• hard-chromium plating (technology)

    electroplating: Development of electroplating.: So-called hard-chromium plating likewise created a new way of improving the wear resistance of machine parts and improving their operation owing to good frictional and heat resistance properties. Worn or undersized parts were built up with chromium plate.

  • hard-cure salting

    fish processing: Curing: In heavy or hard-cure salting, an additional step is taken in which warm air is forced over the surface of the fish until the water content is reduced to about 20 percent and the salt content is increased to approximately 30 percent. Most dry-salted fish products are consumed…

  • hard-disk drive (computing)

    computer memory: Magnetic disk drives: In 1956 the first magnetic hard drive (HD) was invented at IBM; consisting of 50 21-inch (53-cm) disks, it had a storage capacity of 5 megabytes. By the 1990s the standard HD diameter for PCs had shrunk to 3.5 inches (about 8.9 cm), with storage capacities in excess of 100…

  • hard-edge painting (art)

    Minimalism: Hard-edge painting is characterized by large, simplified, usually geometric forms on an overall flat surface; precise, razor-sharp contours; and broad areas of bright, unmodulated colour that have been stained into unprimed canvas. It differs from other types of geometric abstraction in that it rejects both…

  • hard-ground etching

    printmaking: Hard-ground etching: Any acid-resistant coating used to make an etching is called a ground. In the past a great variety of different grounds were used, and each master had a personal formula. Most of them had wax as a basis, combined with various oils and…

  • hard-metal pneumoconiosis (disease)

    respiratory disease: Respiratory toxicity of glass and metal fibres: Hard-metal pneumoconiosis is caused by the inhalation of fine particles of hard metals, such as cobalt, tungsten, nickel, and titanium. Metal workers and persons who sharpen tools or polish diamonds are at increased risk of the condition. Research has also suggested that the use of…

  • hard-paste porcelain (pottery)

    porcelain: …of porcelain are true, or hard-paste, porcelain; artificial, or soft-paste, porcelain; and bone china. Porcelain was first made in China—in a primitive form during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and in the form best known in the West during the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). This true, or hard-paste, porcelain was made from…

  • hard-shell clam (mollusk)

    clam: The northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as the cherrystone clam, littleneck clam, or hard-shell clam, and the southern quahog (M. campechiensis) belong to the family of venus clams (Veneridae). M. mercenaria is about 7.5 to 12.5 cm (3 to 5 inches) long. The dingy white…

  • hard-sphere molecule (chemistry)

    liquid: Associated and solvated solutions: …in particular to mixtures of hard-sphere (envisioned as billiard balls) molecules—i.e., idealized molecules that have finite size but no forces of attraction. These calculations have produced a better understanding of the structure of simple liquid solutions since the manner in which nonpolar and non-hydrogen-bonding molecules arrange themselves in space is…

  • hard-target munition (ammunition)

    hard-target munition, ammunition capable of damaging and destroying reinforced targets such as tanks and hardened underground bunkers. Such munitions are specially designed to cause more-serious internal damage to such targets than that caused by standard conventional munitions. Hard-target

  • Hardanger fiddle (musical instrument)

    Hardanger fiddle, regional fiddle of western Norway, invented in the late 17th century. It has four bowed strings positioned above four or five metal sympathetic strings. Although slightly smaller than the concert violin, the instrument is held and played in the same manner. It is used to perform

  • Hardanger Fjord (inlet, Norway)

    Hardanger Fjord, inlet, southwestern Norway. The country’s second largest fjord and one of the most scenic, it extends inland northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) from Stord Island, at its entrance in the North Sea, to the Hardanger Plateau and has a maximum depth of 2,922 feet (891 metres).

  • Hardanger Plateau (plateau, Norway)

    Hardanger Plateau, plateau in southwestern Norway. The largest peneplain (an eroded, almost level plain) in Europe, it has an area of about 2,500 square miles (6,500 square km) and an average elevation of 3,500 feet (1,100 metres). It traditionally has been home to an important stock of wild

  • Hardangerfele (musical instrument)

    Hardanger fiddle, regional fiddle of western Norway, invented in the late 17th century. It has four bowed strings positioned above four or five metal sympathetic strings. Although slightly smaller than the concert violin, the instrument is held and played in the same manner. It is used to perform

  • Hardap Dam (dam, Namibia)

    Mariental: The Hardap Dam on the Fish River, 14 miles (22 km) northwest of Mariental, is Namibia’s first large earth-fill dam and supplies electricity and water to the area. Vegetables and citrus fruits are grown in the floodplain below the dam, and its reservoir has been developed…

  • Hardaway, Anfernee (American basketball player and coach)

    Orlando Magic: …the third selection, point guard Anfernee (“Penny”) Hardaway, and future draft picks.

  • Hardaway, Ben (American animator)

    Bugs Bunny: Animator Ben (“Bugs”) Hardaway inadvertently christened him when his casual sketch of a proposed rabbit character was labeled “Bugs’s Bunny” by a fellow employee. Robert McKimson drew the model sheet for the character, Freleng developed Bugs’s personality, Avery and Jones made further refinements, and Blanc infused…

  • Hardaway, Penny (American basketball player and coach)

    Orlando Magic: …the third selection, point guard Anfernee (“Penny”) Hardaway, and future draft picks.

  • Hardaway, Tim (American basketball player)

    Golden State Warriors: …high-scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway, shooting guard Mitch Richmond, and small forward Chris Mullin. While Nelson’s teams were entertaining, they failed to advance past the second round in the playoffs over this period, and Nelson left the Warriors during the 1994–95 season. Golden State then entered a period…

  • Hardayal, Lala (Indian revolutionary)

    Lala Har Dayal was an Indian revolutionary and scholar who was dedicated to the removal of British influence in India. Har Dayal graduated from the Government College, Lahore (University of the Punjab). On a Government of India scholarship to St. John’s College at Oxford, he became a supporter of

  • Hardball (film by Robbins [2001])

    Keanu Reeves: The Matrix and John Wick series: …movies The Replacements (2000) and Hardball (2001) before playing a supporting role in the romantic comedy Something’s Gotta Give (2003) and in the coming-of-age drama Thumbsucker (2005). He also starred as a demonologist in Constantine (2005) and a would-be bank robber in Henry’s Crime (2010). In 2013 he made his…

  • Hardball (novel by Paretsky)

    Sara Paretsky: …returned to Warshawski’s investigations in Hardball (2009), which saw her intrepid protagonist pursuing a cold case and, in the process, discovering a long history of physical violence against African Americans by the Chicago police. Warshawski investigates the case of an Iraq War veteran wrongfully accused of murder in Body Work…

  • hardball roller hockey (sport)

    roller-skating: Roller sports: …roller hockey, also known as hardball roller hockey, is played with quad skates, a small hard ball, and curved sticks similar to those used in field hockey, and the sport’s rules are derived largely from polo. In-line roller hockey uses a puck, sticks, and many of the rules of ice…

  • hardball squash rackets (sport)

    squash rackets: …“British,” or “international,” version) and hardball (the “American” version). In softball, which is the standard game internationally, the game is played with a softer, slower ball on the kind of wide, tall court shown in the accompanying diagram. The ball stays in play far longer, and there is more court…

  • Hardball with Chris Matthews (American television program)

    MSNBC: In addition, Hardball with Chris Matthews, which aired on MSNBC from 1999 to 2020, also gained a dedicated viewership with its criticisms of George W. Bush’s administration. The popularity of these programs led the channel to add other liberal hosts, most notably Rachel Maddow. Her eponymous show…

  • hardboard

    furniture industry: Materials: laminated board, chipboard, and hardboard as distinct from natural solid wood. It is not merely that manufacturers prefer the one to the other but rather that these substances are free from the great drawback fundamental to wood—movement. Natural wood shrinks as it dries or swells as it absorbs moisture…

  • hardcore (music)

    hardcore punk, a genre of punk music defined by its speed and intensity, aggressive sound, and DIY (do-it-yourself) ethics. Hardcore came to the fore in a number of American cities during the late 1970s and early ’80s and spread to many other countries. It spawned several subcultures that subscribe

  • hardcore (dance music)

    electronic dance music: London and Berlin: …scene in Rotterdam, Netherlands, birthed hardcore (or gabber), a very fast and hard form of techno that is frequently noisy and garnished with screaming heavy-metal samples (a later variant was dubbed “hardstyle”). Meanwhile, Germany, especially Frankfurt, was the origin of trance. Trance began as hard, minimalist, and hypnotic—as on “The…

  • Hardcore (film by Schrader [1979])

    George C. Scott: … (1977), Movie, Movie (1978), and Hardcore (1979). During his later years, Scott’s appearances on television and on the New York stage overshadowed his film work. On Broadway, he starred in Uncle Vanya (1973), Death of a Salesman (1975), and Sly Fox (1976), and he reached television audiences with memorable roles…

  • hardcore punk (music)

    hardcore punk, a genre of punk music defined by its speed and intensity, aggressive sound, and DIY (do-it-yourself) ethics. Hardcore came to the fore in a number of American cities during the late 1970s and early ’80s and spread to many other countries. It spawned several subcultures that subscribe

  • Hardecanute (king of Denmark and England)

    Hardecanute was the king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042. Son of King Canute and Emma, daughter of Richard I, duke of Normandy, Hardecanute was made co-king of Denmark by Canute about 1030. On Canute’s death in 1035, a party led by Emma and Godwine, earl of Wessex,

  • Hardee, William J (Confederate general)

    William J. Hardee was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861–65) who wrote a popular infantry manual used by both the North and the South. An 1838 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., Hardee wrote the popular Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics in 1855. In 1856–60

  • Hardee, William Joseph (Confederate general)

    William J. Hardee was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861–65) who wrote a popular infantry manual used by both the North and the South. An 1838 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., Hardee wrote the popular Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics in 1855. In 1856–60

  • Hardeknud (king of Denmark and England)

    Hardecanute was the king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042. Son of King Canute and Emma, daughter of Richard I, duke of Normandy, Hardecanute was made co-king of Denmark by Canute about 1030. On Canute’s death in 1035, a party led by Emma and Godwine, earl of Wessex,

  • Harden, James (American basketball player)

    James Harden is one of the best shooting guards in the history of the National Basketball League (NBA), and he helped popularize a three-point shot that revolutionized the sport. In addition to winning three scoring titles, Harden was named the NBA’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 2018. He currently

  • Harden, James Edward, Jr. (American basketball player)

    James Harden is one of the best shooting guards in the history of the National Basketball League (NBA), and he helped popularize a three-point shot that revolutionized the sport. In addition to winning three scoring titles, Harden was named the NBA’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 2018. He currently

  • Harden, Marcia Gay (American actress)

    Marcia Gay Harden is an American actress who is known for her ability to play a wide variety of characters in movies, onstage, and on television. Harden was the daughter of an American naval officer, and during her childhood she spent time in Texas, Japan, Germany, Italy, and Greece. She began

  • Harden, Maximilian Felix Ernst (German journalist)

    Maximilian Felix Ernst Harden was a political journalist, a spokesman for extreme German nationalism before and during World War I and a radical socialist after Germany’s defeat. Initially an actor, Harden founded and edited the weekly Die Zukunft (1892–1923; “The Future”), which attained great

  • Harden, Sir Arthur (British biochemist)

    Sir Arthur Harden was an English biochemist and corecipient, with Hans von Euler-Chelpin, of the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work on the fermentation of sugar and the enzyme action involved. After studies at Manchester and at Erlangen, Germany, Harden became a lecturer-demonstrator at the

  • Hardenberg und die Geschichte des preussischen Staates von 1793 bis 1813 (work by Ranke)

    Leopold von Ranke: The search for objectivity.: …Revolutionskriege 1791 und 1792, 1875; Hardenberg und die Geschichte des preussischen Staates von 1793 bis 1813, 1877) are subtle accounts of complex political events but address themselves only indirectly to the central problems of a changing age. Like the Englische Geschichte, these books exhibit a certain bias against political and…

  • Hardenberg, Friedrich Leopold, Baron von (German poet)

    Novalis was an early German Romantic poet and theorist who greatly influenced later Romantic thought. Novalis was born into a family of Protestant Lower Saxon nobility and took his pseudonym from “de Novali,” a name his family had formerly used. He studied law at the University of Jena (1790),

  • Hardenberg, Karl August von (Prussian statesman)

    Karl August von Hardenberg was a Prussian statesman and administrator, who preserved the integrity of the Prussian state during the Napoleonic Wars. Domestically, he was able to continue the reforms introduced by Karl, Reichsfreiherr (imperial baron) vom und zum Stein. In foreign affairs, he

  • Hardenberg, Karl August, Fürst von (Prussian statesman)

    Karl August von Hardenberg was a Prussian statesman and administrator, who preserved the integrity of the Prussian state during the Napoleonic Wars. Domestically, he was able to continue the reforms introduced by Karl, Reichsfreiherr (imperial baron) vom und zum Stein. In foreign affairs, he

  • hardened target munition (ammunition)

    hard-target munition, ammunition capable of damaging and destroying reinforced targets such as tanks and hardened underground bunkers. Such munitions are specially designed to cause more-serious internal damage to such targets than that caused by standard conventional munitions. Hard-target

  • hardening (technology)

    cement: Setting time: The setting and hardening of a cement is a continuous process, but two points are distinguished for test purposes. The initial setting time is the interval between the mixing of the cement with water and the time when the mix has lost plasticity, stiffening to a certain degree.…

  • hardening (network security)

    nuclear electromagnetic pulse: …EMP are known as “hardening.”

  • hardening off (horticulture)

    horticulture: Frost control: This is known as hardening off. Hardening off of plants prior to transplanting can be accomplished by withholding water and fertilizer, especially nitrogen. This prevents formation of succulent tissue that is very frost-tender. Gradual exposure to cold is also effective for hardening. Induced cold resistance in crops such as…

  • Harder They Come, The (film by Henzell [1972])

    Jimmy Cliff: …performance in the landmark film The Harder They Come (1972).

  • Harder They Fall, The (film by Robson [1956])

    Primo Carnera: In 1956 the film The Harder They Fall, adapted from Budd Schulberg’s novel, was released. Based upon Carnera’s life, the film examined the role of organized crime in boxing. Carnera sued the studio for defamation but lost. Carnera became a United States citizen in 1953 but returned to his…

  • Harder They Fall, The (film by Samuel [2021])

    Idris Elba: The Suicide Squad and Hijack: …also played an outlaw in The Harder They Fall, a revenge western in which he costarred with Regina King and Jonathan Majors. In 2022 Elba starred in several films, including George Miller’s Three Thousand Years of Longing, in which he played a djinn. The following year he took the lead…

  • Harder They Fall, The (novel by Schulberg)

    Budd Schulberg: …he published his second novel, The Harder They Fall (film 1956), a fictional exposé of corrupt practices in professional boxing. His 1950 novel, The Disenchanted, won an American Library Award for fiction. That book was made into a play, which opened on Broadway in 1958. In 1955 his screenplay for…

  • Harderwijk (Netherlands)

    Harderwijk, gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands. Chartered in 1231, Harderwijk was an important port on the former Zuiderzee and was a member of the Hanseatic League. It now lies opposite Flevoland Oost, one of the polders created by the Dutch in their 20th-century project to drain part of

  • Hardey, Mary Ann (Roman Catholic nun)

    Mother Mary Aloysia Hardey was an American religious leader who expanded the presence of the Society of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic educational order, in the United States. Hardey attended the school conducted by the Society of the Sacred Heart (lately introduced into America by Mother

  • Hardey, Mother Mary Aloysia (Roman Catholic nun)

    Mother Mary Aloysia Hardey was an American religious leader who expanded the presence of the Society of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic educational order, in the United States. Hardey attended the school conducted by the Society of the Sacred Heart (lately introduced into America by Mother

  • Hardgrove Grindability Index (geology)

    coal utilization: Grindability: …is used to calculate the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI). The index is used as a guideline for sizing the grinding equipment in a coal-preparation plant.

  • Hardgrove test (geology)

    coal utilization: Grindability: …for assessing grindability is the Hardgrove test, which consists of grinding a specially prepared coal sample in a laboratory mill of standard design. The percent by weight of the coal that passes through a 200-mesh sieve (a screen with openings of 74 micrometres, or 0.003 inch) is used to calculate…

  • Hardicanute (king of Denmark and England)

    Hardecanute was the king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042. Son of King Canute and Emma, daughter of Richard I, duke of Normandy, Hardecanute was made co-king of Denmark by Canute about 1030. On Canute’s death in 1035, a party led by Emma and Godwine, earl of Wessex,

  • Hardie, J Keir (British labor leader)

    J. Keir Hardie was a British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892) and first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons (1906). A dedicated socialist, he was also an outspoken pacifist (from the time of the South African, or Boer, War,

  • Hardie, James Keir (British labor leader)

    J. Keir Hardie was a British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892) and first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons (1906). A dedicated socialist, he was also an outspoken pacifist (from the time of the South African, or Boer, War,

  • Hardin, Garrett (American ecologist)

    tragedy of the commons: …popular by the American ecologist Garrett Hardin, who used the analogy of ranchers grazing their animals on a common field. When the field is not over capacity, ranchers may graze their animals with few limitations. However, the rational rancher will seek to add livestock, thereby increasing profits. Thinking logically but…

  • Hardin, John Wesley (American outlaw)

    John Wesley Hardin was the most notorious killer and quick-draw gunman of the Texas frontier. He killed at least 21 men in gun duels and ambushes in the period 1868–77. Reaching adolescence as the defeated South entered the Reconstruction period, Hardin was virulently antiblack and anti-Yankee and,

  • Hardin, Lil (American musician)

    Louis Armstrong: King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band: and Baby Dodds and pianist Lil Hardin, who married Armstrong in 1924. The young Armstrong became popular through his ingenious ensemble lead and second cornet lines, his cornet duet passages (called “breaks”) with Oliver, and his solos. He recorded his first solos as a member of the Oliver band in…

  • Harding Commission (British-South African history)

    South Africa: The British in Natal: The Harding Commission (1852) set aside reserves for Africans, and missionaries and pliant chiefs were brought in to persuade Africans to work. After 1849 Africans became subject to a hut tax intended to raise revenue and drive them into labor. Roads were built, using forced labor,…

  • Harding fiddle (musical instrument)

    Hardanger fiddle, regional fiddle of western Norway, invented in the late 17th century. It has four bowed strings positioned above four or five metal sympathetic strings. Although slightly smaller than the concert violin, the instrument is held and played in the same manner. It is used to perform

  • Harding Icefield (icefield, Alaska, United States)

    Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …resulting in the Sargent and Harding ice fields in the Kenai Mountains (on the Kenai Peninsula) and the Bagley Ice Field in the eastern Chugach Mountains. Numerous long and spectacular glaciers descend from the crests of those mountains. The St. Elias Mountains and the Kenai-Chugach mountain system have the most-extensive…

  • Harding, Allan Francis (British military officer)

    John Harding, Baron Harding of Petherton was a British army officer who led the North African “Desert Rats” in World War II. After graduating from Ilminster Grammar School in 1912, Harding joined the Territorial Army as a part-time reservist. Called to the regular army at the beginning of World War

  • Harding, Chester (American painter)

    Chester Harding was an American painter of Romantic portraits of prominent American and English figures from the early 19th century. Early in his life, Harding worked as a chair maker, peddler, innkeeper, and house painter. He eventually began to paint signs in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and became

  • Harding, Daniel (British conductor)

    Orchestre de Paris: Daniel Harding became music director in 2016.

  • Harding, Florence (American first lady)

    Florence Harding was an American first lady (1921–23), the wife of Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the United States. Energetic, strong-willed, and popular, she was an important influence on her husband’s business and political careers. Daughter of Amos and Louisa Bouton Kling, Florence Kling

  • Harding, John, Baron Harding of Petherton (British military officer)

    John Harding, Baron Harding of Petherton was a British army officer who led the North African “Desert Rats” in World War II. After graduating from Ilminster Grammar School in 1912, Harding joined the Territorial Army as a part-time reservist. Called to the regular army at the beginning of World War

  • Harding, Karl Ludwig (German astronomer)

    Karl Ludwig Harding was an astronomer who discovered (1804) and named Juno, the third minor planet to be detected. He studied at the University of Göttingen under Georg Lichtenberg and later served as assistant to J.H. Schröter at Schröter’s Lilienthal Observatory. In 1805, Harding returned as a

  • Harding, Rebecca Blaine (American author)

    Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis was an American essayist and writer, remembered primarily for her story “Life in the Iron Mills,” which is considered a transitional work of American realism. Rebecca Harding graduated from the Washington Female Seminary in 1848. An avid reader, she had begun dabbling

  • Harding, Sandra (American philosopher)

    philosophical feminism: Feminist epistemology and philosophy of science: …this point, the feminist philosophers Sandra Harding, Lorraine Code, and Helen Longino noted that “communities of knowers”—those recognized as experts in some field of inquiry—were remarkably homogeneous, not only with respect to sex but also with respect to race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Most such knowers, in other words, were…

  • Harding, St. Stephen (Roman Catholic abbot)

    St. Stephen Harding ; canonized 1623; feast day July 16) was the third abbot of Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium) and a founder of the Cistercian Order. Educated at Sherborne Abbey, he fled to Scotland sometime after the Norman Conquest. He studied in Paris, may have been a soldier, and made a pilgrimage

  • Harding, Thomas (English theologian and controversialist)

    John Jewel: ” After Thomas Harding, who had been deprived of the title of prebendary (honorary canon) of Salisbury, published his Answer to Jewel in 1564, Jewel wrote his Reply in 1565, which evoked a Confutation from Harding the next year. Jewel responded with his Defense of the Apology…

  • Harding, Tonya (American figure skater)

    Olympic Games: Lillehammer, Norway, 1994: …on Americans Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding. About a month before the Games were to begin, Harding was implicated in an attempt to injure Kerrigan. Harding filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Olympic Committee, seeking an injunction against being barred from the Olympics. However, the legal dispute temporarily abated, and…

  • Harding, Warren G. (president of United States)

    Warren G. Harding was the 29th president of the United States (1921–23). Pledging a nostalgic “return to normalcy” following World War I, Harding won the presidency by the greatest popular vote margin to that time. He died during his third year in office and was succeeded by Vice Pres. Calvin

  • Harding, Warren Gamaliel (president of United States)

    Warren G. Harding was the 29th president of the United States (1921–23). Pledging a nostalgic “return to normalcy” following World War I, Harding won the presidency by the greatest popular vote margin to that time. He died during his third year in office and was succeeded by Vice Pres. Calvin

  • Hardinge of Lahore and Kings Newton, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount (governor general of India)

    Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge was a British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in 1844–48. Hardinge entered the army in 1799 and, during the Napoleonic Wars, served with distinction as a staff officer in the Peninsular War (1808–14). In the Hundred Days (1815), he was a

  • Hardinge of Penshurst, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron (viceroy of India)

    Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge was a British diplomat and viceroy of India who improved British relations in India and was instrumental in securing India’s support for Great Britain in World War I. A grandson of Lord Hardinge, governor-general of India in 1844–48, Charles Hardinge entered the

  • Hardinge, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron (viceroy of India)

    Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge was a British diplomat and viceroy of India who improved British relations in India and was instrumental in securing India’s support for Great Britain in World War I. A grandson of Lord Hardinge, governor-general of India in 1844–48, Charles Hardinge entered the

  • Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount (governor general of India)

    Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge was a British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in 1844–48. Hardinge entered the army in 1799 and, during the Napoleonic Wars, served with distinction as a staff officer in the Peninsular War (1808–14). In the Hundred Days (1815), he was a

  • Hardinge, Sir Arthur (commissioner of East Africa)

    Kenya: The British East Africa Company: …Protectorate was then proclaimed, with Sir Arthur Hardinge as the first commissioner. Initially the British government did not attach much importance to the new protectorate because Hardinge continued to reside in Zanzibar, where he already functioned as the consul general.

  • hardingfela (musical instrument)

    Hardanger fiddle, regional fiddle of western Norway, invented in the late 17th century. It has four bowed strings positioned above four or five metal sympathetic strings. Although slightly smaller than the concert violin, the instrument is held and played in the same manner. It is used to perform

  • hardingfele (musical instrument)

    Hardanger fiddle, regional fiddle of western Norway, invented in the late 17th century. It has four bowed strings positioned above four or five metal sympathetic strings. Although slightly smaller than the concert violin, the instrument is held and played in the same manner. It is used to perform

  • Hardiwar (city, Uttar Pradesh, India)

    tirtha: …a yantra, or sacred diagram; Hardiwar (in Uttar Pradesh), the spot where the Ganges River came to earth; and Ujjain (in Madhya Pradesh), site of a famous Shaivite lingam (sign of Shiva).

  • hardness (physics)

    hardness, resistance of a mineral to scratching, described relative to a standard such as the Mohs hardness scale. Hardness is an important diagnostic property in mineral identification. There is a general link between hardness and chemical composition (via crystal structure); thus, most hydrous

  • hardness (water quality)

    water supply system: Hardness: Another parameter of water quality is hardness. This is a term used to describe the effect of dissolved minerals (mostly calcium and magnesium). Minerals cause deposits of scale in hot water pipes, and they also interfere with the lathering action of soap. Hard water…

  • hardness tester (device)

    hardness tester, device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, or hard steel. Brinell hardness is determined by forcing a hardened steel or carbide ball

  • Hardoi (India)

    Hardoi, city, central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies on the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, about 25 miles (40 km) east of the Ganges (Ganga) River and 60 miles (95 km) northwest of Lucknow. Hardoi is on a main rail line through central Uttar Pradesh at a major road junction. The city is a market

  • Hardouin, Jean (French scholar)

    Jean Hardouin was a French Jesuit scholar who edited numerous secular and ecclesiastical works, most notably the texts of the councils of the Christian church. Hardouin entered the Society of Jesus in 1666 and was professor of positive theology in the Jesuit Collège Louis-le-Grand at Paris

  • Hardouin-Mansart, Jules (French architect)

    Jules Hardouin-Mansart was a French architect and city planner to King Louis XIV who completed the design of Versailles. Mansart in 1668 adopted the surname of his granduncle by marriage, the distinguished architect François Mansart. By 1674, when he was commissioned to rebuild the château of

  • hardpan (geology)

    calcrete, calcium-rich duricrust, a hardened layer in or on a soil. It is formed on calcareous materials as a result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions. Calcite is dissolved in groundwater and, under drying conditions, is precipitated as the water evaporates at the surface.

  • hardpan (pedology)

    agricultural technology: Tilling: …may create a hardpan, or plow sole; that is, a compacted layer just below the zone disturbed by tillage. Such layers are more prevalent with increasing levels of mechanization; they reduce crop yields and must be shattered, allowing water to be stored in and below the shattered zone for later…

  • Hardscrabble (Illinois, United States)

    Streator, city, La Salle county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Vermilion (locally Vermillion) River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Chicago. The first permanent settlement in the area, established in the mid-19th century, was called Hardscrabble, for the difficult climb up from

  • hardstone

    jewelry: The properties of gems: Among the semiprecious stones used in jewelry are amethyst, garnet, aquamarine, amber, jade, turquoise, opal, lapis lazuli, and malachite. Matrix jewelry is cut from a stone such as opal or turquoise and the surrounding natural material,

  • Hardt Mountains (mountains, Germany)

    Haardt Mountains, mountain range in Rheinland-Pfalz Land (state), southwestern Germany. They comprise the eastern part of the Pfälzer Forest Mountains and lie west of the Rhine River basin, extending from the French border to a point about 20 miles (30 km) south of Mainz. Their densely forested

  • Hardt, Michael (American literary theorist and political philosopher)

    antiglobalization: The antiglobalization movement: Michael Hardt and Toni Negri used the term multitude to describe the antiglobalization movement as a whole of singularities that act in common, a decentred authority, a polyphonic dialogue, a constituent cooperative power of a global democracy from below, an open-source society, and a direct…

  • hardtack (food)

    fish and brewis: …to the preparation of the hardtack. Urban legends have it that “brewis” is a corruption of “bruised,” referring to the process of breaking up the hardtack into bite-sized chunks, but this is unsubstantiated; it is more likely a word of Middle English origin that refers to a broth made of…

  • hardun (lizard)

    agama: The hardun (A. stellio), which is common in northern Egypt, has a tail ringed with spiked scales, giving it a ferocious appearance.