death: Ancient Egypt: The anatomical heart was the haty, the word ib referring to the heart as a metaphysical entity embodying not only thought, intelligence, memory, and wisdom, but also bravery, sadness, and love. It was the heart in its sense of ib that was weighed in the famous judgment scene depicted in…

Arsène Darmesteter: …collaborated with the French linguists Adolphe Hatzfeld and Antoine Thomas on the preparation of Dictionnaire général de la langue française . . . 2 vol. (1890–1900; “General Dictionary of the French Language . . .”). Arsène Darmesteter was the brother of the Orientalist James Darmesteter.

Melchior, Graf von Gleichen und Hatzfeldt was a field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). Though active in every theatre of the war, he proved no match for the leading Protestant generals. From 1625 to 1632 Hatzfeldt campaigned under the imperial generalissimo

Ferdinand Lassalle: Champion of Countess Hatzfeldt.: …met the unhappily married countess Sophie Hatzfeldt, who was trying to divorce her husband. Although not a lawyer, Lassalle conducted 35 lawsuits in her behalf and in 1854 finally obtained a divorce for her. Henceforth, he received an annual pension of 4,000 thalers from the countess, thus becoming financially independent.…

Gēorgios N. Hatzidakis was the first and most important linguist of modern Greece, noted for his studies of ancient, medieval, and modern Greek and for his initiation of the Historical Lexicon of the Greek Language. As a Cretan patriot, Hatzidakis twice took part in the struggle (1866, 1897) to

Gēorgios N. Hatzidakis was the first and most important linguist of modern Greece, noted for his studies of ancient, medieval, and modern Greek and for his initiation of the Historical Lexicon of the Greek Language. As a Cretan patriot, Hatzidakis twice took part in the struggle (1866, 1897) to

Rach Gia: …with the Hau Giang (Bassac) River, which is a major branch of the lower Mekong River. The city has a hospital and a commercial airport. Cultural features include a pagoda built under the emperor Gia Long and a Cambodian Buddhist pagoda 2 miles (3 km) north of the city.…

Oceanic literature: Later writings: ” Similarly, Epeli Hau’ofa of Tonga, in his poem “Blood in the Kava Bowl,” maintained that it is only the insider who has real access to a culture’s deeper consciousness. These writers were echoing what was said in Africa, the West Indies, and other former colonial countries…

Lene Hau is a Danish physicist who pioneered the use of Bose-Einstein condensates in slowing and stopping light. From an early age Hau enjoyed mathematics, and she excelled at school, skipping the 10th grade. Her father, who ran a heating business, and her mother, a shop clerk, encouraged her in

Lene Hau is a Danish physicist who pioneered the use of Bose-Einstein condensates in slowing and stopping light. From an early age Hau enjoyed mathematics, and she excelled at school, skipping the 10th grade. Her father, who ran a heating business, and her mother, a shop clerk, encouraged her in

military technology: Mail: …have complete mail trousers, the hauberk apparently had inserts of cloth or leather, giving the same effect. It also included a hoodlike garment of mail worn over the head to protect the neck and throat; this had a hole for the face much like a modern ski cap. The hood…

Johannes Carsten Hauch was a Danish poet, dramatist, and novelist whose works expressed his high moral seriousness and tragic outlook. As a student, Hauch was strongly attracted by the idealism and spiritual aspirations expressed by Romanticism; however, after such early literary attempts as

Hawd Plateau, plateau sloping southeastward and spanning the northern Ethiopian-Somali border, southeast of the northern Somalian highlands. It covers an area of about 25,000 square miles (64,750 square km) and slopes from about 4,000 feet (1,220 metres) in the northwest to about 1,500 feet (450

saddle: They are usually called howdahs (Hindi: hauda).

Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

Barbara Hauer Frietschie was an American patriot whose purported act of defiant loyalty to the North during the American Civil War became a highly embellished legend and the subject of literary treatment. Barbara Hauer was the daughter of German immigrants. In 1806 she married John C. Frietschie.

12-tone music: …Charles Ives and the Austrian Josef Hauer) anticipated Schoenberg’s invention by writing music that in a few respects was similar technically to his 12-tone music.

Blade Runner: Premise and summary: …replicants is Roy Batty (Rutger Hauer), who has come to Earth to find a way to extend the replicants’ purposefully brief life span.

tactics: Bowmen and pikemen: A Haufe (German: “heap”) of Swiss infantry had much in common with a Macedonian phalanx, except that it was smaller and more maneuverable. Most of the troops seem to have been lightly armoured, wearing helmet and corselet but not being burdened by either greaves or shield.…

Häufebecher, (German: “stacking cup”), beaker, usually of silver, that is part of a set that can be stacked or piled up. Pieces are made so that the base of one fits into the bowl of another. Each beaker has a deep, straight-sided bowl—often engraved with a hunting scene—a small foot, and a narrow

Germany: Rural settlement: …extremely large villages, known as Haufendörfer. These villages are surrounded by unenclosed fields divided into often hundreds of striplike units. The Haufendorf is particularly characteristic of Hessen and southwestern Germany, areas that have a tradition of partible inheritance. During periods of population pressure, land holdings—as well as farmhouses and farmyards—were…

Wilhelm Hauff was a German poet and novelist best known for his fairy tales. Educated at the University of Tübingen, Hauff worked as a tutor and in 1827 became editor of J.F. Cotta’s newspaper Morgenblatt. Hauff had a narrative and inventive gift and sense of form; he wrote with ease, combining

Émile Haug was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contributions to the theory of geosynclines (trenches that accumulate thousands of metres of sediment and later become crumpled and uplifted into mountain chains). After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Strasbourg (1884)

Émile Haug was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contributions to the theory of geosynclines (trenches that accumulate thousands of metres of sediment and later become crumpled and uplifted into mountain chains). After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Strasbourg (1884)

Thorleif Haug was a Norwegian Nordic skier who won three gold medals and a bronze at the inaugural Winter Olympics at Chamonix, France, in 1924. His bronze medal was revoked 50 years later. Haug dominated the Nordic events at the 1924 Games, winning the gold in the 18-km cross-country race and the

Alfred Hauge was a Norwegian novelist and poet, best known for his trilogy describing the life of a Norwegian immigrant to the United States in the 1820s: Hundevakt (1961; “Midwatch”), Landkjenning (1964; “Land Sighting”), and Ankerfeste (1965; “Anchoring”). The collected work was published as

Church of Norway: …to 1804 was led by Hans Hauge, a peasant’s son who experienced a religious conversion when he was 25 years old. Although laymen were legally forbidden to preach, Hauge did so throughout the country and established brotherhoods that met for religious study and prayer. Despite being opposed by some of…

Thorleif Haug: …was awarded belatedly to American Anders Haugen at the age of 83.

Julio César Chávez: …and his 1983 match against Greg Haugen drew over 136,000 fans, also a record as the sport’s largest gate. Chávez had retired several times prior to losing his July 29, 2000, title bout with Kostya Tszyu, but financial difficulties frequently led him back to the ring. With a rock-solid chin,…

Haugesund, town, southwestern Norway. A North Sea port, Haugesund is a shipbuilding and repair centre and has an 899-foot (274-metre) dry dock that was the largest in Scandinavia at its completion in 1979. The town is a base for offshore oil activities in the North Sea. Formerly it was home to a

Charles Haughey was the taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland (1979–81; 1982; 1987–92). Haughey, the son of an officer in the original Irish Republican Army (IRA), attended University College Dublin, studying law and accounting. While making a fortune—apparently in real estate—he married (1951) the

Billy Haughton was an American harness-racing driver and trainer. He was the foremost driver in annual winnings in 1952–59, 1963, 1965, and 1967–68. Haughton came to harness racing from a farming background in upstate New York. By the time of his death Haughton had won more than 4,900 races and

Percy Duncan Haughton was an innovative American college football coach whose Harvard University teams (1908–16) won 71 games, lost 7, and tied 5. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing American football.) An 1899 graduate of Harvard, where he was an outstanding football and

Billy Haughton was an American harness-racing driver and trainer. He was the foremost driver in annual winnings in 1952–59, 1963, 1965, and 1967–68. Haughton came to harness racing from a farming background in upstate New York. By the time of his death Haughton had won more than 4,900 races and

skyscraper: …safe passenger elevator (in the Haughwout Department Store, New York City) in 1857 made practical the erection of buildings more than four or five stories tall. Although the earliest skyscrapers rested on extremely thick masonry walls at the ground level, architects soon turned to the use of a cast-iron and…

Arne Evensen Garborg: …a poetic cycle in Nynorsk, Haugtussa (1895; “Woman of the Underground People”), which describes a young girl’s belief in the supernatural and was set to music by Edvard Grieg. Novels in English translation include Trætte mænd (1891; Weary Men), about the decadence of European society in the final decades of…

Christian, count von Haugwitz was a Prussian minister and diplomat, the principal author of Prussian foreign policy from 1792 to 1806, who was held largely responsible for the catastrophic war against Napoleon (1806) that made Prussia a French satellite. After studying at the universities of Halle

Maria Theresa: Domestic reforms: …the plans of Count Friedrich Wilhelm Haugwitz—the first in a succession of remarkable men of intellect she was to draw into her council. In the face of the opposition of many noblemen, she managed to reduce drastically (except in Hungary) the powers of the various dominions’ estates, which had held…

Hauhau, any of the radical members of the Maori Pai Marire (Maori: “Good and Peaceful”) religion, founded in 1862 in Taranaki on North Island, New Zealand. The movement was founded by Te Ua Haumene, a Maori prophet who had been captured in his youth and converted to Christianity before his release.

Francis Hauksbee, the Elder was a self-educated English scientist and eclectic experimentalist whose discoveries came too early for contemporary appreciation of their significance. Hauksbee determined with reasonable accuracy the relative weights of air and water. Investigating the forces of

Francis Hauksbee, the Younger was an English instrument maker, scientist, and lecturer. He was the nephew of Francis Hauksbee the Elder. As early as about 1714 Hauksbee began giving lectures, with demonstration experiments. By 1723 he had secured a sufficient reputation to be elected clerk and

coal mining: Haulage: In the first shaft mines, coal was loaded into baskets that were carried on the backs of men or women or loaded on wooden sledges or trams that were then pushed or hauled through the main haulage roadway to…

rigging: …into the lifts, jeers, and halyards (haulyards), by which the sails are raised and lowered, and the tacks and sheets, which hold down the lower corners of the sails. The history of the development of rigging over the centuries is obscure, but the combination of square and fore-and-aft sails in…

haoma, in Zoroastrianism, sacred plant and the drink made from it. The preparation of the drink from the plant by pounding and the drinking of it are central features of Zoroastrian ritual. Haoma is also personified as a divinity. It bestows essential vital qualities—health, fertility, husbands for

Haumea, unusual dwarf planet orbiting the Sun in the Kuiper belt beyond Pluto. It was discovered in 2003 by a team of American astronomers at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Originally called 2003 EL61, Haumea is named for the Hawaiian goddess of birth and fertility. In September 2008 the

bridge: Beam bridges: Haunching stiffens the beam at the supports, thereby reducing bending at mid-span.

Chuck Palahniuk: Other novels: (2002), Diary (2003), and Haunted (2005)—were horror novels. In an interview with El País in 2022, Palahniuk described this shift as a response to the September 11, 2001, attacks: “Suddenly, anything transgressive was in danger of being accused of

Gene Wilder: …Woman in Red (1984), and Haunted Honeymoon (1986). Many of Wilder’s later credits were for television. He notably won an Emmy Award (2003) for a guest appearance on the sitcom Will & Grace.

Randolph Stow: Stow’s first novel, A Haunted Land (1956), a wild, almost Gothic tale, appeared in the same year that he graduated from the University of Western Australia. In 1957 he began to teach English at the University of Adelaide and brought out his second novel, The Bystander, a further…

Jack Kerouac: On the Road and other early work: …letters to his father, as The Haunted Life, and Other Writings in 2014. That novella was just one expression of Kerouac’s boyhood ambition to write “the great American novel.” His first published novel, The Town & the City (1950), received favourable reviews but was considered derivative of the novels of…

Philip Pullman: Early life and career: His first books—The Haunted Storm (1972) and Galatea (1976)—were oriented toward an adult audience. In the 1980s and ’90s Pullman began writing many novels for children and young adults, beginning with Count Karlstein; or, Ride of the Demon Huntsman (1982). Pullman’s Sally Lockhart detective stories, set in…

Michelle Yeoh: Global fame and later movies: …from 2023 include Kenneth Branagh’s A Haunting in Venice, an adaptation of an Agatha Christie novel featuring detective Hercule Poirot. The following year she did voice work for several projects, including the animated movie The Tiger’s Apprentice, and she played Madame Morrible in Wicked, which was based on the Broadway…

The Haunting: …adaptation of Shirley Jackson’s acclaimed The Haunting of Hill House (1959). The psychological thriller became a cult classic and is considered among the best haunted-house films.

The Haunting, British horror film, released in 1963, that was an adaptation of Shirley Jackson’s acclaimed The Haunting of Hill House (1959). The psychological thriller became a cult classic and is considered among the best haunted-house films. Dr. Markway (played by Richard Johnson) leads a small

animation: Animation in Europe: Włodzimierz Haupe and Halina Bielinska were among the first important Polish animators; their Janosik (1954) was Poland’s first animated film, and their Changing of the Guard (1956) employed the stop-action gimmick of animated matchboxes. The collaborative efforts of Jan Lenica and Walerian Borowczyk foresaw the…

Herman Haupt was an American civil engineer and inventor, known especially for his work on the Hoosac Tunnel in Massachusetts. Haupt graduated from the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., in 1835 but resigned his army commission to enter the rapidly expanding field of railroad engineering, in

textual criticism: From Bentley to Lachmann: As propagated by disciples, notably Moritz Haupt, it dominated textual studies for half a century.

Western theatre: German theatre: …indigenous drama developed known as Haupt-und-Staatsaktionen. As this term implies, such plays dealt with the intrigues of high characters in high places and abounded with blustering rhetoric and gory sensationalism. The last English troupes left Germany in 1659, by which time the Italian style of staging, with its perspective scenery,…

Herbert A. Hauptman was an American mathematician and crystallographer who, along with Jerome Karle, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1985. They developed mathematical methods for deducing the molecular structure of chemical compounds from the patterns formed when X-rays are diffracted by

Herbert A. Hauptman was an American mathematician and crystallographer who, along with Jerome Karle, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1985. They developed mathematical methods for deducing the molecular structure of chemical compounds from the patterns formed when X-rays are diffracted by

Carl Zuckmayer: Der Hauptmann von Köpenick (1931; The Captain of Köpenick), one of his most highly regarded works, is a satire on Prussian militarism. In 1933 political pressure forced him to immigrate to Austria, where he wrote Der Schelm von Bergen (1934; “The Villain of Bergen”).

Bruno Hauptmann was a German-born American carpenter and burglar who in 1935 was convicted of kidnapping and murdering the 20-month-old son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. Hauptmann attended an elementary school and a trade school, becoming a carpenter at age 14 in Kamenz, Ger. He served in

Bruno Hauptmann was a German-born American carpenter and burglar who in 1935 was convicted of kidnapping and murdering the 20-month-old son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. Hauptmann attended an elementary school and a trade school, becoming a carpenter at age 14 in Kamenz, Ger. He served in

Gerhart Hauptmann was a German playwright, poet, and novelist who was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1912. Hauptmann was born in a then-fashionable Silesian resort town, where his father owned the main hotel. He studied sculpture from 1880 to 1882 at the Breslau Art Institute and

Gerhart Hauptmann was a German playwright, poet, and novelist who was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1912. Hauptmann was born in a then-fashionable Silesian resort town, where his father owned the main hotel. He studied sculpture from 1880 to 1882 at the Breslau Art Institute and

Moritz Hauptmann was a German violinist, composer, teacher, and writer on musical theory. Hauptmann studied music under various masters of the time and afterward completed his education as a violinist and composer under Louis Spohr. Until 1820 Hauptmann held various appointments in private courts

Germany: End of the Holy Roman Empire: The result was that the Final Recess (Hauptschluss) of the Reichsdeputation of February 1803 marked the end of the old order in Germany. In their attempt to establish a chain of satellite states east of the Rhine, the French diplomats brought about the elimination of the smallest and least viable…

Hauptschule, (German: “head school”), in Germany, five-year upper elementary school preparing students for vocational school, apprenticeship in trade, or the lower levels of public service. First introduced in West Germany in 1950, and enrolling 65 to 70 percent of the student population, the

keyboard instrument: Germany: …Werk, was separately cased, the Hauptwerk (main manual) in front of and above the player, with the pedals at each side and the Rückpositiv (auxiliary manual) behind on the gallery railing. Each department, including the pedal, had its own principal chorus, complete up to at least one mixture. All departments…

Hauraki Gulf/Tīkapa Moana, large gulf of the South Pacific Ocean indenting eastern North Island, New Zealand. It is entered from the north by the Jellicoe and Cradock channels (west and east of Little Barrier Island) and from the northeast by Colville Channel (between Great Barrier Island and the

Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, abbé de Saint-Cyran was a French abbot of Saint-Cyran and a founder of the Jansenist movement. His opposition to Cardinal de Richelieu’s policies caused his imprisonment. Duvergier studied theology at Leuven (Louvain), Belg., then settled in Paris after taking holy

Ḥawrān, region of southwestern Syria extending southeastward from Mount Hermon to the Jordanian frontier. Although rock-strewn and almost completely devoid of trees, the plain has very fertile soil and sufficient rainfall to make it a productive wheat-growing region. Other crops include barley,

Maurice-Jean-Claude-Eugène Hauriou was a French political scientist and educator whose theoretical work on public law contributed to the development of French administrative law. A professor of law at Toulouse (1883–1929), Hauriou proposed a theory of institutions that defined the state as a

Miyazaki Hayao: Howl’s Moving Castle and Ponyo: …Hauru no ugoku shiro (2004; Howl’s Moving Castle), the story of a young girl cursed with the body of an old woman and the quest that leads her to a legendary moving castle; it was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006. In 2005 Disney unveiled a restored version of…

amesha spenta: Haurvatāt (Wholeness or Perfection) and Ameretāt (Immortality) are often mentioned together as sisters. They preside over water and plants and may come to the believer as a reward for participation in the natures of the other amesha spentas.

Emil W. Haury was an American anthropologist and archaeologist who investigated the ancient Indian civilizations of the southwestern United States and South America. His main concerns were the preceramic and ceramic archaeology of the southwestern United States and Mexico; the archaeology of the

Emil W. Haury was an American anthropologist and archaeologist who investigated the ancient Indian civilizations of the southwestern United States and South America. His main concerns were the preceramic and ceramic archaeology of the southwestern United States and Mexico; the archaeology of the

Okwui Enwezor: …Enwezor became the director of Haus der Kunst, a non-collecting contemporary art museum in Munich. During his tenure, he was commended for offering a more-global exhibition program, which included “Postwar: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–65” (2017). The extensive survey, which included a range of media, considered the…

Teutonic Order, religious order that played a major role in eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and that underwent various changes in organization and residence from its founding in 1189/90 to the present. Its major residences, marking its major states of development, were: (1) Acre, Palestine

Brandenburg Gate: …flanked by two small buildings, Haus Liebermann and Haus Sommer, which were built in the late 1990s by architect Josef Paul Kleihues to replace the pavilions that were destroyed during World War II. The gate is decorated with reliefs and sculptures designed by Gottfried Schadow, the majority of them based…

Brandenburg Gate: …small buildings, Haus Liebermann and Haus Sommer, which were built in the late 1990s by architect Josef Paul Kleihues to replace the pavilions that were destroyed during World War II. The gate is decorated with reliefs and sculptures designed by Gottfried Schadow, the majority of them based on the exploits…

Hausa, people found chiefly in northwestern Nigeria and adjacent southern Niger. They constitute the largest ethnic group in the area, which also contains another large group, the Fulani, perhaps one-half of whom are settled among the Hausa as a ruling class, having adopted the Hausa language and

Kano: …founded as one of the Hausa Bakwai (“Seven True Hausa States”) in 999 by Bagauda, a grandson of Bayajida (Abuyazidu), the legendary progenitor of the Hausa people. Its capital was moved from Sheme (to the north) to the present site of Kano city in King Gajemasu’s reign (1095–1134). Malinke scholars…

Hausa language, the most important indigenous lingua franca in West and Central Africa, spoken as a first or second language by about 40–50 million people. It belongs to the Western branch of the Chadic language superfamily within the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. The home territories of the Hausa

African literature: Hausa: The first novels written in Hausa were the result of a competition launched in 1933 by the Translation Bureau in northern Nigeria. One year later the bureau published Muhammadu Bello’s Gandoki, in which its hero, Gandoki, struggles against the British colonial regime. Bello does…

Hausa states, group of neighbouring African states, occasionally interconnected from the mid-14th century by loose alliances. Their territory lay above the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers (in present-day northern Nigeria), between the Songhai empire in the west and that of the Kanem-Bornu,

Hausa states, group of neighbouring African states, occasionally interconnected from the mid-14th century by loose alliances. Their territory lay above the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers (in present-day northern Nigeria), between the Songhai empire in the west and that of the Kanem-Bornu,

Master of the Housebook: …usually called the Housebook (Hausbuch) Master after a Hausbuch, or sketchbook, drawn by him for the Wolfegg family that is still in Schloss Wolfegg, near Aulendorf in the Lake Constance, or Bodensee, region of Germany. The Hausbuch drawings and his 89 known prints are primarily whimsical and sometimes satiric…

Master of the Housebook was an anonymous late Gothic painter and engraver who was one of the outstanding early printmakers. He was formerly referred to as the Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet because the Rijksprentenkabinet, the print room of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, has the largest collection

Master of the Housebook was an anonymous late Gothic painter and engraver who was one of the outstanding early printmakers. He was formerly referred to as the Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet because the Rijksprentenkabinet, the print room of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, has the largest collection

Master of the Housebook was an anonymous late Gothic painter and engraver who was one of the outstanding early printmakers. He was formerly referred to as the Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet because the Rijksprentenkabinet, the print room of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, has the largest collection

Hausdorff space, in mathematics, type of topological space named for the German mathematician Felix Hausdorff. A topological space is a generalization of the notion of an object in three-dimensional space. It consists of an abstract set of points along with a specified collection of subsets, called

Hausdorff space, in mathematics, type of topological space named for the German mathematician Felix Hausdorff. A topological space is a generalization of the notion of an object in three-dimensional space. It consists of an abstract set of points along with a specified collection of subsets, called

hausen, large species of sturgeon

First Battle of the Marne: Allied retreat to the Marne: Max von Hausen on his exposed right flank near Dinant, on the Meuse. In consequence, he gave orders for a general retreat that night.

Kurt Tucholsky was a German satirical essayist, poet, and critic, best-known for his cabaret songs. After studying law and serving in World War I, Tucholsky left Germany in 1924 and lived first in Paris and after 1929 in Sweden. He contributed to Rote Signale (1931; “Red Signals”), a collection of

Kaspar Hauser was a German youth around whom gathered one of the 19th century’s most-celebrated mysteries. On May 26, 1828, Hauser was brought before the authorities in Nürnberg, apparently bewildered and incoherent. With him he had a letter purporting to have been written by a labourer, into whose

Karl Haushofer was a German army officer, political geographer, and leading proponent of geopolitics, an academic discipline prominent in the period between the two World Wars but later in disrepute because of its identification with Nazi doctrines of world domination. During his stay as an army

Hausmalerei, white pottery wares obtained from a factory and painted at home by a Hausmaler (freelance home painter or decorator), most of whom were German or Bohemian. The practice began in the 17th century and was common in the 18th century. Competition with factory-painted wares became so

Raoul Hausmann was an Austrian artist, a founder and central figure of the Dada movement in Berlin, who was known especially for his satirical photomontages and his provocative writing on art. Hausmann was first exposed to art through his father, the painter and professional conservator Victor