Hebrew University of Jerusalem, state-subsidized institution of higher learning in Jerusalem. The foremost university in Israel, it attracts many Jewish students from abroad. Originally inaugurated (1925) on Mount Scopus, it was transferred to Givʿat Ram in the Israeli-controlled sector of

Letter to the Hebrews, anonymous New Testament letter traditionally attributed to St. Paul the Apostle but now widely believed to be the work of another Jewish Christian. Some traditions hold that the author may have been St. Barnabas or perhaps one of Paul’s other associates or later disciples.

velvet water bug, (family Hebridae), any of approximately 120 species of insects in the true bug order, Heteroptera, that are covered with fine, velvetlike hairs. The bodies of these small, plump insects are usually less than 3 mm (0.1 inch) long. Although relatively rare, they can be found in

The Hebrides, Op. 26, concert overture (resembling an operatic overture, though intended for concert performance rather than as a prelude to a theatrical work) by German composer Felix Mendelssohn, a tempestuous one-movement work in sonata form, inspired by the composer’s visit to the Hebrides

Hebrides, group of islands extending in an arc off the Atlantic (west) coast of Scotland. They are subdivided into two groups—the Inner Hebrides to the east and the Outer Hebrides to the west—which are separated from each other by channels called the Minch and the Little Minch. The Outer Hebrides

The Hebrides, Op. 26, concert overture (resembling an operatic overture, though intended for concert performance rather than as a prelude to a theatrical work) by German composer Felix Mendelssohn, a tempestuous one-movement work in sonata form, inspired by the composer’s visit to the Hebrides

The Hebrides, Op. 26, concert overture (resembling an operatic overture, though intended for concert performance rather than as a prelude to a theatrical work) by German composer Felix Mendelssohn, a tempestuous one-movement work in sonata form, inspired by the composer’s visit to the Hebrides

Hebron, city in the West Bank, situated in the southern Judaean Hills south-southwest of Jerusalem. Located about 3,050 feet (930 metres) above sea level, Hebron long benefited from its mountainous clime, which encouraged the cultivation of fruit trees and vineyards. In addition, its location at a

Amedeo Modigliani: …affair with the young painter Jeanne Hébuterne, with whom he went to live on the Côte d’Azur. Their daughter, Jeanne, was born in November 1918. His painting became increasingly refined in line and delicate in colour. A more-tranquil life and the climate of the Mediterranean, however, did not restore the…

Latin literature: Epic and epyllion: With his Hecale, Callimachus had inaugurated the short, carefully composed hexameter narrative (called epyllion by modern scholars) to replace grand epic. The Hecale had started a convention of insetting an independent story. Catullus inset the story of Ariadne on Naxos into that of the marriage of Peleus…

Judaism: Egyptian Jewish literature: As early as 290 bce, Hecataeus of Abdera, a Greek living in Egypt, had remarked that under the Persians and Macedonians the Jews had greatly modified the traditions of their fathers. Other papyri indicate that at least three-fourths of Egyptian Jews had personal names of Greek rather than Hebrew origin.…

Hecataeus of Miletus was a groundbreaking Greek author of an early history and geography. When the Persian Empire ruled Asia Minor, Hecataeus tried to dissuade the Ionians from revolt against Persia (500 bc), and in 494, when they were obliged to sue for terms, he was one of the ambassadors to the

Hecate, goddess accepted at an early date into Greek religion but probably derived from the Carians in southwest Asia Minor. In Hesiod she is the daughter of the Titan Perses and the nymph Asteria and has power over heaven, earth, and sea; hence, she bestows wealth and all the blessings of daily

Hecate Strait, passage of the eastern North Pacific, off central British Columbia, Canada. Stretching south from Dixon Entrance 160 miles (260 km) to Queen Charlotte Sound, the waterway, which ranges in width from 40 to 80 miles (65 to 130 km), separates the Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen

Caria: …the rule of the native Hecatomnid dynasty. One of the rulers, Mausolus (c. 377–353 bce), transferred the capital from Mylasa to Halicarnassus, where his tomb came to rank as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After Alexander the Great, the history of Caria is one of autonomous…

Athens: Athens’s expansion: …to Athena known as the Hecatompedon (Hundred-Footer) was erected on the site later to be occupied by the Parthenon. The pediments (triangular spaces forming the gable) of this temple were decorated with large-scale sculpture in gaily coloured porous limestone, representing groups of lions bringing down bulls and depicting snaky-tailed monsters…

Hecatompylos, ancient Parthian city in western Khurasan and capital of the Iranian Arsacid dynasty. It might have already fallen into decline when the Seleucids revived it as a military outpost about 300 bc. By about 200 bc it was the Arsacid capital and is mentioned as such by Pliny, Strabo, and

Stoicism: Later Roman Stoicism: Hecaton, another of Panaetius’s students and an active Stoic philosopher, also stressed similar ethical themes.

Briareus: …one of three 100-armed, 50-headed Hecatoncheires (from the Greek words for “hundred” and “hands”), the sons of the deities Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth). Homer (Iliad, Book I, line 396) says the gods called him Briareus; mortals called him Aegaeon (lines 403–404). In Homer and Hesiod, Briareus and his brothers…

Hechingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies in the Swabian Alp, southwest of Tübingen. From the 13th century it was the seat of the counts of Zollern (after 1623, princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen); it passed to Prussia in 1850. Hechingen is a rail junction and

Francisco Ayala: …finest story in the book—“El hechizado” (“The Bewitched”)—is a macabre story of the 17th-century Spanish empire and its infirm ruler, Charles II. La cabeza del cordero (1949; “The Lamb’s Head”) is a collection of short stories on similar themes, this time centring on the Spanish Civil War.

Anthony Hecht was an American poet whose elegant tone, mastery of many poetic forms, and broad knowledge and appreciation of literary tradition lent his poetry great richness and depth. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1968. Hecht attended Bard College (B.A., 1944) and Columbia University

Anthony Hecht was an American poet whose elegant tone, mastery of many poetic forms, and broad knowledge and appreciation of literary tradition lent his poetry great richness and depth. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1968. Hecht attended Bard College (B.A., 1944) and Columbia University

Ben Hecht was an American novelist, playwright, and film writer who, as a newspaperman in the 1920s, perfected a type of human interest sketch that was widely emulated. His play The Front Page (1928), written with Charles MacArthur, influenced the public’s idea of the newspaper world and the

Hechtia, genus of semidesert plants of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), consisting of about 35 New World species, chiefly tropical. Several species are cultivated indoors as ornamentals. The spiny-edged leaves of Hechtia species grow in dense rosettes that are purplish above and silvery

Hechuan, former county-level city, Chongqing municipality, south-central China. In 2006 it was incorporated into Chongqing city, becoming a district of that entity. Hechuan district is situated some 30 miles (50 km) northwest of central Chongqing at the confluence of three major rivers draining the

Richard F. Heck: …reaction became known as the Heck reaction (or the Mizoroki-Heck reaction after Japanese chemist Mizoroki Tsutomu, who developed a more practical version of Heck’s original reaction). The technique of palladium catalysis found extensive use in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and electronics industries.

Hawkeye: …writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck. The costumed archer first appeared in Tales of Suspense no. 57 (September 1964).

Richard F. Heck was an American chemist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in using palladium as a catalyst in producing organic molecules. He shared the prize with Japanese chemists Negishi Ei-ichi and Suzuki Akira. Heck received a bachelor’s degree (1952) and a

Richard F. Heck was an American chemist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in using palladium as a catalyst in producing organic molecules. He shared the prize with Japanese chemists Negishi Ei-ichi and Suzuki Akira. Heck received a bachelor’s degree (1952) and a

wind instrument: The Romantic period: Although the Heckel family (Johann Adam Heckel and Wilhelm, his son and successor), also of Biebrich, eventually corrected the faults, the difference between the French and the German bassoon still remains, the former having a reedier, more individual tone and the latter, with its comparative richness, blending…

Erich Heckel was a German painter, printmaker, and sculptor who was one of the founding members of Die Brücke (“The Bridge”), an influential group of German Expressionist artists. He is best known for his paintings and bold woodcuts of nudes and landscapes. In 1904 Heckel began to study

heckelphone, double-reed woodwind instrument resembling the baritone oboe. It was perfected by Wilhelm Heckel in 1904 as a result of a request from the composer Richard Wagner about 20 years earlier for a low-register instrument combining the qualities of the oboe and the alphorn. The heckelphone

heckelphone, double-reed woodwind instrument resembling the baritone oboe. It was perfected by Wilhelm Heckel in 1904 as a result of a request from the composer Richard Wagner about 20 years earlier for a low-register instrument combining the qualities of the oboe and the alphorn. The heckelphone

Friedrich Hecker was a German revolutionary republican politician who led radical forces that demanded that the 1848 revolution establish a republican form of government in Germany. A lawyer, Hecker in 1842 was elected to Baden’s second chamber, where he quickly established himself as the leader of

Isaac Thomas Hecker was a Roman Catholic priest who founded the Paulist Fathers, a diocesan organization for missionary work in New York. Educated in Europe, he was ordained a Redemptorist priest in England (1849) and with four associate priests (Francis A. Baker, George Deshon, Augustine F. Hewit,

Johann Julius Hecker was a German theologian and educator, significant as the founder of secondary schools in which students were prepared for practical life rather than provided a purely classical education. Born into a family of schoolmasters, Hecker was educated in his father’s school, then

James J. Heckman: …develop methods (such as the Heckman correction) for overcoming statistical sample-selection problems. When a sample fails to represent reality, the statistical analyses based on those samples can lead to erroneous policy decisions. The Heckman correction, a two-step statistical approach, offers a means of correcting for sampling errors.

James J. Heckman is an American economist, educator, and winner (with Daniel McFadden) of the 2000 Nobel Prize for Economics for his development of theory and methods used in the analysis of individual or household behavior, such as understanding how people choose where to work, where to live, or

James J. Heckman is an American economist, educator, and winner (with Daniel McFadden) of the 2000 Nobel Prize for Economics for his development of theory and methods used in the analysis of individual or household behavior, such as understanding how people choose where to work, where to live, or

Otto Heckmann was a German astronomer noted for his work in measuring stellar positions and for his studies of relativity and cosmology. He also made notable contributions to statistical mechanics. After obtaining his Ph.D. (1925) at the University of Bonn, Heckmann became assistant astronomer at

Otto Heckmann was a German astronomer noted for his work in measuring stellar positions and for his studies of relativity and cosmology. He also made notable contributions to statistical mechanics. After obtaining his Ph.D. (1925) at the University of Bonn, Heckmann became assistant astronomer at

Eli Filip Heckscher was a Swedish economist and economic historian. Heckscher graduated from the University of Uppsala in 1904, receiving his Ph.D. in 1907. He became a professor in 1909 at the then recently founded Stockholm School of Economics. In 1929 he was one of the founders and director of

Heckscher-Ohlin theory, in economics, a theory of comparative advantage in international trade according to which countries in which capital is relatively plentiful and labour relatively scarce will tend to export capital-intensive products and import labour-intensive products, while countries in

Australia: Education: …on Australian students under a Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) and from international and other fee-paying students. About one-third of operating revenue comes from the HECS income and other fees.

hectare, unit of area in the metric system equal to 100 ares, or 10,000 square metres, and the equivalent of 2.471 acres in the British Imperial System and the United States Customary measure. The term is derived from the Latin area and from hect, an irregular contraction of the Greek word for

mollusk: Reproduction and life cycles: …by a modified arm, or hectocotylus. Copulation in solenogasters, often by means of a special genital cone, may be supported by copulatory stylets. Various penis formations, in part with copulatory stylets, or darts, are widely found in gastropods.

hectograph, direct-process duplicator using either gelatin or the spirit process for making a master copy. The gelatin process, now rarely used, requires the preparation of a special master paper upon which the copy to be duplicated is typed, written, or drawn with a special ink or ribbon. This

Troilus and Cressida: …he brutally massacres the great Hector when that warrior is unarmed. Hector, for his part, is at once the wisest of the Trojans and a captive of his own sense of honour that obliges him to go into battle when his wife and family all warn him of ominous prognostications.…

Hector, in Greek legend, the eldest son of the Trojan king Priam and queen Hecuba. He was the husband of Andromache and the chief warrior of the Trojan army. In Homer’s Iliad he is represented as an ideal warrior and the mainstay of Troy. Hector’s character is drawn in most favorable colors as a

asteroid: Trojan asteroids: …trailing Lagrangian point, and (624) Hektor, near the leading Lagrangian point. It was later decided to continue naming such asteroids after participants in the Trojan War as recounted in Homer’s epic work the Iliad and, furthermore, to name those near the leading point after Greek warriors and those near the…

Toni Collette: …Way Down, the sentimental adventure Hector and the Search for Happiness, and the animated romp The Boxtrolls. Colette then starred as the cancer-stricken best friend of Drew Barrymore’s character in the sentimental drama Miss You Already (2015) and as the mother of a family threatened by a demon during the…

Kicking Horse Pass: …was explored in 1858 by James Hector of Captain John Palliser’s expedition. Hector was kicked by his horse while crossing the pass—whence its name. The Trans-Canada Highway came through the pass in the 1960s.

Hecuba, in Greek legend, the principal wife of the Trojan king Priam, mother of Hector, and daughter, according to some accounts, of the Phrygian king Dymas. When Troy was captured by the Greeks, Hecuba was taken prisoner. Her fate was told in various ways, most of which connected her with the

Hecuba: According to Euripides (in the Hecuba), her youngest son, Polydorus, had been placed under the care of Polymestor, king of Thrace. When the Greeks reached the Thracian Chersonese on their way home, she discovered that her son had been murdered and in revenge put out the eyes of Polymestor and…

Terence: …Adelphoe; The Brothers), 160 bc; Hecyra, second production, 160 bc; Hecyra, third production, 160 bc. These dates, however, pose several problems. The Eunuchus, for example, was so successful that it achieved a repeat performance and record earnings for Terence, but the prologue that Terence wrote, presumably a year later, for…

meteorite: Achondrites: eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites all came from the same asteroidal body, Vesta, the second largest member of the asteroid belt. They have also been linked to the mesosiderites, a group of stony iron meteorites (see below Association of meteorites with asteroids). Examination of HED meteorites shows that…

Willem Claesz. Heda was one of the principal Dutch Baroque still life painters. Early in his career Heda produced some figure subjects, but nearly all of his known works are still lifes, of which the earliest dated example is a vanitas of 1621. His most characteristic works are restrained

Willem Claesz. Heda was one of the principal Dutch Baroque still life painters. Early in his career Heda produced some figure subjects, but nearly all of his known works are still lifes, of which the earliest dated example is a vanitas of 1621. His most characteristic works are restrained

Islamic arts: Persian literatures: …led by its erudite principal Reẕā Qolī Khān Hedāyat, helped to shape the “new” style by making translations from European languages. Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh described his journeys to Europe in the late 1870s in a simple, unassuming style and in so doing set an example for future prose writers.

Sadeq Hedayat was an Iranian author who introduced modernist techniques into Persian fiction. He is considered one of the greatest Iranian writers of the 20th century. Born into a prominent aristocratic family, Hedayat was educated first in Tehrān and then studied dentistry and engineering in

Sadeq Hedayat was an Iranian author who introduced modernist techniques into Persian fiction. He is considered one of the greatest Iranian writers of the 20th century. Born into a prominent aristocratic family, Hedayat was educated first in Tehrān and then studied dentistry and engineering in

Olle Hedberg was a Swedish novelist whose stylistic precision and elegant craftsmanship served to satirize the conventional world of the middle classes. Beginning with Rymmare och fasttagare (1930; Prisoner’s Base), Hedberg produced a full-length novel almost every year for several decades.

Glenda Jackson: …included the title role in Hedda (1975), a film adaptation of a play by Henrik Ibsen; The Incredible Sarah (1976); Stevie (1978); The Return of the Soldier (1982); and Turtle Diary (1985). In the early 1990s she also appeared in a series of TV movies, including A Murder of Quality…

Hedda Gabler, drama in four acts by Henrik Ibsen, published in 1890 and produced the following year. The work reveals Hedda Gabler as a selfish, cynical woman bored by her marriage to the scholar Jørgen Tesman. Her father’s pair of pistols provide intermittent diversion, as do the attentions of the

Peterborough: The cathedral contains the Hedda Stone, an Anglo-Saxon sculpture some 1,200 years old, and the tomb of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife. Apart from the cathedral, gatehouses, and the Church of St. John (1407), there are few other buildings of interest.

stave church: …stave church was built in Heddal, Norway, about 1150. Another typical and well-preserved example of the stave church is the Borgund church (c. 1150) in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. Its complicated, ambulatory plan utilizes freestanding posts in the nave to support the tall central portion of the structure. The…

textile: Early development of the loom: …formed with the aid of heddles (or healds). Usually one heddle is provided for each end, or multiple end, of warp thread, but on some primitive looms simple cloths are produced with heddles provided only for each alternate end. A heddle consists of a short length of cord, wire, or…

heddle loom, device used in weaving that is characterized by heddles—short lengths of wire or flat steel strips—used to deflect the warp to either side of the main sheet of fabric. The heddle is considered to be the most important single advance in the evolution of looms in general. Originally

Hedeby, in medieval Danish history, trade centre at the southeastern base of the Jutland Peninsula on the Schlei estuary. It served as an early focus of national unification and as a crossroads for Western–Eastern European and European–Western Asian trade. One of the earliest Scandinavian urban

hedenbergite, silicate mineral, calcium iron silicate of the pyroxene group closely analogous to diopside

ivy, (genus Hedera), genus of about 15 species of evergreen woody vines (rarely shrubs) in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), native to Europe and much of Asia. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name ivy especially denotes the commonly grown English ivy (Hedera helix),

ivy: … especially denotes the commonly grown English ivy (Hedera helix), which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.

fence: …many places, such as the hedges of Great Britain and continental Europe and the cactus fences of Latin America. In well-timbered country, such as colonial and 19th-century North America, many patterns of timber fence were developed, such as the split rail laid zigzag, the post rail, and the picket. On…

dunnock, (Prunella modularis), a drab, skulking European songbird, a species of accentor belonging to the family Prunellidae. Moving with a jerky, shuffling gait, this abundant but unobtrusive little bird spends much of its time among shrubs and hedgerows but often forages on the ground for tiny

bindweed: Bellbine, or hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium), native to Eurasia and North America, bears arrow-shaped leaves and white to pink 5-cm (2-inch) flowers. This twining perennial grows from creeping underground stems and is common in hedges and woods and along roadsides. Its range tends to coincide…

hedge fund, a company that manages investment portfolios with the goal of generating high returns. A hedge fund collects monetary contributions from its customers and creates portfolios by investing that pool of money across a variety of financial instruments. The goal of a hedge fund is to develop

Hedge funds are one of several types of alternative investments available to high-net-worth individuals and institutions. Hedge fund managers can invest in many different types of markets, including stocks, bonds, and commodities, but they also employ complex strategies such as taking long and

maple: …the popular smaller maples the hedge, or field, maple (A. campestre) and Amur, or ginnala, maple (A. ginnala) are useful in screens or hedges; both have spectacular foliage in fall, the former yellow and the latter pink to scarlet. The Japanese maple (A. palmatum), developed over centuries of breeding, provides…

rocket: Hedge mustard (S. officinale), also a Eurasian species, has pods close to the stem and is naturalized in North America. Tumble mustard, or tall rocket (S. altissimum), is also naturalized in North America and forms a tumbleweed as it dries. London rocket (S. irio) has…

dunnock, (Prunella modularis), a drab, skulking European songbird, a species of accentor belonging to the family Prunellidae. Moving with a jerky, shuffling gait, this abundant but unobtrusive little bird spends much of its time among shrubs and hedgerows but often forages on the ground for tiny

hedgehog, (subfamily Erinaceinae), any of 15 Old World species of insectivores possessing several thousand short, smooth spines. Most species weigh under 700 grams (1.5 pounds), but the common western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) can grow to 1,100 grams. Body length is 14 to 30 cm (5.5

depth charge: The Royal Navy’s Hedgehog depth charge of World War II consisted of a salvo of 24 small high-explosive bombs that could be launched to a distance of 250 yards (228 metres) and which exploded on contact as they sank through the water. Other, more conventional depth charges weighing…

tactics: Bowmen and pikemen: …always form a square or hedgehog, facing outward in all directions while keeping up a steady fire from their crossbows and relying on their pikes to keep the opposing horse at a respectful distance until help arrived. Whereas the Scots inhabited a northern wilderness, the Swiss were located in the…

Sir Isaiah Berlin: …most influential book, however, was The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), in which he divides the world’s thinkers into those (the foxes) who, like Aristotle and Shakespeare, “knew many things,” and those (the hedgehogs) who, like Plato and Dante, “knew one big thing.” Berlin’s essays on various topics were collected…

hedgehog cactus, (genus Echinocereus), genus of about 60 species of cacti (family Cactaceae), native from central Mexico to the western United States. The common name hedgehog refers to the spiny fruit, which is edible in many species. Hedgehog cacti are usually cylindroid and many-stemmed and are

mushroom: Other mushrooms: …these are the hydnums or hedgehog mushrooms, which have teeth, spines, or warts on the undersurface of the cap (e.g., Dentinum repandum, Hydnum imbricatum) or at the ends of branches (e.g., H. coralloides, Hericium caput-ursi). The polypores, shelf fungi, or bracket fungi (order Polyporales) have tubes under the cap as…

skate: …little, or hedgehog, skate (Leucoraja erinacea) of the western Atlantic, for example, is adult at a length of 50–54 cm (20–21.3 inches) or less. In contrast, both the big skate (Beiringraja binoculata) of the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the common skate (Dipturus batis) of the western North Atlantic…

Palmer Hayden was an African American painter who came to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance. He is known best for his seascapes and his lively depictions of everyday life in Harlem. Peyton Cole Hedgeman (as he was originally named) started drawing when he was a child. He moved to Washington,

hedgerow, Fence or boundary formed by a dense row of shrubs or low trees. Hedgerows enclose or separate fields, protect the soil from wind erosion, and serve to keep cattle and other livestock enclosed. To lay a hedge, the trunks of closely planted saplings of species suitable for hedgerows (e.g.,

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: …organization founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1889–1940), a physician living in the Maharashtra region of India, as part of the movement against British rule and as a response to rioting between Hindus and Muslims.

Hedging is a method of reducing the risk of loss caused by price fluctuation. A hedge consists of the purchase or sale of equal quantities of the same or a very similar asset (e.g., a commodity or a portfolio of stocks), approximately simultaneously, in two different markets with the expectation

China: Dong (Eastern) Han: …dated from the reign of Hedi (88–105/106), when the court once more came under the influence of consorts’ families and eunuchs. The succession of emperors became a matter of dexterous manipulation designed to preserve the advantages of interested parties. The weakness of the throne can be judged from the fact…

Sven Anders Hedin was a Swedish explorer who led a series of expeditions through Central Asia that resulted in important archaeological and geographical findings. Travels in the Caucasus, Persia, and Mesopotamia when he was 20 and an appointment as an interpreter for the Swedish-Norwegian mission

The Fly: …on Andre Delambre (played by David Hedison), a French Canadian scientist whose experiment with the transference of matter goes awry when a common housefly enters his laboratory’s experimentation chamber. To the horror of his wife, Helene (Patricia Owens), Andre emerges from the chamber with a fly’s head and arm. The…

Hejaz, region of western Saudi Arabia, along the mountainous Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula from Jordan on the north to Asir region on the south. The northern part of the province was occupied as early as the 6th century bce, when the Chaldean kings of Babylon maintained Taymāʾ as a summer

William Hedley was an English coal-mine official and inventor who built probably the first commercially useful steam locomotive of the adhesion type (i.e., dependent on friction between wheels and rails, as are almost all modern railway engines). He patented his design on March 13, 1813, and in

medal: The Baroque period: The Swiss Johann Carl Hedlinger (1691–1771) was trained in Paris, became court medalist in Stockholm, and produced numerous historical medals on commission. His portraits are the most elegant and individualistic effigies of the 18th century. The European medal was dominated by the court style of Versailles. The…

Sverre Fehn: His Hedmark Cathedral Museum (1979) in Hamar, Nor., was built astride the historic ruins of a 14th-century cathedral and manor house. Some of Fehn’s other notable museum designs include the Aukrust Center (completed 1996) in Alvdal, Nor., and the Norwegian Museum of Photography (completed 2001) in…

environmental economics: Revealed-preferences method: …revealed-preferences method is called the hedonic approach.