Jan Baptista van Helmont was a Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist who recognized the existence of discrete gases and identified carbon dioxide. Van Helmont was born into a wealthy family of the landed gentry. He studied at Leuven (Louvain), where he finished the course in

Vertigo: …behest of Gavin Elster (Tom Helmore), a college friend who wants Stewart to follow his wife, Madeleine (Kim Novak), and ascertain the purpose of her peculiar behaviour. Stewart unexpectedly falls in love with her, only to witness her suicide. Devastated by Madeleine’s death, Scottie later encounters Judy Barton (Novak)…

The Office: Cast and characters: Later seasons introduced series regular Ed Helms as insecure and status-obsessed salesperson Andy Bernard.

Jesse Helms was an American politician and longtime member of the U.S. Senate (1973–2003), who was a leading figure in the conservative movement. Nicknamed “Senator No,” he was perhaps best known for his vehement opposition to civil rights and gay rights. Helms, the son of the chief of police in

Jesse Helms was an American politician and longtime member of the U.S. Senate (1973–2003), who was a leading figure in the conservative movement. Nicknamed “Senator No,” he was perhaps best known for his vehement opposition to civil rights and gay rights. Helms, the son of the chief of police in

Susan Helms is a U.S. astronaut and Air Force officer who was the first U.S. military woman in space (1993) and, with astronaut James Voss, performed the longest space walk (2001). Helms received a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs,

Susan Helms is a U.S. astronaut and Air Force officer who was the first U.S. military woman in space (1993) and, with astronaut James Voss, performed the longest space walk (2001). Helms received a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs,

Cuba: Cuba since 1991: Congress passed the Helms-Burton law, which threatened sanctions against foreign-owned companies investing in Cuba. In 1999 prominent dissidents in Cuba were jailed and repressive laws enacted, prompting further international criticism. In the early 21st century, Cuba benefited from a petroleum-trade agreement with Venezuela and eased some of its…

Hamburg: Cultural life: The Helms-Museum, in the Harburg district, is a local museum for the part of Hamburg south of the Elbe but also houses antiquities representing the prehistory and early history of the whole territory. The Ernst-Barlach-Haus, in Jenisch Park, was founded in 1961–62 by another great patron…

Helmstedt, city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany, east of Braunschweig (Brunswick). Probably founded in the 9th century, it was chartered in 1050, joined the Hanseatic League in 1426, and passed to Brunswick in 1490. In 1576 Julius, duke of Brunswick, founded a university there

Helmand River, river in southwestern Afghanistan and eastern Iran, about 715 miles (1,150 km) long. Rising in the Bābā Range in east-central Afghanistan, it flows southwestward across more than half the length of Afghanistan before flowing northward for a short distance through Iranian territory

Helmuth von Moltke was the chief of the Prussian and German General Staff (1858–88) and the architect of the victories over Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1871). Moltke’s father, a man of unstable character, belonged to the nobility of Mecklenburg, his mother to an old family of the

Helnaes Stone, runic monument found at Fyn, Den., in 1860; it is among the oldest inscriptions with so-called Danish runes and is the first Danish example of a stone with the memorial formula: “[Person’s name] raised this stone in memory of.” The monument measures about 6 feet 10 inches (2 m) in

angiosperm: Fertilization and embryogenesis: In helobial endosperm formation, a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern. Helobial endosperm is most commonly found in the Alismatales (monocotyledons). In many plants,…

home equity line of credit (HELOC), a type of loan that uses a borrower’s equity in his house as collateral. In a home equity line of credit (HELOC), the lender agrees to provide up to a certain amount of money to the borrower within a specified period, the amount depending on the amount of equity

Your home might be your castle and your most precious asset, but it also can be a source of funding for anything from building an addition to covering the costs of a wedding. There are two main ways to tap into the equity built up in your home: a home equity line of credit (HELOC) and a second

lizard: Dentition: The venomous lizards (Heloderma) have a longitudinal groove or fold on the inner side of each mandibular tooth; these grooves conduct the venom from the lizard to its victim.

Gila monster: A closely related species, the Mexican beaded lizard (H. horridum), is slightly larger (to 80 cm [about 32 inches]) and darker but otherwise similar in appearance.

Gila monster, (Heloderma suspectum), one of two species of North American venomous lizards in the genus Heloderma of the family Helodermatidae. The Gila monster (H. suspectum) was named for the Gila River basin and occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It grows to about 50

lizard: Annotated classification: Superfamily Varanoidea Family Helodermatidae (Gila monsters and beaded lizards) Venomous; grooved hollow fangs in lower jaw; heavy-bodied. Skin texture “beaded.” Oligocene to present; southwest United States and Mexico. Adult length to 50 cm (20 in.) in Gila monster, 80 cm (32 in.) in beaded lizard. 1 genus (Heloderma),…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Scirtidae, or Helodidae (marsh beetles) Small, oval; on vegetation in swampy places; aquatic larvae; about 600 species; widely distributed; example Scirtes. Superfamily Staphylinoidea Very large group; antennae with last 3 segments rarely club-shaped; outer skeleton rarely very hard, shiny; wing veins M (media) and Cu (cubitus) not connected;

mongoose: Natural history: … (Mungos mungo), dwarf mongooses (genus Helogale), and meerkats, live in large groups. Litters usually consist of two to four young.

mongoose: …with the smallest being the dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula), which measures 17–24 cm (7–10 inches) with a 15–20-cm (approximately 6–8-inch) tail. The largest mongoose is the white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), whose body length measures 48–71 cm (about 19–28 inches) long with a tail that may extend up to an additional…

Héloïse was the wife of the theologian and philosopher Peter Abelard, with whom she was involved in one of the best known love tragedies of history. Fulbert, Héloïse’s uncle and a canon of Notre-Dame, entrusted Abelard with the education of his brilliant niece (c. 1118). The two fell in love and

plant bug: Helopeltis theivora is the tea blight bug of Southeast Asia. It is both common and highly destructive.

perciform: Aquarium fishes: …and the kissing gourami (Helostoma temmincki), and various gobies (Gobiidae), blennies, and blennylike fishes of the suborder Blennioidei.

gourami: …in the families Osphronemidae and Helostomatidae in the order Perciformes and native to Asia. One of the most familiar is the giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy), a Southeast Asian fish that is caught or raised for food; it has been introduced elsewhere. This species is a compact oval fish with a…

helot, a state-owned serf of the ancient Spartans. The ethnic origin of helots is uncertain, but they were probably the original inhabitants of Laconia (the area around the Spartan capital) who were reduced to servility after the conquest of their land by the numerically fewer Dorians. After the

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Helotiales Pathogenic on plants, saprotrophic, endophytic, mycorhizzal, mycoparasitic, or symbiotic on roots; inoperculate asci with distinct hymenium; apothecia disk-shaped to goblet-shaped; example genera include Dactylella, Hymenoscyphus, and Ascocoryne. Order Rhytismatales

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Helotidae About 80 species in warm parts of Asia. Family Languriidae Feed on plant leaves and stems; about 400 species; e.g., Languria; mostly in Asia and North America. Family Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles)

Charles Hélou was the president of Lebanon from 1964 to 1970. Hélou was educated at St. Joseph’s University (1919–29) in Beirut and received a law degree from the French faculty of law there. He founded two French-language newspapers, L’Eclair du Nord (Aleppo, 1932) and Le Jour (Beirut, 1935–46).

Charles Hélou was the president of Lebanon from 1964 to 1970. Hélou was educated at St. Joseph’s University (1919–29) in Beirut and received a law degree from the French faculty of law there. He founded two French-language newspapers, L’Eclair du Nord (Aleppo, 1932) and Le Jour (Beirut, 1935–46).

Kris Kristofferson: Music career: …1971’s best country song: “Help Me Make It Through the Night.” He recorded about a dozen of his own albums during the 1970s, three of which were collaborations with country singer Rita Coolidge, to whom he was married from 1973 to 1979. Their first album, Full Moon (1973), went…

Terry Gilliam: …Harvey Kurtzman, the editor of Help!, a national humour magazine. His efforts won him a job at the publication, and his work there led to an initial meeting with English comic actor John Cleese, a future Monty Python member.

Ringo Starr: Joining the Beatles: …(both 1964); “Act Naturally” on Help! (1965); “Yellow Submarine” on Revolver (1966); and “With a Little Help from My Friends” on Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). In the late 1960s Starr began songwriting, contributing “Octopus’s Garden” to Abbey Road (1969).

Richard Lester: …by another enjoyable Beatles-Lester collaboration, Help! (1965).

Jessica Chastain: …of Life and the blockbuster The Help. In the latter, Chastain portrayed an ostracized housewife who hires an African American maid (Octavia Spencer) to fool her husband into thinking that she knows how to cook and do housework. For her performance, Chastain earned an Academy Award nomination.

helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. These cells include B cells, which produce antibodies needed to

helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. These cells include B cells, which produce antibodies needed to

helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. These cells include B cells, which produce antibodies needed to

helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. These cells include B cells, which produce antibodies needed to

Hinton Rowan Helper was the only prominent American Southern author to attack slavery before the outbreak of the American Civil War (1861–65). His thesis widely influenced Northern opinion and served as an important force in the antislavery movement. Despite his limited education, Helper was

Alexander Israel Helphand was a Russian-German socialist who helped enable Lenin to reenter Russia in 1917 from exile in Switzerland, thus helping to ignite the Russian Revolution of October 1917. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) Helphand, the son of Jewish parents, grew up in

Sir Robert Helpmann was an Australian ballet dancer, choreographer, actor, and director. His career encompassed activities in ballet, theatre, and motion pictures. Helpmann first appeared on the stage in 1923 as a dancer in musical comedy, and then, after seeing Anna Pavlova dance, he joined

Sir Robert Helpmann was an Australian ballet dancer, choreographer, actor, and director. His career encompassed activities in ballet, theatre, and motion pictures. Helpmann first appeared on the stage in 1923 as a dancer in musical comedy, and then, after seeing Anna Pavlova dance, he joined

chess: Heterodox problems: …such unusual stipulation is a helpmate: Black moves first and cooperates with White to get checkmated in a specified number of moves. Another is the selfmate, in which White moves first and forces Black—who is not cooperating—to deliver mate in the specified number of moves. (See the composition.) In a…

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Pieter Bruegel II, the Younger was a Flemish painter of rustic and religious scenes and of visions of hell or Hades. The eldest son of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the young Pieter studied first under his grandmother, the miniaturist Maria Verhulst, and then in Antwerp. He painted largely in the

Helsingborg, city and seaport, Skåne län (county), southern Sweden. Situated at the narrowest part of The Sound (Öresund), opposite the Danish town of Helsingør (Elsinore), it is the most convenient place for motor traffic to cross to and from the European continent. Because of its situation,

Helsinki, capital and largest city of Finland. It is the leading seaport and industrial city of the country. Helsinki lies in the far south of Finland, on a peninsula fringed by fine natural harbors that protrudes into the Gulf of Finland. The most northerly of continental European capitals,

Helsingin Sanomat, morning daily newspaper published in Helsinki, the largest paper in Finland and the only one of substance that remains free of political-party control. The newspaper was founded in 1889 by Eero Erkko as the Päivälehti. In 1904 it was suppressed, but it resumed publication some

Helsingør, city, northeastern Denmark. It lies on the northeast coast of Zealand (Sjælland), at the narrowest part of The Sound (Øresund), opposite Helsingborg, Sweden, with which it is connected by ferry. A toll for crossing The Sound was introduced in medieval times, and Helsingør, which had been

Helsinki, capital and largest city of Finland. It is the leading seaport and industrial city of the country. Helsinki lies in the far south of Finland, on a peninsula fringed by fine natural harbors that protrudes into the Gulf of Finland. The most northerly of continental European capitals,

Helsinki 1952 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Helsinki that took place July 19–August 3, 1952. The Helsinki Games were the 12th occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The 1952 Summer Games were the first Olympics in which the Soviet Union participated (a Russian team had last competed in

Helsinki Accords, (August 1, 1975), major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; now called the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). The Helsinki Accords were primarily an effort to

Baltic Sea: Study and exploration: …by Baltic countries of the Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, an agreement that was put into effect in 1980, revised in 1992, and reimplemented in 2000. The Helsinki Convention was one of the first international attempts to control land-based sources of…

Helsinki Accords, (August 1, 1975), major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of the first Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; now called the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). The Helsinki Accords were primarily an effort to

Helsinki Olympic Stadium, stadium in Helsinki that was designed by architects Yrjö Lindegren and Toivo Jäntti. It was constructed between 1934 and 1938. The stadium is a landmark piece of Finnish Functionalist architecture. Lindegren and Jäntti won a competition to design the stadium in the 1930s.

Robert Kajanus: In 1882 he founded the Helsinki Orchestral Society, the first complete symphony orchestra in Finland; in 1914 it united with the state’s symphony orchestra. He remained its conductor until 1932 and became known as the authoritative interpreter of the works of his friend Jean Sibelius. Kajanus also founded choral and…

Susanna Mälkki: …as chief conductor of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra beginning in 2016–17.

Helsinki process, series of events that followed the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; now called the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) in 1972 and that culminated in the signing of the Helsinki Accords in 1975. Seeking to reduce tension between the

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of the European continent as a

Human Rights Watch, international nongovernmental organization that investigates and documents human rights violations and advocates for policies to prevent such abuses. Founded in 1978 as Helsinki Watch to monitor the Soviet Union’s adherence to the Helsinki Accords, the group subsequently

Ukraine: Ukraine under Shcherbytsky: …rights provisions, in 1975, the Helsinki Watch Group was founded in Ukraine, headed by the poet Mykola Rudenko; by the end of the 1970s, its members were almost all in concentration camps or in exile abroad. The expirations of political prisoners’ sentences were increasingly followed by rearrest and new sentences…

Declaration of Helsinki, formal statement of ethical principles published by the World Medical Association (WMA) to guide the protection of human participants in medical research. The Declaration of Helsinki was adopted in 1964 by the 18th WMA General Assembly, at Helsinki. Although not without its

Finland: Education: …country achieved independence are the University of Helsinki, founded at Turku in 1640 and transferred to Helsinki in 1828, and the Helsinki University of Technology, founded in 1849. Instruction is offered in Finnish, Swedish, and often in English. State aid for higher education is available. Adult education and continuing education…

Bartholomeus van der Helst was a Dutch Baroque painter who was one of the leading portraitists of Amsterdam in the mid-17th century. Helst’s first known picture, Regents of the Walloon Orphanage (1637), is closely related to the work of Nicolaes Eliasz. Pickenoy, suggesting that the latter may have

Ralph Helstein was an American labor union official who was president of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) from 1946 to 1968. Helstein graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1929 and received his law degree there in 1934. He immediately took a position as a labor compliance

Helston, town (parish), Cornwall unitary authority, southwestern England. It lies on the River Cober, about 2.5 miles (4 km) from Mount’s Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. In the 13th century Helston, lying in the extreme southwest of England, was western Cornwall’s most important town, having a harbour

Paul McCartney: The Beatles: …in the USSR,” and “Helter Skelter” (all 1968), but above all he has an extraordinary gift for melodies and sometimes tags an entirely new one on to the end of a song, as he did with “Hey Jude” (1968). This facility extends to his bass playing, which is famously…

Charles Manson: …crimes inspired the best-selling book Helter Skelter (1974). See also Tate murders.

Colorado Rockies: …outfielder Matt Holliday, first baseman Todd Helton, and All-Star relief pitcher Brian Fuentes went on a remarkable late-season run, winning 14 of their final 15 games, to win the franchise’s second NL Wild Card. Their hot streak extended to the playoffs, where the Rockies swept both the Philadelphia Phillies and…

halvah, any of several confections of Balkan and eastern Mediterranean origin, made with honey, flour, butter, and sesame seeds or semolina, pressed into loaf form or cut into squares. Halvah is made with a variety of colourings and flavourings. Its texture is characteristically gritty and crisp.

forging: …the old-fashioned smith’s technique, called helve-hammer forging, is used. The striking force is delivered by a wooden helve (handle) operating with the motion of a hand sledge. The helve hammer is usually used for preparatory and finishing operations.

cup fungus: Caution is advised for all Helvella species. H. infula has a dull yellow to bay-brown, saddle-shaped cap. It grows on rotten wood and rich soil from late summer to early fall and is poisonous to some people.

cup fungus: The edible snow mushroom (Helvella gigas) is found at the edge of melting snow in some localities. Caution is advised for all Helvella species. H. infula has a dull yellow to bay-brown, saddle-shaped cap. It grows on rotten wood and rich soil from late summer to early…

cup fungus: …a dull yellow to bay-brown, saddle-shaped cap. It grows on rotten wood and rich soil from late summer to early fall and is poisonous to some people.

Benjamin Nathan Cardozo: …wrote a majority opinion for Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619, and other Social Security cases (1937), upholding the federal Social Security program on the basis of the general welfare provision of the United States Constitution (Article I, section 8). In Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937), a criminal…

Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. Switzerland’s administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Switzerland’s small size—its total area is about half that of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication of its international significance. A

Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. Switzerland’s administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Switzerland’s small size—its total area is about half that of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication of its international significance. A

Helvetic Confession, either of two confessions of faith officially adopted by the Reformed Church in Switzerland. The First Helvetic Confession (also called the Second Confession of Basel) was composed in 1536 by Heinrich Bullinger and other Swiss delegates, assisted by reformer Martin Bucer of

Helvetic Republic, republic constituting the greater part of Switzerland, founded on March 29, 1798, after the country had been conquered by Revolutionary France. The new republic excluded both Geneva, which was annexed to France (April 1798), and the three provinces of Valtellina, Chiavenna, and

Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. Switzerland’s administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Switzerland’s small size—its total area is about half that of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication of its international significance. A

Helvetii, a Celtic people who, under pressure from Germanic peoples in the 2nd century bc, migrated from southern Germany into what is now northern Switzerland. In 61 bc, still pressed upon by the Germans, the Helvetii under Orgetorix decided to migrate to western Gaul; more than 250,000 of them

Helvetic Republic, republic constituting the greater part of Switzerland, founded on March 29, 1798, after the country had been conquered by Revolutionary France. The new republic excluded both Geneva, which was annexed to France (April 1798), and the three provinces of Valtellina, Chiavenna, and

Claude-Adrien Helvétius was a philosopher, controversialist, and wealthy host to the Enlightenment group of French thinkers known as Philosophes. He is remembered for his hedonistic emphasis on physical sensation, his attack on the religious foundations of ethics, and his extravagant educational

Helvidius Priscus was a Roman Stoic who forcefully upheld the principle that the emperor should act only with the consent of the Senate. Though the son of a centurion, he rose to the Senate in the reign of Nero and became praetor in 70 ce. Later his uncompromising freedom of speech brought him into

Domitian: Domitian’s reign of terror and assassination: …and headed by the younger Helvidius Priscus, whose father of the same name had been executed by Vespasian. Their Stoic views were probably the cause of Domitian’s expulsions of “philosophers” from Rome on two occasions. At least 12 former consuls were executed during his reign, but there is no reason…

Ḥulwān, ancient settlement, now a southern suburb of Cairo, Al-Qāhirah (Cairo) muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt. It lies near the right (east) bank of the Nile River. After Egypt gained independence in 1952, it grew into an industrial suburb linked to Cairo by highway and electric railway. Ḥulwān was

Ḥulwān: …74-inch (188-cm) reflecting telescope, and Ḥulwān (Helwan) University (1975) are in the city. The meteorologic station (1904) was one of the first in Egypt.

number symbolism: Arithmomancy: …beast? The German Protestant scholar Andreas Helwig in 1612 added up the Roman numerals in the phrase Vicarius Filii Dei (“Vicar of the Son of God,” a title falsely ascribed to the pope) and omitted all the other letters (that is, I = 1, V [and U, which appears as…

Helwingia, genus of three species of shrubs, constituting the family Helwingiaceae in the order Aquifoliales. Native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia, all of the species in the genus have simple leaves and an unusual manner of flower growth. The plants are dioecious (male and female flowers on

Thomas Helwys was an English Puritan leader, member of a Separatist group that emigrated to Amsterdam (1608), where he helped organize the first Baptist church. Returning to England (1611/12) to witness to his belief in adult Baptism and greater individual moral responsibility (against extreme

Urticaceae: Major genera and species: Baby tears (Helxine soleiroli), a mosslike creeping plant with round leaves, often is grown as a ground cover. The trumpet tree (Cecropia peltata), a tropical American species that has hollow stems inhabited by biting ants, is an extremely aggressive invasive species in areas outside its…

Hippolyte Hélyot was a French historian and Franciscan friar whose greatest work provides the definitive and most detailed source of information on Roman Catholic religious orders and lay congregations up to the end of the 17th century. After entering the Franciscan convent of Picpus in Paris in

Hippolyte Hélyot was a French historian and Franciscan friar whose greatest work provides the definitive and most detailed source of information on Roman Catholic religious orders and lay congregations up to the end of the 17th century. After entering the Franciscan convent of Picpus in Paris in

major industrial polymers: HEMA and cyanoacrylate polymers: …methyl methacrylate are the monomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl cyanoacrylate, denoted by the chemical formulas

Hemachandra was a teacher of the Shvetambara (“White-Robed”) sect of Jainism who gained privileges for his religion from Siddharaja Jayasimha, one of the greatest kings of Gujarat. Eloquent and erudite, Hemachandra also succeeded in converting the next king, Kumarapala, thus firmly entrenching

cobra: The ringhals, or spitting cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus), of southern Africa and the black-necked cobra (Naja nigricollis), a small form widely distributed in Africa, are spitters. Venom is accurately directed at the victim’s eyes at distances of more than two metres (6.5 feet) and may cause temporary,…