William C. Quantrill was the captain of a guerrilla band irregularly attached to the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, notorious for the sacking of the free-state stronghold of Lawrence, Kan. (Aug. 21, 1863), in which at least 150 people were burned or shot to death. Growing up in

Emma, Lady Hamilton was the mistress of the British naval hero Admiral Horatio (afterward Viscount) Nelson. The daughter of a blacksmith, she was calling herself Emily Hart when, in 1781, she began to live with Charles Francis Greville, nephew of her future husband, Sir William Hamilton, British

Emma Willard was an American educator whose work in women’s education, particularly as founder of the Troy Female Seminary, spurred the establishment of high schools for girls and of women’s colleges and coeducational universities. Emma Hart was the next-to-last of 17 children; her younger sister

Gary Hart is an American politician who served as a U.S. senator from Colorado (1975–87). He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and again in 1988; he suspended the latter campaign soon after the Miami Herald newspaper reported that he was having an extramarital affair. Hart

Hüsker Dü: …1959, Rock Island, Illinois), and Grant Hart (in full Grantzberg Vernon Hart; b. March 18, 1961, St. Paul, Minnesota—d. September 13/14, 2017).

Hüsker Dü: …1959, Rock Island, Illinois), and Grant Hart (in full Grantzberg Vernon Hart; b. March 18, 1961, St. Paul, Minnesota—d. September 13/14, 2017).

H.L.A. Hart was an English philosopher, teacher, and author who was the foremost legal philosopher and one of the leading political philosophers of the 20th century. Hart pursued his undergraduate education at the University of Oxford, and, after graduating in 1929, he went on to qualify as a

H.L.A. Hart was an English philosopher, teacher, and author who was the foremost legal philosopher and one of the leading political philosophers of the 20th century. Hart pursued his undergraduate education at the University of Oxford, and, after graduating in 1929, he went on to qualify as a

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: In 1569 one such reformer, John Hart, lamented the greatness of the “disorders and confusions” of spelling. But a few years later the phonetician William Bullokar promised to produce such a work and stated, “A dictionary and grammar may stay our speech in a perfect use for ever.”

Canadian literature: From settlement to 1900: …France provided the setting for Julia Catherine Beckwith Hart’s melodramatic St. Ursula’s Convent; or, The Nun of Canada (1824) and William Kirby’s gothic tale The Golden Dog (1877), while Rosanna Leprohon’s romance Antoinette de Mirecourt; or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing (1864) depicted life in Quebec after the English conquest…

Will Ferrell: Step Brothers and Anchorman 2: …to a black employee (Kevin Hart) for assistance on learning how to survive in prison. He played a hapless stepfather whose relationship with his stepchildren is challenged by the arrival of their father (Mark Wahlberg) in Daddy’s Home (2015). In 2017 he reprised the role in Daddy’s Home 2…

Will Ferrell: Step Brothers and Anchorman 2: …to a black employee (Kevin Hart) for assistance on learning how to survive in prison. He played a hapless stepfather whose relationship with his stepchildren is challenged by the arrival of their father (Mark Wahlberg) in Daddy’s Home (2015). In 2017 he reprised the role in Daddy’s Home 2…

Lorenz Hart was a U.S. song lyricist whose commercial popular songs incorporated the careful techniques and verbal refinements of serious poetry. His 25-year collaboration with the composer Richard Rodgers resulted in about 1,000 songs that range from the simple exuberance of “With a Song in My

Marvin Hart was an American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from July 3, 1905, to February 23, 1906. Hart’s claim to the championship has not been universally accepted, although that of Tommy Burns, who defeated Hart in a title match, is not seriously challenged. After James Jackson

Grateful Dead:

Moss Hart was one of the most successful U.S. playwrights of the 20th century. At 17 Hart obtained a job as office boy for the theatrical producer Augustus Pitou. He wrote his first play at 18, but it was a flop. He then worked as director of amateur theatre groups, spending his summers as

Summersville: During the American Civil War, Nancy Hart, the noted Confederate spy, led an attack upon the town (July 1861), capturing a Union force and burning most of the buildings. She was later captured but escaped to Confederate lines; she returned to settle in the area after the war. Carnifex Ferry…

Nancy Hart was an American Revolutionary heroine around whom gathered numerous stories of patriotic adventure and resourcefulness. Ann Morgan grew up in the colony of North Carolina. She is traditionally said to have been related to both Daniel Boone and General Daniel Morgan, although with no real

Oliver Hart is a British-born American economist who, with Bengt Holmström, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to contract theory. His groundbreaking research on what came to be known as “incomplete contracts,” in which the rights and responsibilities of the

Oliver Hart is a British-born American economist who, with Bengt Holmström, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to contract theory. His groundbreaking research on what came to be known as “incomplete contracts,” in which the rights and responsibilities of the

Roderick P. Hart is an American scholar noted for his work in the areas of political language, media and politics, presidential studies, and rhetorical analysis. He invented a computer-aided text-analysis program called DICTION to assist in his work. The program measures a text’s certainty (number

Roderick P. Hart is an American scholar noted for his work in the areas of political language, media and politics, presidential studies, and rhetorical analysis. He invented a computer-aided text-analysis program called DICTION to assist in his work. The program measures a text’s certainty (number

Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet was an Anglo-Chinese statesman employed by the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) to direct the Chinese customs bureau and thus satisfy Western demands for an equitable Chinese tariff. A British consular official in China (1854–59), Hart became customs inspector at Guangzhou

Edward Harrigan: …formed a new partnership with Tony Hart (original name Anthony Cannon; 1857–91), and Harrigan and Hart remained together until 1885. In 1876 they became comanagers of the Theatre Comique in New York City. After a new theatre was destroyed by fire in 1884, Harrigan became sole manager of Harrigan’s Park…

William S. Hart was an American stage and silent film actor who was the leading hero of the early westerns. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) Hart was brought up in the Dakotas, where he lived until he was 16. He made his first appearance on the stage in 1889 and soon made

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), U.S. congressional committee established in 1998 to examine how best to ensure U.S. national security in the first quarter of the 21st century. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) became widely known as the

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), U.S. congressional committee established in 1998 to examine how best to ensure U.S. national security in the first quarter of the 21st century. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) became widely known as the

Bill Hartack was an American jockey who was the second, after Eddie Arcaro, ever to win five Kentucky Derbies and the first, in 1956, to win $2 million in a single year, a record he broke the following year by earning $3 million. For three consecutive years—1955, 1956, and 1957—he was the national

Bill Hartack was an American jockey who was the second, after Eddie Arcaro, ever to win five Kentucky Derbies and the first, in 1956, to win $2 million in a single year, a record he broke the following year by earning $3 million. For three consecutive years—1955, 1956, and 1957—he was the national

hartal, in Ceylon, general strike, organized in 1953 by Marxist parties to express public dissatisfaction over the rise in the cost of living, especially the cost of rice. (Generically, the word hartal means “strike” in most North Indian languages.) Because of a chronic shortage of rice, the

Bret Harte was an American writer who helped create the local-colour school in American fiction. Harte’s family settled in New York City and Brooklyn in 1845. His education was spotty and irregular, but he inherited a love of books and managed to get some verses published at age 11. In 1854 he left

Bret Harte was an American writer who helped create the local-colour school in American fiction. Harte’s family settled in New York City and Brooklyn in 1845. His education was spotty and irregular, but he inherited a love of books and managed to get some verses published at age 11. In 1854 he left

hartebeest, (Alcelaphus buselaphus), large African antelope (family Bovidae) with an elongated head, unusual bracket-shaped horns, and high forequarters sloping to lower hindquarters—a trait of the tribe Alcelaphini, which also includes wildebeests, the topi, and the blesbok. DNA studies indicate

tritium: Oliphant, and Paul Harteck, who bombarded deuterium (D, the hydrogen isotope of mass number 2) with high-energy deuterons (nuclei of deuterium atoms) according to the equation D + D → H + T. Willard Frank Libby and Aristid V. Grosse showed that tritium is present in natural water,…

Lis Hartel: Beating Polio: That Danish equestrian Lis Hartel was competing at all in the 1952 dressage competition was perhaps more surprising and impressive than the fact that she won the silver medal. She had faced two major obstacles in the years before the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki,…

Western architecture: Germany: …example of the latter is Hartenfels Castle (c. 1532–44) at Torgau by Konrad Krebs, which is completely medieval in design but has occasional fragments of Classical ornament applied to the surface. The rear portion of the Residence (c. 1537–43) at Landshut is exceptional in that its architecture and decoration are…

Hartford, capital of Connecticut and city coextensive with the town (township) of Hartford, Hartford county, U.S., in the north-central part of the state. It is a major industrial and commercial centre and a port at the head of navigation on the Connecticut River, 38 miles (61 km) from Long Island

Hartford, county, north-central Connecticut, U.S. It is bordered to the north by Massachusetts and traversed (north-south) by the Connecticut River. Other waterways are the Farmington, Pequabuck, and Quinnipiac rivers and the Barkhamsted and Nepaug reservoirs. The terrain mostly consists of an

University of Hartford, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in West Hartford, Conn., U.S. It consists of the Barney School of Business and Public Administration, the Hartt School (of music), the Hartford Art School, the Ward College of Technology, and colleges of education,

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus: World War II, the Hartford fire, and The Greatest Show on Earth: Train travel was restricted during World War II by the needs of the U.S. military and government, but, recognizing the relief from wartime tensions that the circus could provide for the American public, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt…

Hartford Convention, (December 15, 1814–January 5, 1815), in U.S. history, a secret meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, of Federalist delegates from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont who were dissatisfied with Pres. James Madison’s mercantile policies and the

Connecticut: Cultural life: The Hartford Courant is the oldest continuously published city newspaper in the country; it began as a weekly paper in 1764 and became a daily in 1837. Yale University Press is a major academic publisher that is recognized throughout the world.

Carolina Hurricanes, American professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Hurricanes play in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL) and won the Stanley Cup in 2006. Founded in 1972 as the New England Whalers and based in Hartford, Connecticut, the

Hartford wit, any of a group of Federalist poets centred around Hartford, Conn., who collaborated to produce a considerable body of political satire just after the American Revolution. Employing burlesque verse modelled upon Samuel Butler’s Hudibras and Alexander Pope’s Dunciad, the wits advocated

University of Hartford, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in West Hartford, Conn., U.S. It consists of the Barney School of Business and Public Administration, the Hartt School (of music), the Hartford Art School, the Ward College of Technology, and colleges of education,

Hardecanute was the king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042. Son of King Canute and Emma, daughter of Richard I, duke of Normandy, Hardecanute was made co-king of Denmark by Canute about 1030. On Canute’s death in 1035, a party led by Emma and Godwine, earl of Wessex,

Grace Hartigan was an American painter best known for her Abstract Expressionist works of the 1950s, which gradually incorporated recognizable imagery. Her later paintings were sometimes identified with Pop art despite her distaste for that style. In her heyday, she was the best known woman painter

William Cavendish, 4th duke of Devonshire was the prime minister of Great Britain from November 1756 to May 1757, at the start of the Seven Years’ War. Eldest son of William Cavendish, the 3rd Duke (1698–1755), he was elected to the House of Commons in 1741 and 1747, and in 1751 he moved to the

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire was a leader of the parliamentary movement that sought to exclude the Roman Catholic James, duke of York (afterward James II), from succession to the British throne and that later invited the invasion of William of Orange. Cavendish was the eldest son of

United States presidential election of 1972: The Democratic campaign: Vance Hartke of Indiana, Rep. Wilbur D. Mills of Arkansas, and Mayor Sam Yorty of Los Angeles, although on the ballot, were not campaigning actively. Senator Muskie and Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota bobbed and weaved on the issue. Only Wallace and Sen. Henry…

Neue Sachlichkeit: …was fashioned in 1924 by Gustav F. Hartlaub, director of the Mannheim Kunsthall. In a 1925 exhibition assembled at the Kunsthalle, Hartlaub displayed the works of the members of this group: George Grosz, Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz,

cosmology: Superunification and the Planck era: Hawking and the American cosmologist James B. Hartle have proposed that it may be possible to avert a beginning to time by making it go imaginary (in the sense of the mathematics of complex numbers) instead of letting it suddenly appear or disappear. Beyond a certain point in their scheme,…

Otto Erich Hartleben was a German poet, dramatist, and short-story writer known for his Naturalistic dramas that portray with ironic wit the weaknesses of middle-class society. Hartleben studied law and held minor judicial appointments and then, from 1890, lived a bohemian life as a free-lance

Hartlepool, seaport and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Durham, northeastern England, on the North Sea. The old town, occupying a limestone peninsula that sheltered a fishing harbor on the North Sea coast, enjoyed the patronage of the medieval prince-bishops of Durham, who

Chegutu, town, central Zimbabwe. Named originally for Henry Hartley, who discovered gold in the vicinity, it was founded in 1891 on the Umfuli River but about 1900 was moved 18 miles (29 km) west. A town-management board was constituted in 1942. On the main road and railway line from Harare

Herschel: …forms of water in Comet Hartley 2 also revealed that the cometary water had the same isotopic signature as the water in Earth’s oceans, which was evidence that Earth’s water may have come from comets. Data gathered by Herschel showed that previous observations had underestimated by a third the amount…

chemical element: Mineral fuels: The Hartley Seam of the Durham Coalfield in England contains so much germanium that the ash has a brilliant yellow colour because of the presence of the oxide (GeO2).

Anne Jane Hartley Gilbert was an American dancer and actress, popular on the 19th-century stage for her character roles. Anne Hartley grew up in London. At age 12 she began studying dance in the ballet school of Her Majesty’s Theatre, Haymarket. She danced in the corps at Her Majesty’s and Drury

David Hartley was an English physician and philosopher credited with the first formulation of the psychological system known as associationism. Attempting to explain how thought processes occur, Hartley’s associationism, with later modifications, has endured as an integral part of modern

David Hartley, the Younger was a radical English pamphleteer, member of the House of Commons (1774–80, 1782–84), and inventor, son of the philosopher David Hartley. As British plenipotentiary he signed the Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783), ending the American Revolution, which he had opposed

L.P. Hartley was an English novelist, short-story writer, and critic whose works fuse a subtle observation of manners traditional to the English novel with an interest in the psychological nuance. After he got his degree at the University of Oxford (1922), Hartley wrote criticism for the literary

L.P. Hartley was an English novelist, short-story writer, and critic whose works fuse a subtle observation of manners traditional to the English novel with an interest in the psychological nuance. After he got his degree at the University of Oxford (1922), Hartley wrote criticism for the literary

Marsden Hartley was a U.S. painter who, after extensive travels had brought him into contact with a variety of modern art movements, arrived at a distinctive, personal type of Expressionism, seen best in his bold paintings of the harsh landscape of Maine. After study at the Cleveland School of Art,

information theory: Historical background: Another pioneer was Nyquist’s colleague R.V.L. Hartley, whose paper “Transmission of Information” (1928) established the first mathematical foundations for information theory.

Vivien Leigh was a British actress who achieved motion picture immortality by playing two of American literature’s most celebrated Southern belles, Scarlett O’Hara and Blanche DuBois. The daughter of a Yorkshire stockbroker, she was born in India and convent-educated in England and throughout

Samuel Hartlib was an English educational and agricultural reformer and a tireless advocate of universal education. After attending the University of Cambridge, Hartlib settled in England (1628) and associated himself with the educational philosopher John Dury, sharing his ideas on the necessity

Haldan Keffer Hartline was an American physiologist who was a co-winner (with George Wald and Ragnar Granit) of the 1967 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in analyzing the neurophysiological mechanisms of vision. Hartline began his study of retinal electrophysiology as a National

Geoffrey H. Hartman was a German-born American literary critic and theorist who opposed Anglo-American formalism, brought Continental thought to North American literary criticism, and championed criticism as a creative act. His works treat criticism and literature as mutually interpenetrating

the Doobie Brothers: …by vocalist-guitarist Tom Johnston, drummer John Hartman, bassist Dave Shogren, and guitarist Patrick Simmons.

Saturday Night Live: Phil Hartman, Chris Rock, David Spade, Chris Farley, Sarah Silverman, Mike Myers, Adam Sandler, Molly Shannon,

Juris Hartmanis is a Latvian-born American mathematician and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientist Richard E. Stearns, of the 1993 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science. Hartmanis and Stearns were cited in the award for their “seminal paper which

Juris Hartmanis is a Latvian-born American mathematician and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientist Richard E. Stearns, of the 1993 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science. Hartmanis and Stearns were cited in the award for their “seminal paper which

Hartmann von Aue was a Middle High German poet, one of the masters of the courtly epic. Hartmann’s works suggest that he received a learned education at a monastery school, that he was a ministerialis at a Swabian court, and that he may have taken part in the Third Crusade (1189–92) or the

zebra: zebra hartmannae (Hartmann’s mountain zebra) and E. zebra zebra (Cape Mountain zebra).

Sadakichi Hartmann was an American art critic, novelist, poet, and man of letters. The son of a German father and Japanese mother, Hartmann went to the United States as a boy (he became a naturalized citizen in 1894). While living in Philadelphia from 1882 to 1885, he befriended the elderly Walt

Eduard von Hartmann was a German metaphysical philosopher, called “the philosopher of the unconscious,” who sought to reconcile two conflicting schools of thought, rationalism and irrationalism, by emphasizing the central role of the unconscious mind. Hartmann, the son of a Prussian artillery

Eduard von Hartmann was a German metaphysical philosopher, called “the philosopher of the unconscious,” who sought to reconcile two conflicting schools of thought, rationalism and irrationalism, by emphasizing the central role of the unconscious mind. Hartmann, the son of a Prussian artillery

spotlight: …was developed in 1879 by Louis Hartmann of the United States.

Nicolai Hartmann was one of the dominant figures in German philosophy during the first half of the 20th century. After serving Germany in World War I, Hartmann taught philosophy at the universities of Marburg (1920–25), Cologne (1925–31), Berlin (1931–45), and Göttingen (1945–50). His first work,

Saturday Night Live: Phil Hartman, Chris Rock, David Spade, Chris Farley, Sarah Silverman, Mike Myers, Adam Sandler, Molly Shannon,

Sadakichi Hartmann was an American art critic, novelist, poet, and man of letters. The son of a German father and Japanese mother, Hartmann went to the United States as a boy (he became a naturalized citizen in 1894). While living in Philadelphia from 1882 to 1885, he befriended the elderly Walt

Pictures at an Exhibition: …his friend, the Russian artist Viktor Hartmann, who had died in 1873 at age 39. Shortly after the artist’s death, Mussorgsky visited a retrospective exhibit of Hartmann’s sketches, stage designs, and architectural studies and felt the need to capture the experience in music. By early summer 1874, he had completed…

physical science: Solar-system astronomy and extrasolar planets: …proposed by the American astronomers William K. Hartmann and A.G.W. Cameron has become the most popular. According to their theory, Earth was struck by a Mars-sized object, and the force of the impact vaporized the outer parts of both bodies. The vapour thus produced remained in orbit around Earth and…

Doctor Who: …original Doctor was played by William Hartnell until 1966, when the show revealed that Time Lords had the ability to regenerate themselves when near death. Their reincarnated forms appeared as different people, although they retained the same memories and skills. This plot twist allowed different actors to assume the title…

Hartnup disease, inborn metabolic disorder involving the amino acid tryptophan. Normally, one of the metabolic pathways of tryptophan leads to the synthesis of nicotinic acid, or niacin, a vitamin of the B group, a deficiency of which causes pellagra. In Hartnup disease, it is believed that the

Dirck Hartog was a Dutch merchant captain who made the first recorded exploration of the western coast of Australia. Hartog set sail from Texel, a port near Amsterdam, as part of a Dutch East India Company flotilla in January 1616. Traveling around the Cape of Good Hope to Java, Hartog sought to

Dirck Hartog was a Dutch merchant captain who made the first recorded exploration of the western coast of Australia. Hartog set sail from Texel, a port near Amsterdam, as part of a Dutch East India Company flotilla in January 1616. Traveling around the Cape of Good Hope to Java, Hartog sought to

Jan de Hartog was a Dutch-American novelist and playwright who wrote adventure stories in both Dutch and English. De Hartog early was an adventurer, twice running away from home to work at sea. During World War II he joined the Dutch Resistance and in 1943 was forced into hiding. Later that year he

Dirck Hartog was a Dutch merchant captain who made the first recorded exploration of the western coast of Australia. Hartog set sail from Texel, a port near Amsterdam, as part of a Dutch East India Company flotilla in January 1616. Traveling around the Cape of Good Hope to Java, Hartog sought to

Gary Hart is an American politician who served as a U.S. senator from Colorado (1975–87). He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and again in 1988; he suspended the latter campaign soon after the Miami Herald newspaper reported that he was having an extramarital affair. Hart

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: Despite these difficulties, approximation methods introduced by the English physicist Douglas R. Hartree, the Russian physicist Vladimir Fock, and others in the 1920s and 1930s have achieved considerable success. Such schemes start by assuming that each electron moves independently in an average electric field because of the nucleus…

Douglas R. Hartree was an English physicist, mathematician, and computer pioneer. At Manchester University in the mid-1930s, he built a mechanical computer for solving differential equations, based on the differential analyzer of Vannevar Bush. During World War II he was involved with the ENIAC

Douglas R. Hartree was an English physicist, mathematician, and computer pioneer. At Manchester University in the mid-1930s, he built a mechanical computer for solving differential equations, based on the differential analyzer of Vannevar Bush. During World War II he was involved with the ENIAC

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: Despite these difficulties, approximation methods introduced by the English physicist Douglas R. Hartree, the Russian physicist Vladimir Fock, and others in the 1920s and 1930s have achieved considerable success. Such schemes start by assuming that each electron moves independently in an average electric field because of the nucleus…

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: Despite these difficulties, approximation methods introduced by the English physicist Douglas R. Hartree, the Russian physicist Vladimir Fock, and others in the 1920s and 1930s have achieved considerable success. Such schemes start by assuming that each electron moves independently in an average electric field because of the nucleus…

Maynard Jackson: ” (It was renamed Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after his death.) He reformed the police force and worked to maintain calm when the city was terrorized by a string of child murders. After his reelection in 1977, he was barred from a third consecutive term and supported the successful…

Maynard Jackson: ” (It was renamed Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after his death.) He reformed the police force and worked to maintain calm when the city was terrorized by a string of child murders. After his reelection in 1977, he was barred from a third consecutive term and supported the successful…

Charles Hartshorne was an American philosopher, theologian, and educator known as the most influential proponent of a “process philosophy,” which considers God a participant in cosmic evolution. The descendant of Quakers and son of an Episcopalian minister, Hartshorne attended Haverford College

personality: Deviation from trait theory: …moral development, the American psychologists Hugh Hartshorne and Mark A. May in 1928 placed 10- to 13-year-old children in situations that gave them the opportunity to lie, steal, or cheat; to spend money on themselves or on other children; and to yield to or resist distractions. The predictive power of…

geography: Geography in the United States: Richard Hartshorne codified this approach. His monograph, The Nature of Geography (1939; reprinted 1976), was much influenced by the work of German authors—notably Alfred Hettner—and it conceived the discipline’s defining characteristics. Geography, he concluded, is