estrus, the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals, except the higher primates, during which they are in heat—i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate. One or more periods of estrus may occur during the breeding season of a species. Prior to ovulation the endometrium (uterine lining)

Heat, American crime film, released in 1995, that was written and directed by Michael Mann. The film is loosely based on the criminal career and takedown of real-life thief Neil McCauley and is considered to be one of the greatest crime films of all time. The story begins with the robbing of an

tank: Ammunition: …during the 1950s was the high-explosive antitank (HEAT) shell. This shell used a shaped charge with a conical cavity that concentrated its explosive energy into a very high-velocity jet capable of piercing thick armour. The HEAT round was favoured by the U.S. Army for its 90-mm tank guns and also…

climatic adaptation: Heat adaptation is of two types: adaptation to humid heat and to dry heat (desert conditions). In hot climates the problem is not in maintaining body heat but in dissipating it. Ordinarily the body rids itself of excess heat by sweating. In conditions of humid…

Zakir Hussain: On screen: …also appeared in films, including Heat and Dust (1983), Saaz (1997; “Melody”), and Monkey Man (2024).

atmosphere: Distribution of heat from the Sun: The primary driving force for the horizontal structure of Earth’s atmosphere is the amount and distribution of solar radiation that comes in contact with the planet. Earth’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse, with a perihelion (closest approach)…

fat and oil processing: Bleaching: …°F), a phenomenon known as heat bleaching takes place. Apparently the heat decomposes some pigments, such as the carotenoids, and converts them to colourless materials.

atmosphere: Distribution of heat from the Sun: The primary driving force for the horizontal structure of Earth’s atmosphere is the amount and distribution of solar radiation that comes in contact with the planet. Earth’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse, with a perihelion (closest approach)…

heat capacity, ratio of heat absorbed by a material to the temperature change. It is usually expressed as calories per degree in terms of the actual amount of material being considered, most commonly a mole (the molecular weight in grams). The heat capacity in calories per gram is called specific

thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body. Thermal conductivity is attributed to the exchange of energy between adjacent molecules and electrons in the conducting medium. The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is

enthalpy, the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume of a thermodynamic system. Enthalpy is an energy-like property or state function—it has the dimensions of energy (and is thus measured in units of joules or ergs), and its value is determined entirely by the

cramp: Heat cramps in the muscles of the extremities or abdomen stem from loss of salt after periods of profuse perspiration. Overexertion in a hot environment usually is responsible for this condition.

dog: Reproductive cycle: The heat cycle of the female lasts from 18 to 21 days. The first stage is called proestrus. It begins with mild swelling of the vulva and a bloody discharge. This lasts for about 9 days, although it may vary by 2 or…

Stephen Dobyns: …poetry volumes include Griffon (1976), Heat Death (1980), Black Dog, Red Dog (1984), Cemetery Nights (1987), Velocities: New and Selected Poems, 1966–1992 (1994), Common Carnage (1996), The Porcupine’s Kisses (2002), Winter’s Journey (2010), and The

principles of physical science: Entropy and disorder: …time the universe will suffer “heat death,” having attained a condition of maximum entropy, after which tiny fluctuations are all that will happen. If so, these will be reversible, like the graph of Figure 13, and will give no indication of a direction of time. Yet, because this undifferentiated cosmic…

heat, energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature. If two bodies at different temperatures are brought together, energy is transferred—i.e., heat flows—from the hotter body to the colder. The effect of this transfer of energy usually, but not

thermodynamics: Heat engines: The classic example of a heat engine is a steam engine, although all modern engines follow the same principles. Steam engines operate in a cyclic fashion, with the piston moving up and down once for each cycle. Hot high-pressure steam is admitted to…

heat exchanger, any of several devices that transfer heat from a hot to a cold fluid. In many engineering applications it is desirable to increase the temperature of one fluid while cooling another. This double action is economically accomplished by a heat exchanger. Among its uses are the cooling

heatstroke: …or other phenomena, is called heat exhaustion, or heat prostration. It can be distinguished from heatstroke by the moderate or absent elevation of body temperature, by the persistence of heavy sweating, and by possible heat cramps. Heat exhaustion is treated by lying down in a cool place and drinking water…

heat transfer, any or all of several kinds of phenomena, considered as mechanisms, that convey energy and entropy from one location to another. The specific mechanisms are usually referred to as convection, thermal radiation, and conduction (see thermal conduction). Conduction involves transfer of

rock: Thermal properties: Heat flow (or flux), q, in the Earth’s crust or in rock as a building material, is the product of the temperature gradient (change in temperature per unit distance) and the material’s thermal conductivity (k, the heat flow across a surface per unit area per…

urban climate: …influence the formation of this “heat island.” During summer, urban masonry and asphalt absorb, store, and reradiate more solar energy per unit area than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas. Furthermore, less of this energy can be used for evaporation in urban areas, which characteristically exhibit greater…

urban climate: …influence the formation of this “heat island.” During summer, urban masonry and asphalt absorb, store, and reradiate more solar energy per unit area than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas. Furthermore, less of this energy can be used for evaporation in urban areas, which characteristically exhibit greater…

heat of reaction: …standard heats of formation and heats of combustion. The standard heat of formation is defined as the amount of heat absorbed or evolved at 25° C (77° F ) and at one atmosphere pressure when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in…

heat of formation, the amount of heat absorbed or evolved when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in its normal physical state (gas, liquid, or solid). Usually the conditions at which the compound is formed are taken to be at a temperature of 25 °C

carbon group element: Crystal structure: …points, boiling points, and decreasing heat energies associated with fusion (melting), sublimation (change from solid to gas), and vaporization (change from liquid to gas) among these four elements, with increasing atomic number and atomic size, indicate a parallel weakening of the covalent bonds in this type of structure. The actual…

carbon group element: Crystal structure: … energies associated with fusion (melting), sublimation (change from solid to gas), and vaporization (change from liquid to gas) among these four elements, with increasing atomic number and atomic size, indicate a parallel weakening of the covalent bonds in this type of structure. The actual or probable arrangement of valence electrons…

The Heat of the Day, novel by Elizabeth Bowen, published in 1949, about the ramifications of an Englishwoman’s discovery that her lover is a spy for the Axis Powers. The novel is set in London during World War II and concerns the lovers Stella and Robert, who both work for the British secret

carbon group element: Crystal structure: …from solid to gas), and vaporization (change from liquid to gas) among these four elements, with increasing atomic number and atomic size, indicate a parallel weakening of the covalent bonds in this type of structure. The actual or probable arrangement of valence electrons is often impossible to determine, and, instead,…

heat pipe, form of heat exchanger (q.v.) useful for transporting heat over relatively large distances with a small temperature

river: Environmental problems attendant on river use: Such heated water can alter the existing ecology, sometimes sufficiently to drive out or kill desirable species of fish. It also may cause rapid depletion of the oxygen supply by promoting algal blooms.

heatstroke: …or other phenomena, is called heat exhaustion, or heat prostration. It can be distinguished from heatstroke by the moderate or absent elevation of body temperature, by the persistence of heavy sweating, and by possible heat cramps. Heat exhaustion is treated by lying down in a cool place and drinking water…

heat pump, device for transferring heat from a substance or space at one temperature to another substance or space at a higher temperature. It consists of a compressor, a condenser, a throttle or expansion valve, an evaporator, and a working fluid (refrigerant), such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, or

turbine: Overall performance characteristics: …measured in terms of its heat rate—i.e., the amount of heat that has to be supplied to the feedwater in order to produce a specified generator power output. In the United States the heat rate is given by the heat input in Btus per hour for each kilowatt-hour of electricity…

thermoregulation, the maintenance of an optimum temperature range by an organism. Cold-blooded animals (poikilotherms) pick up or lose heat by way of the environment, moving from one place to another as necessary. Warm-blooded animals (homoiotherms) have additional means by which they can heat and

thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics: …essential point is that the heat reservoir is assumed to have a well-defined temperature that does not change as a result of the process being considered.

meat processing: Heat ring: Heat ring is a problem associated with beef carcasses and results from differential chilling rates of the muscles after slaughter. A heat ring is a dark, coarsely textured band around the exterior portion of the muscle. In muscles that have a thin layer…

thermoelectric power generator: …a thermoelectric converter to a heat sink, which is maintained at a temperature below that of the source. The temperature differential across the converter produces direct current (DC) to a load (RL) having a terminal voltage (V) and a terminal current (I). There is no intermediate energy conversion process. For…

wine: Cultivation: …amount of heat, called the heat summation, is calculated by totaling the number of degrees of average daily temperature over 10 °C for each day of the growing season. A heat summation of about 1,800° is required for successful growth. If the heat summation is less than required, the grapes…

Hess’s law, rule first enunciated by Germain Henri Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist, in 1840, stating that the heat absorbed or evolved (or the change in enthalpy) in any chemical reaction is a fixed quantity and is independent of the path of the reaction or the number of steps taken to obtain

heat transfer, any or all of several kinds of phenomena, considered as mechanisms, that convey energy and entropy from one location to another. The specific mechanisms are usually referred to as convection, thermal radiation, and conduction (see thermal conduction). Conduction involves transfer of

textile: Heat transfer printing: The popularity of polyester fabrics led to the development of a completely new form of printing: heat transfer printing, which prints the pattern on paper with carefully selected dyes. The paper is then applied to the fabric by passing the two together…

heat-treating, changing the properties of materials such as metals or glass by processes involving heating. It is used to harden, soften, or modify other properties of materials that have different crystal structures at low and high temperatures. The type of transformation depends on the

heat wave, period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heat waves may span several days to several weeks and are significant causes of weather-related mortality, affecting developed and developing countries alike. Globally, the increasing frequency

body heat, thermal energy that is a by-product of metabolism in higher animals, especially noticeable in birds and mammals, which exhibit a close control of their body temperature in the face of environmental fluctuation. Birds and mammals can conserve body heat by fluffing up feathers or erecting

James Prescott Joule: …unit of heat, called the mechanical equivalent of heat. He used four increasingly accurate methods of determining this value. By using different materials, he also established that heat was a form of energy regardless of the substance that was heated. In 1852 Joule and William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered…

Sandra Bullock: Academy Award: …in the broad, raunchy comedy The Heat. Later that year she starred with George Clooney in Gravity, an acclaimed drama about astronauts struggling to survive after their spacecraft has been destroyed; Bullock earned an Oscar nomination for her performance. She then voiced the villainous Scarlett Overkill in the animated comedy…

construction: Glass as a building material: Heat-mirror glass, which has a transparent coating that admits the short-wavelength radiation from the sun but tends to reflect the longer-wavelength radiation from within occupied spaces, was introduced in 1984; when combined with double glazing, its insulating value approaches that of a wall.

adhesive: Hot-melt adhesives: Hot-melt adhesives are employed in many nonstructural applications. Based on thermoplastic resins, which melt at elevated temperatures without degrading, these adhesives are applied as hot liquids to the adherend. Commonly used polymers include polyamides, polyesters, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyurethanes, and a variety of block…

rocket and missile system: Passive: …successful passive homing munitions were “heat-seeking” air-to-air missiles that homed onto the infrared emissions of jet engine exhausts. The first such missile to achieve wide success was the AIM-9 Sidewinder developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s. Many later passive homing air-to-air missiles homed onto ultraviolet radiation as well,…

sprinkler system: …closed orifice is opened by heat from a fire. Modern versions use a fusible link or a bulb containing chemicals, which breaks at about 160° F (70° C) to open the orifice. Modern sprinkler heads are designed to direct a spray downward. Most sprinkler systems are wet-head—i.e., they use pipes…

rattlesnake: …group named for the small heat-sensing pit between each eye and nostril that aids in hunting. The pits provide the snake with stereoscopic heat “vision,” enabling them to detect and accurately strike a living target in complete darkness. Most rattlesnakes live in arid habitats and are nocturnal, hiding during the…

textile: Tentering, crabbing, and heat-setting: …fibres it is sometimes called heat-setting, a term also applied to the permanent setting of pleats, creases, and special surface effects.

ectotherm: …of heat stress, ectotherms release heat-shock proteins, which help stabilize other proteins and thus prevent their denaturation (modification of a protein’s molecular structure).

heat-treating, changing the properties of materials such as metals or glass by processes involving heating. It is used to harden, soften, or modify other properties of materials that have different crystal structures at low and high temperatures. The type of transformation depends on the

electric heater, device for heating rooms that converts electric current to heat by means of resistors that emit radiant energy. Resistors may be composed of metal-alloy wire, nonmetallic carbon compounds, or printed circuits. Heating elements may have exposed resistor coils mounted on insulators,

heath, (genus Erica), genus of about 800 species of low evergreen shrubs of the family Ericaceae. Most heath species are indigenous to South Africa, where they are especially diverse in the southwestern Cape region. Some also occur in the Mediterranean region and in northern Europe, and species

scrubland: Ecological importance of fire to scrubland communities: …coastal scrublands in eastern Australia, Banksia ericifolia, is eliminated not only if an area is burned more often than every fifth year—the time taken for seedlings to set their first seed—but also if it is burned less often than every 40 years—the plant’s life span.

Ericaceae, the heath family of flowering plants (order Ericales), comprising 126 genera and some 4,000 species. Ericaceae is made up mostly of shrubs and small trees, and its members are widely distributed, extending into the subarctic and along mountain chains through the tropics. A large

Ericales, rhododendron order of flowering plants, containing 22 families, 346 genera, and more than 12,000 species. The relationships of the order are unclear. Together with Cornales, it is placed as a basal asterid in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) botanical classification system (see

Colossus: How Colossus was designed: …Newmanry’s first analytic machine, “Heath Robinson,” employed photoelectric technology to read two punched paper tapes simultaneously, at a rate of 1,000–2,000 characters per second. One tape contained the message to be broken, and the other contained possible sequences of key letters (in teleprinter code). Named after a famous British…

bath chair: It was devised by James Heath, of Bath, Eng., about 1750. For the next three-quarters of a century it rivaled the sedan chair and ultimately superseded it as a form of conveyance in Great Britain. The most common variety was supported on two wheels joined by an axle beneath…

Sarah Palin is an American politician who served as governor of Alaska (2006–09) and was selected by Sen. John McCain to serve as his vice presidential running mate in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. She was the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket. For coverage of the

Sir Edward Heath was the Conservative prime minister of Great Britain from 1970 to 1974. Although he was of modest origins, Heath was educated at Oxford, where he was elected president of the University Conservative Association in 1937. In 1938, as chairman of the Federation of University

Sir Edward Heath was the Conservative prime minister of Great Britain from 1970 to 1974. Although he was of modest origins, Heath was educated at Oxford, where he was elected president of the University Conservative Association in 1937. In 1938, as chairman of the Federation of University

Thales’ rectangle: …proofs survives, the English mathematician Thomas Heath (1861–1940) proposed what is now known as Thales’ rectangle as a proof of theorem 5 that would have been consistent with what was known in Thales’ era.

Heathcliff, fictional character, the brooding protagonist of Emily Brontë’s romantic novel Wuthering Heights

Bil and Cora Baird: …the master of ceremonies; and Heathcliff, the talking horse. Bil Baird trained a generation of younger puppeteers, including the creator of the Muppets, Jim Henson, and many of Henson’s associates. He was also the author of The Art of the Puppet (1965), a classic exposition of the field.

John Heathcoat was a pioneering English inventor of lace-making machinery. One of Heathcoat’s machines (patented in 1809), the most expensive and complex textile machine then in existence, simulated the movements of the bobbins in the hands of the pillow-lace workers, producing an exact imitation

Joyce Wethered was a golfer who was widely regarded as the greatest British woman player of her day. Wethered and her brother Roger, who tied for the British Open title in 1921 but lost the play-off, learned the game as children. She was British Ladies’ Open champion four times (1922, 1924, 1925,

textile: Net and lace making: In the Heathcot, or bobbinet, machine, warp threads were arranged so that the threads moved downward as the beams unwound. Other threads were wound on thin, flat spools or bobbins held in narrow carriages that could move in a groove or comb in two rows. The carriages…

tennis: Origin and early years: After J.M. Heathcote, a distinguished real tennis player, developed a better tennis ball of rubber covered with white flannel, the MCC in 1875 established a new, standardized set of rules for tennis.

paganism, Christian term used to designate those religions that do not worship the God of Abraham, the figure central to both Christianity and to other Abrahamic religions like Judaism and Islam. Christians have used the terms paganism and pagan, which typically carry pejorative connotations, to

Heathenry, a modern Pagan, or Neo-Pagan, religion. Its followers, Heathens, are inspired by the pre-Christian religions of Europe’s linguistically Germanic societies—most commonly those that spoke Old Norse. Heathens have assembled their new religion from a range of historical and archaeological

Bret Harte: …(1870), better known as “The Heathen Chinee,” although it attracted national attention in a manner unintended by Harte, who claimed that its satirical story—about two men, Bill Nye and Ah Sin, trying to cheat each other at cards—showed a form of racial equality. Instead, the poem was taken up…

paganism, Christian term used to designate those religions that do not worship the God of Abraham, the figure central to both Christianity and to other Abrahamic religions like Judaism and Islam. Christians have used the terms paganism and pagan, which typically carry pejorative connotations, to

Heathenry, a modern Pagan, or Neo-Pagan, religion. Its followers, Heathens, are inspired by the pre-Christian religions of Europe’s linguistically Germanic societies—most commonly those that spoke Old Norse. Heathens have assembled their new religion from a range of historical and archaeological

heather, (Calluna vulgaris), low evergreen shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae), widespread in western Europe and Asia, North America, and Greenland. It is the chief vegetation on many wastelands of northern and western Europe. The young juicy shoots and the seeds of heather are the principal food

Colm Tóibín: Novels: His next novel, The Heather Blazing (1992), centers on the life, career, and relationships of an elderly, emotionally reserved Dublin judge. He followed up with The Story of the Night (1996) and The Blackwater Lightship (1999). The latter of these follows three generations of women as they care…

Matthew Weiner: …2017 Weiner published the novella Heather, the Totality, about a wealthy Manhattan couple fixated on their daughter, who in turn becomes the target of a sociopath. The following year he created The Romanoffs, an Amazon series in which each episode follows a different cast of characters who believe they are…

Winona Ryder: …the critically acclaimed black comedy Heathers (1988); her portrayal of the female protagonist, Veronica Sawyer, was well received. Ryder was subsequently cast in other prominent roles, including reuniting with Burton to play the female lead in the fantasy romance Edward Scissorhands (1990), starring alongside Cher in the comedy-drama Mermaids (1990),…

scrubland, diverse assortment of vegetation types sharing the common physical characteristic of dominance by shrubs. A shrub is defined as a woody plant not exceeding 5 metres (16.4 feet) in height if it has a single main stem, or 8 metres if it is multistemmed. The world’s main areas of scrubland

Heathrow Airport, the largest and busiest airport in the United Kingdom and one of the busiest and most connected airports in the world. Opened in 1946 and located west of Central London, it provides service to more than 200 destinations in more than 80 countries. British Airways is the airport’s

heating, process and system of raising the temperature of an enclosed space for the primary purpose of ensuring the comfort of the occupants. By regulating the ambient temperature, heating also serves to maintain a building’s structural, mechanical, and electrical systems. The earliest method of

heat of reaction: …standard heats of formation and heats of combustion. The standard heat of formation is defined as the amount of heat absorbed or evolved at 25° C (77° F ) and at one atmosphere pressure when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in…

HVAC, mechanical system used to control the temperature, humidity, and movement of air throughout a building or other indoor space. HVAC systems are used extensively in homes and businesses for comfort as well as safety from extreme weather or the effects of poor air circulation. They are also

Niles, city, Trumbull county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Mahoning River, about midway between Youngstown and Warren, and is a part of the Mahoning industrial complex. Ruben Harmon, the first white settler (1797), and others discovered deposits of coal, iron ore, and limestone there.

Olympic Games: St. Moritz, Switzerland, 1948: John Heaton (U.S.) won his second consecutive silver medal in the event, 20 years after winning his first medal at age 19. In the ski jump Birger Ruud, a two-time gold medalist, returned as coach of the Norwegian squad. Faced with poor weather conditions, however,…

heatstroke, condition caused by continuous exposure to high temperature and humidity for several hours. The term sunstroke refers to the same disorder when exposure to direct sunlight is the main cause of the condition. The primary feature of heatstroke is an extreme and uncontrolled elevation of

heat wave, period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heat waves may span several days to several weeks and are significant causes of weather-related mortality, affecting developed and developing countries alike. Globally, the increasing frequency

helmet: …of metal increased until entire helmets were fashioned of iron, still following the same form. About the year 1200 the helm, or heaume, emerged. It was a flat-topped cylinder that was put on over the skullcap just before an engagement; experience soon dictated rounded contours that would cause blows to…

ship: Ship motions in response to the sea: … (rotation about a transverse axis), heave (vertical motion), and surge (longitudinal motion superimposed on the steady propulsive motion). All six are unwanted except in the special circumstance where yaw is necessary in changing course.

History of film: European cinema: A film such as Heaven (2002), cowritten by the Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski, with Tom Tykwer from Germany as director, set in Italy and spoken in Italian and English by American and Australian lead actors, seemed the rule rather than the exception. Another example is provided by the German-born…

heaven, in many religions, the abode of God or the gods, as well as of angels, deified humans, the blessed dead, and other celestial beings. It is often conceived as an expanse that overarches the earth, stretching overhead like a canopy, dome, or vault and encompassing the sky and upper

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: James McBride: …2023 McBride earned raves for The Heaven & Earth Grocery Store. Part murder mystery, part historical fiction, the novel follows the friendships and divisions among the Jewish and Black residents of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, in the 1920s and ’30s.

Oliver Stone: InHeaven & Earth (1993), Stone approached the Vietnam War and its aftermath from the perspective of a young Vietnamese woman.

Warren Beatty: Even more successful was Heaven Can Wait (1978), a showcase vehicle for Beatty’s comedic talents. For this film, Beatty was nominated for Academy Awards in four separate categories (best actor, picture [producer], writing, and direction), an unprecedented achievement in Hollywood history and an achievement he was to repeat with…

Ernst Lubitsch: Films of the 1940s: Heaven Can Wait (1943), Lubitsch’s first film under a new producer-director contract with Twentieth Century-Fox, was a bittersweet period comedy in which a ladies’ man (Don Ameche) reviews a lifetime of romantic malfeasance for a skeptical Satan (Laird Cregar) as he awaits admittance to hell.…

John Huston: Films of the 1950s of John Huston: Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison (1957), a much quieter affair, starred Robert Mitchum and Deborah Kerr as a marine and a nun stranded on a Pacific island during World War II. Kerr received an Academy Award nomination for best actress, and Huston’s and John Lee Mahin’s…

Frank Herbert: … (1966), The Santaroga Barrier (1968), The Heaven Makers (1968), The God Makers (1972), and The Dosadi Experiment (1977).