo and passengers. The construction of harbours and sea works offers some of

Hamburg: Industry: Harburg, and Wandsbek in 1937, Hamburg has become Germany’s major industrial city. All processing and manufacturing industries are represented there. Hamburg treats most of the country’s copper supplies, and the Norddeutsche Affinerie, on Veddel, is Europe’s second largest copperworks. The chemical, steel, and shipbuilding industries…

E.Y. Harburg was a U.S. lyricist, producer, and director. “Yip” Harburg attended the City College of New York with his friend Ira Gershwin. When his electrical-appliance business went bankrupt in 1929, he devoted himself to songwriting for Broadway, composing songs such as the Depression anthem

E.Y. Harburg was a U.S. lyricist, producer, and director. “Yip” Harburg attended the City College of New York with his friend Ira Gershwin. When his electrical-appliance business went bankrupt in 1929, he devoted himself to songwriting for Broadway, composing songs such as the Depression anthem

broken windows theory: The theory in practice: …of Skogan’s data, political theorist Bernard Harcourt found that the link between neighbourhood disorder and purse snatching, assault, rape, and burglary vanished when poverty, neighbourhood stability, and race were statistically controlled. Only the link between disorder and robbery remained. Harcourt also criticized the broken windows theory for fostering “zero-tolerance” policies…

Henri de Lorraine, count de Harcourt was a French general who distinguished himself against the Spanish and in the civil wars of the Fronde (1648–53), which began as an uprising of the members of the Parlement of Paris against royal absolutism. Nicknamed “Cadet la Perle” because he was the youngest

Sir William Harcourt was a British lawyer, journalist, politician, and cabinet member in five British Liberal governments, who in 1894 achieved a major reform in death duties, or estate taxation. A lawyer from 1854, Harcourt briefly taught international law at the University of Cambridge. Entering

Sir William Harcourt was a British lawyer, journalist, politician, and cabinet member in five British Liberal governments, who in 1894 achieved a major reform in death duties, or estate taxation. A lawyer from 1854, Harcourt briefly taught international law at the University of Cambridge. Entering

acid–base reaction: Lewis acids: …“soft” categories; as a rule, hard acids react preferentially with hard bases and, similarly, soft acids react with soft bases. The terms hard and soft are chosen to suggest that the atomic structures associated with hard acids and bases are rigid and impenetrable, whereas those associated with soft acids and…

automation: Manufacturing applications of automation and robotics: …production can be distinguished: (1) fixed automation, (2) programmable automation, and (3) flexible automation.

acid–base reaction: Lewis acids: …hard acids react preferentially with hard bases and, similarly, soft acids react with soft bases. The terms hard and soft are chosen to suggest that the atomic structures associated with hard acids and bases are rigid and impenetrable, whereas those associated with soft acids and bases are more readily deformable.…

Chow Yun-Fat: …Lat sau san taam (1992; Hard-Boiled). Chow also made several popular action films with director Ringo Lam, including Lung fu fong wan (1987; City on Fire), Ban wo chuang tian ya (1989; Wild Search), and Xia dao Gao Fei (1992; Full Contact).

Art Blakey: …of bebop known as “hard bop” and gave the drums a significant solo status. His style was characterized by thunderous press rolls, cross beats, and drum rolls that began as quiet tremblings and grew into frenzied explosions.

Madonna: Music career of the late 1990s and 21st century: This fact was clear on Hard Candy (2008), a hip-hop-infused effort with writing and vocal and production work by Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, and Pharrell Williams of the hit-making duo the Neptunes.

candy: High-boiled, or hard, candy: Sugar has the property of forming a type of noncrystalline “glass” that forms the basis of hard candy products. Sugar and water are boiled until the concentration of the solution reaches a high level, and supersaturation persists upon cooling. This solution takes…

Elliot Page: …first movie in Los Angeles, Hard Candy (2005). Page starred in the independent film as Hayley Stark, a teen vigilante who captures and tortures a man she believes to be a pedophile. The performance won Page critical praise and led directly to Page getting a small part in the big-budget…

Charles Reade: …attacked conditions in prisons, and Hard Cash (1863) exposed the ill-treatment of mental patients, especially in private asylums; Put Yourself in His Place (1870) dealt with the coercive activities of trade unionists. Foul Play (1868), written with Dion Boucicault, revealed the frauds of “coffin ships” (unseaworthy and overloaded ships, often…

carboxylic acid: Saturated aliphatic acids: ” Some hard cheeses (e.g., Swiss cheese) contain natural propanoic acid. The higher even-numbered saturated acids, from C12 to C18 (lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic), are present in the fats and oils of many animals and plants, with palmitic and stearic acids being the most prevalent. Lauric…

Hillary Clinton: Secretary of state and 2016 presidential candidate: Hard Choices, a memoir of her experiences as secretary of state, was published in 2014. The following year it was revealed that she had used a private e-mail address and server while secretary of state, which raised concerns over both security and government transparency. The…

cider: Distinctions: …some natural fermentation is designated hard cider. The expressed juice of apples that has been treated by some method to prevent spoilage while in hermetically sealed cans or bottles is marketed as apple juice in most countries.

anthracite, the most highly metamorphosed form of coal. It contains more fixed carbon (86 percent or greater on a dry, ash-free basis) than any other form of coal and the least amount of volatile matter (14 percent or less on a dry, ash-free basis), and it has calorific values near 35 megajoules

cnidarian: Size range and diversity of structure: …hydroids, hydrocorals, and soft and hard corals, however, proliferate asexually into colonies, which can attain much greater size and longevity than their component polyps. Certain tropical sea anemones (class Anthozoa) may be a metre in diameter, and some temperate ones are nearly that tall. Anthozoans are long-lived, both individually and…

A Hard Day’s Night, British comedy-musical film, released in 1964, that starred the Beatles in their first feature movie. Released during the height of Beatlemania and the British Invasion, A Hard Day’s Night is now widely considered a classic. The musical presents a fictitious account of 36 hours

hard disk, magnetic storage medium for a computer. Hard disks are flat circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disks for personal computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of information. Data are stored on their surfaces in concentric tracks. A

computer memory: Magnetic disk drives: In 1956 the first magnetic hard drive (HD) was invented at IBM; consisting of 50 21-inch (53-cm) disks, it had a storage capacity of 5 megabytes. By the 1990s the standard HD diameter for PCs had shrunk to 3.5 inches (about 8.9 cm), with storage capacities in excess of 100…

Paul Thomas Anderson: His first feature film, Hard Eight (1996), a modern film noir, followed. It included performances by Philip Baker Hall, John C. Reilly, and Philip Seymour Hoffman—all gifted character actors who would be recurring presences in Anderson’s films. Although Hard Eight was critically praised, Anderson’s breakout effort was Boogie Nights…

hardness tester, device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, or hard steel. Brinell hardness is determined by forcing a hardened steel or carbide ball

Cesare Pavese: …lyric poetry, Lavorare stanca (1936; Hard Labor, 1976), followed his release from prison. An initial novella, Paesi tuoi (1941; The Harvesters, 1961), recalled, as many of his works do, the sacred places of childhood. Between 1943 and 1945 he lived with partisans of the anti-Fascist Resistance in the hills of…

Treaties of Fort Stanwix: …now West Virginia at the Treaty of Hard Labor (October 1768) and the Treaty of Lochaber (October 1770). These three treaties launched a new period of eager land speculation, accompanied by a stream of homesteaders who quickly poured into the Ohio River region.

Irish literature: Samuel Beckett and Flann O’Brien: …followed, the last published posthumously: The Hard Life (1961), The Dalkey Archive (1964), and The Third Policeman (1967).

sugar maple, (Acer saccharum), large tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to eastern North America and widely grown as an ornamental and shade tree. It is commercially important as a source of maple syrup, maple sugar, and hardwood lumber useful in furniture manufacture and flooring.

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002: Provisions: …amounts of permitted, lawful “hard money” contributions by individuals from $1,000 per candidate per election, where it had remained since 1974, to $2,000 per candidate per election (primary and general elections were counted separately, so $4,000 per election cycle was allowed) and provided for future adjustments in accordance with…

hard news, journalistic style and genre that focuses on events or incidents that are considered to be timely and consequential to people locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally. Traditionally, hard news covers topics such as politics, international affairs, economics, and science. Hard

palate: It consists of an anterior hard palate of bone and, in mammals, a posterior soft palate that has no skeletal support and terminates in a fleshy, elongated projection called the uvula.

pine: …designated as soft pines or hard pines. Soft pines, such as white, sugar, and piñon pines, have relatively soft timber, needles in bundles of five (less commonly, one to four), stalked cones with scales lacking prickles, and little resin. Their wood is close-grained, with thin, nearly white sapwood; the sheaths…

porcelain: …of porcelain are true, or hard-paste, porcelain; artificial, or soft-paste, porcelain; and bone china. Porcelain was first made in China—in a primitive form during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and in the form best known in the West during the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). This true, or hard-paste, porcelain was made from…

Tom Stoppard: In The Hard Problem (2015), Stoppard explored consciousness. Leopoldstadt (2020) follows a Jewish family in Vienna from the early 20th century through the Holocaust; the critically acclaimed work won the Olivier Award for best new play.

computer: Reactive systems: …aircraft control system is a hard real-time system, as a single flight error might be fatal. An airline reservation system, on the other hand, is a soft real-time system, since a missed booking is rarely catastrophic.

cereal processing: Wheat: varieties and characteristics: …Canada (Manitoba) and the similar hard red spring (HRS) wheats of the United States. They yield excellent bread-making flour because of their high quantity of protein (approximately 12–15 percent), mainly in the form of gluten. Soft wheats, the major wheats grown in the United Kingdom, most of Europe, and Australia,…

cereal processing: Wheat: varieties and characteristics: …intermediate in character include the hard red winter (HRW) wheats of the central United States and wheat from Argentina. There are important differences between spring and winter varieties. Spring wheats, planted in the early spring, grow quickly and are normally harvested in late summer or early autumn. Winter wheats are…

sauce: Hard sauce, or brandy butter, is a stiff mixture of powdered sugar, butter, brandy, and spice that is served with mincemeat and Christmas puddings.

software: …read-only (ROM) technology are called firmware, or “hard software.”

assistive technology: Assistive-technology classification and characterization: …aspects of assistive technology are hard technologies and soft technologies. Hard technologies are tangible components that can be purchased and assembled into assistive-technology systems. They include everything from simple mouth sticks to computers and software. Soft technologies include the human areas of decision making, strategy development, training, and concept formation.…

tick: Hard ticks, such as the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), attach to their hosts and feed continuously on blood for several days during each life stage. When an adult female has obtained a blood meal, she mates, drops from the host, and finds a suitable…

Hard Times, novel by Charles Dickens, published in serial form (as Hard Times: For These Times) in the periodical Household Words from April to August 1854 and in book form later the same year. The novel is a bitter indictment of industrialization, with its dehumanizing effects on workers and

Charles Bronson: …as an aging boxer in Hard Times, set during the Great Depression. Many of his later films were action-thrillers, including Love and Bullets (1979), The Evil That Men Do (1984), and Murphy’s Law (1986). In other movies he revealed humanity and tenderness beneath the toughness, as in Sean Penn’s

Alice Walker: Later work and controversies: …Traveled Down My Arm (2003), Hard Times Require Furious Dancing (2010), and Taking the Arrow Out of the Heart (2018). Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems (1991) collects poetry from 1965 to 1990.

Arthur Miller: …vignettes based on Studs Terkel’s Hard Times (about the Great Depression), was produced at the 1980 American Spoleto Festival in Charleston, South Carolina. Miller’s later plays included The Ride Down Mount Morgan (1991), Mr. Peters’ Connections (1998), and Resurrection Blues (2002).

Mervyn LeRoy: At Warner Brothers in the 1930s: Little Caesar, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, and Gold Diggers of 1933: Hard to Handle (1933) did not have any such social consciousness but remains a fine example of Warner Brothers’s pre-Production Code comedies, with James Cagney as a press agent who will promote anything and everything.

hard water, water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous iron may also be present; oxidized to the ferric form, it appears as a reddish brown stain on washed fabrics and enameled surfaces. Water hardness that is caused by calcium

Vincent Sherman: Women’s pictures: Sherman’s first important movie was The Hard Way (1943), a gritty show-business melodrama with fine performances from Ida Lupino, Joan Leslie, and Jack Carson. Old Acquaintance (1943) was a popular drama starring Bette Davis and Miriam Hopkins as feuding writers. Sherman reteamed with Davis on Mr. Skeffington

flour: Hard wheats, which are high in protein (approximately 12–15 percent), produce flours that are suitable for products requiring stronger structure, such as breads, buns, hard rolls, and yeast-raised sweet rolls.

Brooks & Dunn: ” Their second full-length recording, Hard Workin’ Man (1993), confirmed their popularity, debuting at number three on the Billboard country album chart. Brooks & Dunn continued to satisfy country music audiences with such releases as Waitin’ on Sundown (1994), If You See Her (1998), Steers & Stripes (2001), and Red…

spectroscopy: Synchrotron sources: …and 200 angstroms), or the hard (high-energy) X-ray portion (1–20 angstroms) of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Maria Bueno: …the others were won with Darlene Hard. Adding to her titles in 1960, she also won the mixed doubles (with Bob Howe) at the French Open.

Ida Lupino: Directing: Their next venture was Hard, Fast and Beautiful (1951), a drama about a teenaged tennis star (Forrest) shamelessly exploited by her mother (Claire Trevor). Lupino’s direction was deft, but the picture suffered from a weak script. Lupino, who continued to act, was then cast as a lonely blind woman…

hard-boiled fiction, a tough, unsentimental style of American crime writing that, beginning in the 1920s, brought a new tone of earthy realism to the field of detective fiction. Populated by detectives and femmes fatale, hard-boiled fiction uses graphic sex and violence, vivid and often sordid