A Harlot High and Low, novel in four parts by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1839–47 as Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes. It was also translated into English as The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans and A (or The) Harlot’s Progress. It belongs to the “Scenes of Parisian Life” portion of

Harlow, new town and coextensive district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. It was designated by British planners in 1947 as one of London’s eight post-World War II new towns to promote the decentralization of the metropolis. The planned growth took place in neighbourhoods west

Harlow: district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. It was designated by British planners in 1947 as one of London’s eight post-World War II new towns to promote the decentralization of the metropolis.

infant stimulation program: Emergence of modern infant stimulation programs: In the 1950s, American psychologist Harry Harlow showed that monkeys raised in isolation (i.e., without maternal stimulation) displayed abnormal development. These findings indicated a potential need for infant stimulation programs to promote normal development.

Jean Harlow was an American actress who was the original “Blonde Bombshell.” Known initially for her striking beauty and forthright sexuality, Harlow developed considerably as an actress, but she died prematurely at the height of her career. The daughter of a prosperous Kansas City dentist, Harlow

Clarissa Harlowe, fictional character, the virtuous and forbearing heroine of Samuel Richardson’s novel Clarissa

HARM, supersonic air-to-surface tactical missile with the purpose of finding and destroying radar-equipped air defense systems. It can detect, attack, and destroy an enemy target almost automatically and therefore requires little human assistance. The missile hones in on enemy radar after detecting

sports: Human performance and the use of drugs: …argument based on the “harm principle” is said to treat athletes as children. Adult athletes should be allowed to decide for themselves whether they want to harm their health by drug use.

aging: Oxidative damage theory: …the 1950s by American gerontologist Denham Harman and was supported in part by evidence that antioxidant proteins, which neutralize free radicals, are more abundant in aging cells, indicating a response to oxidative stress.

Looney Tunes: …subcontracted the work to animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising, who were using the then novel innovation of synchronized sound to create animated talkies. Their first animated film for Schlesinger, Sinkin’ in the Bathtub (1930), featured Bosko, a wide-eyed character that bore an uncanny resemblance to Otto Messmer’s Felix the…

Martin Coles Harman was an English financier and one of the few private individuals—particularly, one of the few persons while alive—to have his portrait on coins. Harman engaged in questionable dealings that led to bankruptcy in 1932 and imprisonment in 1933–34 for fraud. In 1925 he purchased for

Golden Temple, the chief gurdwara, or house of worship, of Sikhism and the Sikhs’ most important pilgrimage site. It is located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab state, northwestern India. The Golden Temple, or Harmandir Sahib, is the focus of a complex of buildings that form the heart of Sikhism.

Golden Temple, the chief gurdwara, or house of worship, of Sikhism and the Sikhs’ most important pilgrimage site. It is located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab state, northwestern India. The Golden Temple, or Harmandir Sahib, is the focus of a complex of buildings that form the heart of Sikhism.

harmattan, cool dry wind that blows from the northeast or east in the western Sahara and is strongest in late fall and winter (late November to mid-March). It usually carries large amounts of dust, which it transports hundreds of kilometres out over the Atlantic Ocean; the dust often interferes

Jacobus Arminius was a theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who opposed the strict Calvinist teaching on predestination and who developed in reaction a theological system known later as Arminianism. His father died when Arminius was an infant, and one Theodore Aemilius adopted the

Death Cab for Cutie: …2, 1975, Bothell, Washington), bassist Nick Harmer (b. January 23, 1975, Bothell, Washington), and drummer Nathan Good. Later members included Michael Schorr and Jason McGerr.

harmine, hallucinogenic alkaloid found in the seed coats of a plant (Peganum harmala) of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East, and also in a South American vine (Banisteriopsis caapi) from which natives of the Andes Mountains prepared a drug for religious and medicinal use. Chemically,

economic system: Prehistoric and preliterate economic systems: … described this distributive system in The Harmless People (rev. ed. 1989):

Harmodius and Aristogeiton were known as the tyrannoktonoi, or “tyrannicides,” who, according to popular but erroneous legend, freed Athens from the Peisistratid tyrants. They were celebrated in drinking songs as the deliverers of the city, their descendants were entitled to free hospitality in the

Palmer Hayden: …came with $400) from the Harmon Foundation, which also recognized achievement among African Americans in the fields of education, industry, literature, music, race relations, and science. Hayden spent from 1927 to 1932 in Paris, where he socialized with other émigré artists Henry Ossawa Tanner and Hale Woodruff and fell under…

Ellen Gould Harmon White was an American religious leader who was one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and whose prophecies and other guidance were central to that denomination’s early growth. Ellen Harmon sustained a serious injury at the age of nine that left her facially

Marlee Matlin: Matlin later starred with Mark Harmon in the TV series Reasonable Doubts (1991–93), and she was twice nominated (1992 and 1993) for a Golden Globe Award for her role as an assistant district attorney in that series. She played the mentally disabled title character in the TV movie Against…

Tom Harmon was an American football player, a Heisman Trophy winner, who was one of the greatest tailbacks in collegiate football history. Harmon grew up in Gary, Ind., where he had a superior athletic career at Horace Mann High School. He entered the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1937 and

Tom Harmon was an American football player, a Heisman Trophy winner, who was one of the greatest tailbacks in collegiate football history. Harmon grew up in Gary, Ind., where he had a superior athletic career at Horace Mann High School. He entered the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1937 and

mode: Ancient Greek modes: …scales, or octave species, called harmoniai, characterized by the different positions of their semitones. They were termed as follows (semitones shown by unspaced letters):

Harmonia, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, according to the Theban account; in Samothrace she was the daughter of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra. She was carried off by Cadmus, and all the gods honoured the wedding with their presence. Cadmus or one of the gods presented the

Hungarian literature: Writing after 1945: …internationally for Harmonia Caelestis (2000; Celestial Harmonies), which chronicles some seven centuries of his own distinguished family’s history. Esterházy’s Semmi művészet (2008; Not Art: A Novel) depicts a football- (soccer-) obsessed mother’s relationship with her son.

speech: Harmonic structure: A second attribute of vocal sound, harmonic structure, depends on the wave form produced by the vibrating vocal cords. Like any musical instrument, the human voice is not a pure tone (as produced by a tuning fork); rather, it is composed of a…

harmonic analysis, mathematical procedure for describing and analyzing phenomena of a periodically recurrent nature. Many complex problems have been reduced to manageable terms by the technique of breaking complicated mathematical curves into sums of comparatively simple components. Many physical

analog computer: Stratton built in 1898 a harmonic analyzer having 80 components. Each of these was capable of generating a sinusoidal motion, which could be multiplied by constant factors by adjustment of a fulcrum on levers. The components were added by means of springs to produce a resultant. Another milestone in the…

harmonic construction, in projective geometry, determination of a pair of points C and D that divides a line segment AB harmonically (see Figure), that is, internally and externally in the same ratio, the internal ratio CA/CB being equal to the negative of the external ratio DA/DB on the extended

Harmonic Drive, mechanical speed-changing device, invented in the 1950s, that reduces the gear ratio of a rotary machine to increase torque. It operates on a principle different from that of conventional speed changers. The device consists of a thin ring that deflects elastically as it rolls inside

harmonic function, mathematical function of two variables having the property that its value at any point is equal to the average of its values along any circle around that point, provided the function is defined within the circle. An infinite number of points are involved in this average, so that

mean: …−1 is also called the harmonic mean. Weighted pth-power means are defined by

mechanics: Coupled oscillators: …frequencies, are known as the normal modes of the system.

simple harmonic motion, in physics, repetitive movement back and forth through an equilibrium, or central, position, so that the maximum displacement on one side of this position is equal to the maximum displacement on the other side. The time interval of each complete vibration is the same. The

sound: Fundamentals and harmonics: Here n is called the harmonic number, because the sequence of frequencies existing as standing waves in the string are integral multiples, or harmonics, of the fundamental frequency.

simple harmonic motion, in physics, repetitive movement back and forth through an equilibrium, or central, position, so that the maximum displacement on one side of this position is equal to the maximum displacement on the other side. The time interval of each complete vibration is the same. The

mechanics: Simple harmonic oscillations: The potential energy of a harmonic oscillator, equal to the work an outside agent must do to push the mass from zero to x, is U = 1 2 kx 2. Thus, the total initial energy in the situation described above is 1 2 kA 2; and since the kinetic…

harmony: The regulation of dissonance: …said to be a rapid harmonic rhythm. Similarly, a leisurely pace of chord change is a slow harmonic rhythm. The slow or fast harmonic rhythm of a composition helps define its musical character, and by varying the harmonic rhythm within a piece a composer can create contrast, thereby defining sections…

harmonic sequence, in mathematics, a sequence of numbers a1, a2, a3,… such that their reciprocals 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3,… form an arithmetic sequence (numbers separated by a common difference). The best-known harmonic sequence, and the one typically meant when the harmonic sequence is mentioned, is 1,

wind instrument: The production of sound: …divisions (the overtones) create the harmonic series, theoretically obtainable in toto on any tube with the appropriate increase in the force of the generating vibration and theoretically extending to infinity. In addition to the successive individual pitches created by overblowing, a column (or any division of a column) of air…

light: Characteristics of waves: …a periodic wave is a harmonic wave. The wavelength λ of the wave is the physical separation between successive crests. The maximum displacement of the wave, or amplitude, is denoted by A. The time between successive oscillations is called the period τ of the wave. The number of oscillations per…

harmonic construction, in projective geometry, determination of a pair of points C and D that divides a line segment AB harmonically (see Figure), that is, internally and externally in the same ratio, the internal ratio CA/CB being equal to the negative of the external ratio DA/DB on the extended

music synthesizer: The harmonic-tone generator developed by James Beauchamp at the University of Illinois, in contrast, used additive synthesis—building tones from signals for pure tones, i.e., without overtones (sine-wave signals)—and offered certain advantages in the nuances of tone colours produced.

harmonica, either of two musical instruments, the friction-sounded glass harmonica or a mouth organ, a free-reed wind instrument whose invention is often attributed to Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann (maker of the Mundäoline, Berlin, c. 1821). Whatever its origins, the contemporary harmonica

glass harmonica, musical instrument consisting of a set of graduated, tuned glass bowls sounded by the friction of wetted fingers on their rims. It was invented by Benjamin Franklin and was derived from the vérillon (musical glasses), a set of glasses, holding different amounts of water and thus

Johannes Kepler: Astronomical work of Johannes Kepler: …1619 his Harmonice Mundi (Harmonies of the World, which contained Kepler’s third law) brought together more than two decades of investigations into the archetypal principles of the world: geometrical, musical, metaphysical, astrological, astronomical, and those principles pertaining to the soul. All harmonies were geometrical, including musical ones that derived…

Ottaviano dei Petrucci: …printer whose collection of chansons, Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A (1501), was the first polyphonic music printed from movable type.

harmonic construction: The theorem of harmonicity states that if the external point of division of a line segment is given, then the internal point can be constructed by a purely projective technique; that is, by using only intersections of straight lines. To accomplish this, an arbitrary triangle is…

Ptolemy: Mathematician: Among Ptolemy’s earliest treatises, the Harmonics investigated musical theory while steering a middle course between an extreme empiricism and the mystical arithmetical speculations associated with Pythagoreanism. Ptolemy’s discussion of the roles of reason and the senses in acquiring scientific knowledge have bearing beyond music theory.

New Harmony, town, Posey county, southwestern Indiana, U.S. It is located on the Wabash River at the Illinois border, 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Evansville. The site was first occupied by prehistoric mound builders and later was a camping ground for Piankashaw and other Indians. The settlement

Johannes Kepler: Astronomical work of Johannes Kepler: …1619 his Harmonice Mundi (Harmonies of the World, which contained Kepler’s third law) brought together more than two decades of investigations into the archetypal principles of the world: geometrical, musical, metaphysical, astrological, astronomical, and those principles pertaining to the soul. All harmonies were geometrical, including musical ones that derived…

Alphonse de Lamartine: Early life and Méditations poétiques: …published the two volumes of Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, a sort of alleluia, filled with deist—and even occasionally Christian (“L’Hymne au Christ”)—enthusiasm.

Franz Liszt: Years with Marie d’Agoult of Franz Liszt: …with the solo piano piece Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, based on a collection of poems by Alphonse de Lamartine, and the set of three Apparitions. The lyrical style of these works is in marked contrast to his youthful compositions, which reflected the style of his teacher Czerny. In the same…

George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff: …some followers, Gurdjieff established the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man in 1919 at Tiflis (now Tbilisi), Georgia; it was reestablished at Fontainebleau, France, in 1922. Its members, many from prominent backgrounds, lived a virtually monastic life, except for a few banquets, at which Gurdjieff would engage in probing…

John Coltrane: …his 1959 recording of “Harmonique”); in the 1960s, he employed the technique more frequently, in passionate, screeching musical passages.

Georg Philipp Telemann: Life: …containing 70 compositions); Der harmonische Gottesdienst (1725–26; 72 church cantatas); and 36 fantasias for harpsichord.

Rappite, a member of a religious communal group founded in the United States in the early 19th century by about 600 German Pietists under the leadership of George Rapp, a farmer and vine grower. Protesting the growing rationalism of Lutheranism, the group decided to leave Germany for America. Rapp

Rappite, a member of a religious communal group founded in the United States in the early 19th century by about 600 German Pietists under the leadership of George Rapp, a farmer and vine grower. Protesting the growing rationalism of Lutheranism, the group decided to leave Germany for America. Rapp

harmonium, free-reed keyboard instrument that produces sound when wind sent by foot-operated bellows through a pressure-equalizing air reservoir causes metal reeds screwed over slots in metal frames to vibrate through the frames with close tolerance. There are no pipes; pitch is determined by the

Wallace Stevens: Harmonium (1923), his first book, sold fewer than 100 copies but received some favourable critical notices; it was reissued in 1931 and in 1947. In it he introduced the imagination–reality theme that occupied his creative lifetime, making his work so unified that he considered three…

Altaic languages: Phonology: …exhibit two kinds of sound harmony affecting the vowels and velar stops. In palatal vowel harmony, all the vowels of a given word are back or they are all front; further, front velar consonants /k g/ occur only with front vowels and back (deep) velars /q g/ only with back…

space station: The International Space Station: The European-built American node, Harmony, was placed on the end of Destiny in October 2007. Harmony has a docking port for the space shuttle and connecting ports for a European laboratory, Columbus, and a Japanese laboratory, Kibo. In February 2008 Columbus was mounted on Harmony’s starboard side. Columbus was…

Johannes Kepler: Astronomical work of Johannes Kepler: All harmonies were geometrical, including musical ones that derived from divisions of polygons to create “just” ratios (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 3/5, 5/8) rather than the irrational ratios of the Pythagorean scale. When the planets figured themselves into angles demarcated by regular polygons, a harmonic…

Harmony, borough (town), Butler county, western Pennsylvania, U.S., on Connoquenessing Creek, 25 miles (40 km) north of Pittsburgh. It is known as the first settlement in America of the Harmonist Society (Rappites) led by George Rapp, an immigrant from Württemberg, Germany, who held

harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. In practice, this broad definition can also include some instances of notes sounded one after the other. If the consecutively sounded notes call to mind the notes of a familiar chord (a group of notes sounded together), the ear

stagecraft: Renaissance costume: …court produced an intermezzo called Harmony of the Spheres, a spectacular type of masque that incorporated music; it was the immediate forerunner of opera. Etchings of the grand ducal fetes in Florence of 1606, 1608, 1615, and 1616 show groups of dancers in towering plumed Classical helmets, Roman costume, and…

harmotome, hydrated barium aluminosilicate mineral, (Ba,Na,K)1–2 (Si,Al)8O16 ∙ 6H2O, in the zeolite family. Harmotome is isostructural with the mineral phillipsite; that is, the three-dimensional structure of the aluminosilicate framework is the same in the two substances. Its glassy, crosslike

Harmsworth Cup, motorboat racing award established in 1903 by the British publisher Sir Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe), the first perpetual international event in the sport. A contest between boats representing nations, the trophy is open to challenge by any boat under 40 feet (12

Harmsworth Cup, motorboat racing award established in 1903 by the British publisher Sir Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe), the first perpetual international event in the sport. A contest between boats representing nations, the trophy is open to challenge by any boat under 40 feet (12

Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe was one of the most successful newspaper publishers in the history of the British press and a founder of popular modern journalism. After an impoverished childhood and a few attempts at making a quick fortune, young Harmsworth embarked on

Haramukh, mountain peak of the Great Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India (the Indian-administered portion of the Kashmir region). Overlooking the Vale of Kashmir, Haramukh rises to 16,872 feet (5,143 meters) and is located some 22 miles (35 km) north of Srinagar. As with

Adolf von Harnack was a German theologian and historian; he was recognized also for his scientific endeavours. In such seminal works as The History of Dogma (1886–89; 4th ed. 1909) and The History of Ancient Christian Literature (1893–1904), he argued that the relevance of Christianity to the

Adolf von Harnack was a German theologian and historian; he was recognized also for his scientific endeavours. In such seminal works as The History of Dogma (1886–89; 4th ed. 1909) and The History of Ancient Christian Literature (1893–1904), he argued that the relevance of Christianity to the

harness, the gear or tackle other than a yoke of a draft animal (as a horse, dog, or goat). The modern harness appears to have been developed in China some time before ad 500 and to have been in use in Europe by 800. The basic harness used for horses in Western cultures consists of a padded leather

harness racing, sport of driving at speed a Standardbred (q.v.) horse pulling a light two-wheeled vehicle called a sulky. Harness racing horses are of two kinds, differentiated by gait: the pacing horse, or pacer, moves both legs on one side of its body at the same time; the trotting horse, or

bushbuck, (Tragelaphus scriptus), African antelope of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), found in sub-Saharan forests and brush. It is nocturnal, shy, and usually solitary. The bushbuck stands about 1 m (39 inches) at the shoulder and ranges in colour from reddish brown to almost black,

William Harnett was an American still-life painter who was one of the masters of trompe l’oeil painting in the 19th century. As a child, Harnett was brought to Philadelphia, where he later trained as an engraver and studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. His early work shows the

William Harnett was an American still-life painter who was one of the masters of trompe l’oeil painting in the 19th century. As a child, Harnett was brought to Philadelphia, where he later trained as an engraver and studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. His early work shows the

Black Elk Peak, highest point (7,242 feet [2,207 metres]) in the Black Hills and in South Dakota, U.S., and the highest point in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It is found about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Custer near Mount Rushmore National Memorial. The granite peak, noted for its

Battle of Chapultepec: Major General William Harney ordered the executions to occur at the exact moment the U.S. flag replaced the Mexican one on top of the castle. Additionally, the famed line in the U.S. “Marines’ Hymn” ("From the Halls of Montezuma . . .") was inspired by the Marines’…

Jerry Bock: With the composer-lyricist Sheldon Harnick he had his greatest successes: Fiorello! (1959, Pulitzer Prize) and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Bock and Harnick’s other musicals included The Body Beautiful (1958), Tenderloin (1960), the admired She Loves Me (1963), The Apple Tree

Ofra Harnoy is an Israeli-born Canadian cellist known for her virtuosity, her warm yet powerful touch, and her commanding stage presence. Harnoy moved from Israel to Toronto with her family in the early 1970s, when she was still a young child. At age six she began to study the cello with her

Haro Strait, passage of the eastern North Pacific, lying between Vancouver and Saturna islands of the province of British Columbia, Canada (west), and San Juan and Stuart islands of the state of Washington, U.S. (east). Part of the United States–Canadian border passes down the centre of the strait,

Sancho IV: …much to his ablest supporter, Lope Díaz de Haro, whom he killed in anger during an argument at Alfaro (1288). He also depended greatly on his warrior-queen, María de Molina, who served as regent for his son Ferdinand IV.

Luis Méndez de Haro was the chief minister and favourite of King Philip IV (reigned 1621–65), who failed to stem the decline of Spanish power and prestige. Haro’s political career advanced under the patronage of his uncle Gaspar Olivares, who was chief minister during 1621–43 and whom he succeeded

Serge Haroche is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physics for devising methods to study the quantum mechanical behaviour of individual photons. He shared the prize with American physicist David Wineland. Haroche received degrees in physics in 1967 from the École Normale

Jordan River: Physical environment: …by two more tributaries, the Ḥarod on the right bank and the Yābis on the left. The Jordan River’s plain then spreads out to a width of about 15 miles (24 km) and becomes very regular. The flat arid terraces of that area, known as the Ghawr (Ghor), are cut…

The stories of British runners Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams are known to many through the 1981 Academy Award-winning film Chariots of Fire. As the movie tells it, Liddell was boarding a boat to the 1924 Paris Olympics when he discovered that the qualifying heats for his event, the 100-metre

Hal Ashby: The 1970s: Ashby’s second film was Harold and Maude (1971), a black comedy about a 20-year-old boy (played by Bud Cort) who has a passionate affair with a lusty octogenarian (Ruth Gordon). Although coolly received upon its release, the film slowly found an audience and became a cult classic. It was…

Harold in Italy, Op. 16, symphony in four movements with viola solo composed by Hector Berlioz in 1834. Berlioz wrote the piece on commission from the virtuoso violinist Niccolò Paganini, who had just purchased a Stradivarius viola. Upon seeing Berlioz’s first movement, however, Paganini found the

Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. A strong ruler and a skilled general, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 before he was killed at the Battle of Hastings by Norman invaders under William the Conqueror. Harold’s mother, Gytha, belonged to a powerful Danish noble family with

Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. A strong ruler and a skilled general, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 before he was killed at the Battle of Hastings by Norman invaders under William the Conqueror. Harold’s mother, Gytha, belonged to a powerful Danish noble family with

Harold I was the king of England from 1035 to 1040, and the son of Aelgifu and Canute, the Danish king of England from 1016 to 1035. Harold was made regent of England after Canute’s death. Hardecanute, Canute’s son by Emma and claimant to the English throne, was not chosen because he was occupied

Harold I was the king of England from 1035 to 1040, and the son of Aelgifu and Canute, the Danish king of England from 1016 to 1035. Harold was made regent of England after Canute’s death. Hardecanute, Canute’s son by Emma and claimant to the English throne, was not chosen because he was occupied

Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. A strong ruler and a skilled general, he held the crown for nine months in 1066 before he was killed at the Battle of Hastings by Norman invaders under William the Conqueror. Harold’s mother, Gytha, belonged to a powerful Danish noble family with

Harold in Italy, Op. 16, symphony in four movements with viola solo composed by Hector Berlioz in 1834. Berlioz wrote the piece on commission from the virtuoso violinist Niccolò Paganini, who had just purchased a Stradivarius viola. Upon seeing Berlioz’s first movement, however, Paganini found the

Teddy Pendergrass: …as the lead vocalist for Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes before embarking on a successful solo career.

Morocco: Soils: …of the northern coast, and haroucha, a rocky soil found throughout Morocco’s semiarid regions.