Papua New Guinea: The colonial period: John Hayes, a British naval officer, near Manokwari, now in Papua province, Indonesia. It was the Dutch, however, who claimed the western half of the island as part of the Dutch East Indies in 1828; their control remained nominal until 1898, when their first permanent…

Dorando Pietri: Falling at the Finish: Pietri and the winner, John Joseph Hayes of the United States, had both been long shots. The favorite, Charles Hefferon of South Africa, led until the final six miles. Pietri’s handler reportedly then gave the Italian an invigorating shot of strychnine. (Pietri later blamed his failure to complete the…

Lucy Hayes was an American first lady (1877–81), the wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th president of the United States, and the first presidential wife to graduate from college. Lucy Webb was the daughter of James Webb, a physician and ardent abolitionist, and Maria Cook Webb, who raised Lucy and

Patrick Joseph Hayes was the archbishop of New York and cardinal who unified Roman Catholic welfare activities under a central agency, Catholic Charities. After graduate study at the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., Hayes went to New York City as curate at St. Gabriel’s parish,

Paul R. Hays was an American judge best known for his participation in the tribunal that ruled on the Pentagon Papers case (1971). While studying at Columbia University (B.A., 1925; M.A., 1927; LL.B., 1933), Hays was an instructor (1926–32) there in Latin and Greek. After briefly working with the

Bob Hayes was an American sprinter who, although he was relatively slow out of the starting block and had an almost lumbering style of running, was a remarkably powerful sprinter with as much raw speed as any athlete in history. He also was a noted American football player. Hayes began running as a

Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States (1877–81), who brought post-Civil War Reconstruction to an end in the South and who tried to establish new standards of official integrity after eight years of corruption in Washington, D.C. He was the only president to hold office by

Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States (1877–81), who brought post-Civil War Reconstruction to an end in the South and who tried to establish new standards of official integrity after eight years of corruption in Washington, D.C. He was the only president to hold office by

Poetry: …Plath, Nikki Giovanni, Ilya Kaminsky, Terrance Hayes, and Ada Limón.

Woody Hayes was an American collegiate gridiron football coach whose career coaching record was 238 games won, 72 lost, and 10 tied. He developed 58 All-American players, and his Ohio State University teams (1951–78) won 3 national championships (1954, 1957, and 1968) and 13 Big Ten championships

Woody Hayes was an American collegiate gridiron football coach whose career coaching record was 238 games won, 72 lost, and 10 tied. He developed 58 All-American players, and his Ohio State University teams (1951–78) won 3 national championships (1954, 1957, and 1968) and 13 Big Ten championships

United States: The Ulysses S. Grant administrations, 1869–77: The circumstances surrounding the disputed election of 1876 strengthened Hayes’s intention to work with the Southern whites, even if it meant abandoning the few Radical regimes that remained in the South. In an election marked by widespread fraud and many irregularities, the Democratic candidate, Samuel J. Tilden, received the…

Jules Bastien-Lepage: …stylistically owes a little to Édouard Manet. The Hayfield (1878) follows in the tradition of Jean-François Millet and reveals the sentimental element that characterizes Bastien-Lepage’s work. Joan of Arc Listening to the Voices, which represents Joan as a Lorraine peasant, typifies his subject pictures. He was also a portraitist of…

John Fillmore Hayford was an American civil engineer and early geodesist who established the theory of isostasy. Hayford’s theory assumes that there must be a compensatory distribution of rock materials of varying density so that the Earth’s crust exerts an essentially consistent pressure that is

Rudolf Abel: …testimony by Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Reino Hayhanen, who had defected to the West and who stated that he had been Abel’s chief coconspirator in the United States. The court sentenced Abel to 30 years’ imprisonment.

Armenian, member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what are now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in

Nikol Pashinyan: Early life, education, and journalistic career: The paper was succeeded by The Armenian Times (Haykakan Zhamanak), and Pashinyan served as its first editor in chief until 2008 (and remained the nominal editor in chief until 2012).

Arabic literature: The novel: The author, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, had written the work while studying in France, and the influence of a variety of European Romantic narrative traditions is very clear. Elsewhere within the region, novel writing was initiated at a later date: in Iraq by Maḥmūd Aḥmad al-Sayyid with Fī…

William Hayley was an English poet, biographer, and patron of the arts. Hayley is best remembered for his friendships with William Blake, the great pre-Romantic poet, painter, and designer, and with the 18th-century poet William Cowper. He was also a patron of less well-known writers, including the

Hayman Island, northernmost of the Cumberland Islands, at the northern entrance to Whitsunday Passage (Coral Sea), off northeastern Queensland, Australia. An inshore coral-fringed continental island, it measures 2 miles (3 km) by 1 12 miles (2.5 km) and has an area of 960 acres (390 hectares). From

Bronisław Malinowski: Mature career: …1940 Malinowski married again, to Anna Valetta Hayman-Joyce, an artist who painted under the name Valetta Swann and who assisted him in his Mexican studies and was primarily responsible for the publication of his Scientific Theory of Culture (1944) and other posthumous works.

Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle for workers’ rights. It has been associated with May Day (May 1) since that day’s designation as International Workers’ Day by the Second

Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle for workers’ rights. It has been associated with May Day (May 1) since that day’s designation as International Workers’ Day by the Second

Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle for workers’ rights. It has been associated with May Day (May 1) since that day’s designation as International Workers’ Day by the Second

proscenium: …of the stage at London’s Haymarket Theatre in 1880, creating a “picture frame” or an imaginary fourth wall through which the audience experienced the illusion of spying on characters behaving exactly as if they were unobserved. With the advent of electricity, the illusion was further enhanced by controlled lighting, which…

Heinrich, baron von Haymerle was a diplomat and foreign minister of the Habsburg Empire (1879–81) who secured a treaty with Serbia giving Austria-Hungary virtual control over Serbian foreign policy. Entering the imperial diplomatic service in 1850, Haymerle served in Turkey, Greece (1857), and,

Gregory Ratoff: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: …You Love Me (1946) featured Dick Haymes as a singer who woos the dean of a music school (Maureen O’Hara), and Haymes returned for Carnival in Costa Rica (1947), which also starred Vera-Ellen. In 1947 Ratoff turned to murder mysteries with Moss Rose (1947), a thriller set in turn-of-the-century London;…

Julius, baron von Haynau was an Austrian general whose military successes were overshadowed by his notorious brutality. Entering the Austrian Army in 1801, Haynau saw action throughout the Napoleonic Wars and remained in service after the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). During the revolutions of

Paul Hamilton Hayne was an American poet and literary leader, one of the best-known poets of the Confederate cause. After growing up in the home of his uncle, Robert Young Hayne, and practicing law for a short time, Hayne wrote for the Charleston Evening News and the Richmond Southern Literary

Robert Young Hayne was an American lawyer, political leader, and spokesman for the South, best-remembered for his debate with Daniel Webster (1830), in which he set forth a doctrine of nullification. Hayne entered the U.S. Senate in 1823 and soon became prominent as a spokesman for the South and

Elwood Haynes: …Elmer Apperson, Haynes formed the Haynes–Apperson Company, Kokomo, and began producing automobiles in 1898. Haynes and the Appersons split up in 1902, and three years later the company name was changed to Haynes Automobile Company. It ceased operations in 1925.

United Airlines Flight 232: The pilots, Captain Alfred Haynes and First Officer William Records, quickly discovered that neither the autopilot nor the manual controls had any effect. In desperation, Haynes closed the throttle to the left engine and pushed all the power to the right, and the aircraft righted itself. The…

Desmond Haynes is a West Indian cricketer considered one of the greatest opening batsmen in the history of the game. Haynes played in 116 Test matches and 238 one-day internationals, scoring more than 16,000 runs in both formats combined. Haynes had a brilliant record in both the Test

Desmond Haynes is a West Indian cricketer considered one of the greatest opening batsmen in the history of the game. Haynes played in 116 Test matches and 238 one-day internationals, scoring more than 16,000 runs in both formats combined. Haynes had a brilliant record in both the Test

Elwood Haynes was an American automobile pioneer who built one of the first automobiles. He successfully tested his one-horsepower, one-cylinder vehicle at 6 or 7 miles (10 or 11 km) per hour on July 4, 1894, at Kokomo, Ind. Haynes claimed that he received the first U.S. traffic ticket when in 1895

Euphemia Lofton Haynes was an American educator and mathematician who was the first African American woman to receive a doctoral degree in mathematics. Lofton was born into a socially prominent African American family. Her father, William, was a dentist, and her mother, Lavinia, was a kindergarten

Homer and Jethro: With Homer strumming the guitar and Jethro playing the mandolin, they performed on radio in Knoxville before becoming cast regulars in 1939 on the “Renfro Valley Barn Dance” radio program. The team broke up during World War II, but they reunited in 1945 and performed for…

Homer and Jethro: With Homer strumming the guitar and Jethro playing the mandolin, they performed on radio in Knoxville before becoming cast regulars in 1939 on the “Renfro Valley Barn Dance” radio program. The team broke up during World War II, but they reunited in 1945 and performed for…

Middlebury College: …honorary degree to black clergyman Lemuel Haynes. Women were first admitted in 1883.

New England Patriots: …future Hall of Fame cornerback Mike Haynes, and quarterback Steve Grogan, the Patriots experienced sporadic success in the 1970s and ’80s. They advanced to their first Super Bowl in 1986 but lost to a dominant Chicago Bears team, 46–10. Businessman Robert Kraft acquired the Patriots in 1994, paying $172 million,…

Todd Haynes is an American screenwriter and director known for films that examine fame, sexuality, and the lives of people on the periphery of mainstream society. His notable movies include Safe (1995), Velvet Goldmine (1998), Far from Heaven (2002), I’m Not There (2007), Carol (2015), and May

Grateful Dead: former Allman Brothers Band guitarist Warren Haynes to the lineup the following year. Personality conflicts surfaced during the 2004 tour season, however, and a four-year hiatus for the band followed. The Dead reunited in 2008 to headline a fund-raiser for the presidential campaign of Barack Obama, and the success of…

Elwood Haynes: …Elmer Apperson, Haynes formed the Haynes–Apperson Company, Kokomo, and began producing automobiles in 1898. Haynes and the Appersons split up in 1902, and three years later the company name was changed to Haynes Automobile Company. It ceased operations in 1925.

Johnson City, city, Washington county, northeastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies in a valley in the southern Appalachian Mountains, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Knoxville and just west of Elizabethton. The area was settled in the 1760s. Originally a part of North Carolina, it was included in

shale gas: Shale gas resources of the United States: …mainly in Oklahoma; and the Haynesville Shale, straddling the Texas-Louisiana state line. The Barnett Shale was the proving ground of horizontal drilling and fracking starting in the 1990s; more than 10,000 wells have been drilled in that basin. Other shale basins are found in some Rocky Mountains and Great Plains…

golf: The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA): Mickey Wright, Carol Mann, Sandra Haynie, and Sandra Palmer helped maintain a reasonable level of popularity for the LPGA throughout the 1960s. Star players who emerged during the following decade include Jan Stephenson, Jo-Anne Carner, Amy Alcott, and Judy Rankin. The most notable player to emerge during the ’70s…

Armenian, member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what are now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in

Hays, city, seat (1867) of Ellis county, central Kansas, U.S. It lies on Big Creek. The city was founded in 1867 after the establishment of Fort Hays (a frontier post built as Fort Fletcher in 1865). In 1876 Volga Germans settled the area on land ceded by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. The fort was

Hays Code, set of guidelines, self-imposed by Hollywood studios, regulating the moral content of films produced from 1934 to 1968. The Hays Code forbade the use of profanity, obscenity, and racial slurs and included detailed instructions outlining how certain topics should be shown on screen,

Hays Office, American organization that promulgated a moral code for films. In 1922, after a number of scandals involving Hollywood personalities, film industry leaders formed the organization to counteract the threat of government censorship and to create favorable publicity for the industry.

Hays Code, set of guidelines, self-imposed by Hollywood studios, regulating the moral content of films produced from 1934 to 1968. The Hays Code forbade the use of profanity, obscenity, and racial slurs and included detailed instructions outlining how certain topics should be shown on screen,

Arthur Garfield Hays was an American lawyer who defended, usually without charge, persons accused in many prominent civil-liberties cases in the 1920s. Educated at Columbia University (B.A., 1902; M.A. and LL.B., 1905), Hays was admitted to the New York bar. In 1914–15 he practiced international

Pete Seeger: The Weavers: …formed another group, the Weavers—with Lee Hays, Ronnie Gilbert, and Fred Hellerman—which achieved considerable success on college campuses, in concert, and on several records. Shortly after the group achieved national fame, however, a great deal of controversy was stirred up concerning Seeger’s previous activities in left-wing and labor politics, and…

Molly Pitcher was a heroine of the Battle of Monmouth during the American Revolution. According to legend, at the Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778), Mary Hays, wife of artilleryman William Hays, carried water to cool both the cannon and the soldiers in her husband’s battery—hence the nickname

Paul R. Hays was an American judge best known for his participation in the tribunal that ruled on the Pentagon Papers case (1971). While studying at Columbia University (B.A., 1925; M.A., 1927; LL.B., 1933), Hays was an instructor (1926–32) there in Latin and Greek. After briefly working with the

Will H. Hays was a prominent American political figure who was president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA, later called the Motion Picture Association of America) from 1922 to 1945. Because of his pervasive influence on the censorship office of the association, it

Will H. Hays was a prominent American political figure who was president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA, later called the Motion Picture Association of America) from 1922 to 1945. Because of his pervasive influence on the censorship office of the association, it

pepino hill, conical hill of residual limestone in a deeply eroded karst region. Pepino hills generally form on relatively flat-lying limestones that are jointed in large rectangles. In an alternating wet and dry climate, high areas become increasingly hard and resistant while low areas are

Venus: Observations from Earth: …desert of southern California, and Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts. The first successful radar observations of Venus took place at Goldstone and Haystack in 1961 and revealed the planet’s slow rotation. Subsequent observations determined the rotation properties more precisely and began to unveil some of the major features on the planet’s…

Claude Monet: Last years of Claude Monet: …specific weather effects of the stacks of wheat and cathedral series.

Stanley William Hayter was an English printmaker and painter who founded Atelier 17, the most influential print workshop of the 20th century. Hayter was trained in geology at King’s College, London University, and initially regarded art as an avocation. While he was working in the Middle East as a

Oman: Sultanate of Haitham bin Tariq: The next day, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq (Haytham ibn Ṭāriq) was named his successor. Haitham had served in a prominent role in Qaboos’s cabinet, especially in a diplomatic capacity and in national development planning. As such, his appointment represented the continuity of Qaboos’s policies, and he affirmed in his…

Hayton was the king of Little Armenia, now in Turkey, from 1224 to 1269. The account of his travels in western and central Asia, written by Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a member of his suite, gives one of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of Mongolian geography and ethnology. Throughout his

Lena Horne: She was married to Lennie Hayton from 1947 until his death in 1971. Her one-woman show, Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music (1981), garnered many awards, including a Drama Critics’ Circle Award and a special achievement Tony Award. In 1984 Horne received a Kennedy Center honour for lifetime…

Hayward, city, Alameda county, California, U.S. Located 25 miles (40 km) southeast of San Francisco and 15 miles (25 km) south of Oakland, Hayward lies at the eastern terminus of the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge across San Francisco Bay. The city is named for William Hayward, a disappointed gold seeker

Hayward, city, seat (1885) of Sawyer county, northwestern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on the Namekagon River, in a lake region west of Chequamegon National Forest, about 75 miles (120 km) southeast of Superior. Ojibwa Indians occupied the area when French Canadian fur traders established posts there in

California: Relief: The Hayward Fault in the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Gabriel fault zone in metropolitan Los Angeles have produced several major earthquakes, though the destructive quake centered in the Los Angeles suburb of Northridge in 1994 occurred along one of the San Andreas’s larger…

London: Exhibition spaces: …art shows are the aforementioned Hayward Gallery on the South Bank, a sculptural concrete box of 1960s vintage, and the neoclassical Royal Academy of Arts in Burlington House on Piccadilly. The leading commercial galleries are concentrated in the West End of London around the epicenter of Bond Street. Specialist and…

the Moody Blues: Later members included Justin Hayward (in full David Justin Hayward; b. October 14, 1946, Swindon, Wiltshire, England), John Lodge (b. July 20, 1945, Birmingham), and Patrick Moraz (b. June 24, 1948, Morges, Switzerland).

Boston Celtics: …and also signed All-Star forward Gordon Hayward. Both players were limited by significant injuries during the regular season, but the remaining young Celtics core outperformed expectations, leading Boston to the second best record in the Eastern Conference and on an unexpectedly long playoff run that ended in a seven-game conference…

the Moody Blues: Later members included Justin Hayward (in full David Justin Hayward; b. October 14, 1946, Swindon, Wiltshire, England), John Lodge (b. July 20, 1945, Birmingham), and Patrick Moraz (b. June 24, 1948, Morges, Switzerland).

Ida Lupino: Directing: … (her first husband was actor Louis Hayward), Lupino founded a production company in 1949 and began writing scripts, tackling such controversial topics as rape, illegitimacy, and bigamy. Their first project was the unwed-mother drama Not Wanted (1949), which Lupino produced and coscripted with Paul Jarrico. Director Elmer Clifton fell ill…

Charles Goodyear: …few years he worked with Nathaniel M. Hayward (1808–65), a former employee of a rubber factory in Roxbury, Mass., who had discovered that rubber treated with sulfur was not sticky. Goodyear bought Hayward’s process. In 1839 he accidentally dropped some India rubber mixed with sulfur on a hot stove and…

Susan Hayward was an American film actress who was a popular star during the 1940s and ’50s known for playing courageous women fighting to overcome adversity. Marrener grew up in a working-class family. Following her graduation from Girls’ Commercial High School, she began working as a

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Aftermath and impact: …emergence of BP chief executive Tony Hayward as the public face of the oil giant further inflamed public sentiment against the embattled company. The Englishman—who at one point remarked, “I’d like my life back”—was derided for his alternately flippant and obfuscating responses in media interviews and while testifying before the…

Harlem Hellfighters: Origins: Charles Whitman appointed William Hayward, his former campaign manager, to serve as its commanding officer. Hayward had been a colonel in the Nebraska National Guard, and he, like most of the field-grade officers in the unit, was white.

Antonio Banderas: Later films: The Legend of Zorro and Pain and Glory: …appeared in supporting roles in Haywire (2011), a spy film directed by Steven Soderbergh; the romantic comedy Ruby Sparks (2012); and Machete Kills (2013), an over-the-top action thriller. In The 33 (2015), which was based on a true event, Banderas played a worker who

Anna Julia Cooper was an American educator and writer whose book A Voice From the South by a Black Woman of the South (1892) became a classic African American feminist text. Cooper was the daughter of a slave woman and her white slaveholder (or his brother). In 1868 she enrolled in the newly

Bill Haywood was an American radical who led the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or “Wobblies”) in the early decades of the 20th century. A miner at the age of 15, Haywood became active in the Western Federation of Miners and was elected its secretary treasurer. At the founding convention of

Eliza Haywood was a prolific English writer of sensational romantic novels that mirrored contemporary 18th-century scandals. Haywood mentions her marriage in her writings, though little is known about it. She supported herself by writing, acting, and adapting works for the theatre. She then turned

Spencer Haywood is an American professional basketball player whose lawsuit forced the National Basketball Association (NBA) to end its requirement that a player be out of high school for four years to be eligible to compete in the league. Haywood won an NBA championship with the Los Angeles Lakers

Bill Haywood was an American radical who led the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or “Wobblies”) in the early decades of the 20th century. A miner at the age of 15, Haywood became active in the Western Federation of Miners and was elected its secretary treasurer. At the founding convention of

Rita Hayworth was an American film actress and dancer who rose to glamorous stardom in the 1940s and ’50s. Hayworth was the daughter of Spanish-born dancer Eduardo Cansino and his partner, Volga Hayworth, and, as a child, she performed in her parents’ nightclub act. While still a teenager, she

Ibn Ṭufayl: …who is known for his Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (c. 1175; Eng. trans. by L.E. Goodman, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan by Ibn Ṭufayl, 1972), a philosophical romance in which he describes the self-education and gradual philosophical development of a man who passes the first 50 years of his life in complete isolation…

Ibn Ṭufayl: …who is known for his Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (c. 1175; Eng. trans. by L.E. Goodman, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan by Ibn Ṭufayl, 1972), a philosophical romance in which he describes the self-education and gradual philosophical development of a man who passes the first 50 years of his life in complete isolation…

Elijah ben Solomon: Among them was Ḥayyim ben Issac, who went on to found the great yeshiva (Talmudic academy) at Volozhin (now Valozhyn, Belarus), which trained several generations of scholars, rabbis, and leaders. Elijah’s writings were published posthumously and include commentaries and numerous annotations on the Bible, Talmud, Midrash, and other…

Hebrew literature: The golden age in Spain, 900–1200: Judah Hayyuj, a disciple of Menahem ben Saruk, recast Hebrew grammar, and, in the form given to it by David Kimhi of Narbonne (died c. 1235), the new system was taken over by the Christian humanists and through them by modern scholarship. The first complete…

Ibn al-Haytham: Major works: …most famous astronomical work is Hayʾat al-ʿālam (“On the Configuration of the World”), in which he presents a nontechnical description of how the abstract mathematical models of Ptolemy’s Almagest can be understood according to the natural philosophy of his time. While this early work implicitly accepts Ptolemy’s models, a later…

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), militant Islamist group in Syria that emerged during the Syrian Civil War (2011– ) and in 2024 led rebel forces to oust Assad, ending his family’s five-decade rule. HTS was formally created in 2017 through the merger of several rebel organizations, the core of which was

Gaspar Núñez de Arce: …best play being the historical El haz de leña (1872; “The Bundle of Kindling”), on the imprisonment of Don Carlos, but he attained celebrity with Gritos del combate (1875; “Cries of Combat”)—a volume of verse that tried to give poetic utterance to religious questionings and the current political problems of…

Ferenc Deák was a Hungarian statesman whose negotiations led to the establishment of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. Deák was the son of a wealthy Hungarian landowner. After graduating in law, he entered the administrative service of his county of Zala, which in 1833 sent him to

Ofra Haza was an Israeli singer and pop star known for blending traditional Yemeni and Jewish folk elements with current pop music trends. Known as the “Madonna of the East,” Haza represented Israel in the 1983 Eurovision Song Contest and maintained her national and international celebrity presence

Murshidabad: Of historic interest are Nizamat Kila, also called the Hazaarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors), built in the Italianate style in 1837; Pearl Lake (Moti Jhil) just to the south, with Muradbagh Palace; and Khushbagh Cemetery, containing the tombs of ʿAlī Vardī Khan, the last great nawab, and…

Hazael was a king of Damascus, whose history is given at length in the Bible, II Kings 8–13. Hazael became king after the death of Ben-hadad I, under whom he was probably a court official. Ben-hadad, who was ill, sent Hazael to the prophet Elisha to inquire concerning his chances of recovery.

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

The Artist: Writer and director Michel Hazanavicius won praise for his meticulous evocation of silent movies of the classical era. The Artist debuted at the Cannes festival, where it was nominated for the Palm d’Or and Dujardin won the award for best actor (and Uggie, the dog, was given an…

short story: Proliferation of forms: …was a medieval Persian collection, Hazār afsāna (“Thousand Romances,” no longer extant). In both the Persian and Arabian versions of the frame, the clever Scheherazade avoids death by telling her king-husband a thousand stories. Though the framing device is identical in both versions, the original Persian stories within the frame…

Tigris-Euphrates river system: Physiography of the Tigris: The Tigris, rising in Lake Hazar (a small mountain lake southeast of Elazığ) and fed by a number of small tributaries, drains a wide area of eastern Turkey. After flowing beneath the massive basalt walls that surround Diyarbakır, it forms the border between Turkey and Syria below Cizre, and it…

Hazara, ethnolinguistic group originally from the mountainous region of central Afghanistan, known as Hazārajāt. Poverty in the region and ongoing conflict since the Afghan War (1978–92) have dispersed many of the Hazara throughout Afghanistan. Significant communities of Hazara also exist in Iran

Afghanistan: Ethnic groups: The mountainous region of Ḥazārajāt occupies the central part of the country and is inhabited principally by the Ḥazāra. Because of the scarcity of land, however, many have migrated to other parts of the country. Although Ḥazārajāt is located in the heart of the country, its high mountains and…