Asghar Farhadi: …his next film, Ghahreman (2021; A Hero), a businessman on a two-day leave from debtors’ prison attempts to secure an early release, but his plan goes awry; Farhadi also penned the drama.

Herod was the Roman-appointed king of Judaea (37–4 bce), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other public buildings and generally raised the prosperity of his land but who was the center of political and family intrigues in his later years. The New Testament portrays him as a

Herod Agrippa I was the king of Judaea (41–44 ce), a clever diplomat who through his friendship with the Roman imperial family obtained the kingdom of his grandfather, Herod I the Great. He displayed great acumen in conciliating the Romans and Jews. After Agrippa’s father, Aristobulus IV, was

Herod Agrippa II was the king of Chalcis in southern Lebanon from 50 ce and tetrarch of Batanaea and Trachonitis in south Syria from 53 ce, who unsuccessfully mediated with the rebels in the First Jewish Revolt (66–70 ce). He was a great-grandson of Herod I the Great. Agrippa II was raised and

Herod Antipas was the son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch (ruler of a minor principality in the Roman Empire) of Galilee, in northern Palestine, and Peraea, east of the Jordan River and Dead Sea, and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth’s ministry. In the Gospel According to Luke (13:32),

Herod Archelaus was the son and principal heir of Herod I the Great as king of Judaea, deposed by Rome because of his unpopularity with the Jews. Named in his father’s will as ruler of the largest part of the Judaean kingdom—Judaea proper, Idumaea, and Samaria—Archelaus went to Rome (4 bc) to

Philip was the son of Herod I the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem (not to be confused with another Herod Philip, son of Herod I the Great by Mariamne II). He ruled ably as tetrarch over the former northeastern quarter of his father’s kingdom of Judaea. When the Roman emperor Augustus adjusted

Herod was the Roman-appointed king of Judaea (37–4 bce), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other public buildings and generally raised the prosperity of his land but who was the center of political and family intrigues in his later years. The New Testament portrays him as a

Jerusalem: Architecture: …wall: the New, Damascus, and Herod’s gates to the north, the St. Stephen’s (or Lion’s) Gate to the east, the Dung and Zion gates to the south, and the Jaffa Gate to the west. An eighth gate, the Golden Gate, to the east, remains sealed, however, for it is through…

Herodas was a Greek poet, probably of the Aegean island of Cos, author of mimes—short dramatic scenes in verse of a world of low life similar to that portrayed in the New Comedy. His work was discovered in a papyrus in 1890 and is the largest collection of the genre. It is written in rough iambic

Herodes Atticus was the most celebrated of the orators and writers of the Second Sophistic, a movement that revitalized the teaching and practice of rhetoric in Greece in the 2nd century ce. Herodes was born into an immensely wealthy Athenian family that had received Roman citizenship during the

Herod was the Roman-appointed king of Judaea (37–4 bce), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other public buildings and generally raised the prosperity of his land but who was the center of political and family intrigues in his later years. The New Testament portrays him as a

Herodes Atticus was the most celebrated of the orators and writers of the Second Sophistic, a movement that revitalized the teaching and practice of rhetoric in Greece in the 2nd century ce. Herodes was born into an immensely wealthy Athenian family that had received Roman citizenship during the

Stéphane Mallarmé: …in 1864 and 1865, respectively, Hérodiade (“Herodias”) and L’Après-midi d’un faune (“The Afternoon of a Faun”), the latter being the work that inspired Claude Debussy to compose his celebrated Prélude a quarter of a century later.

Herodian was a Greek grammarian of Alexandria who is important primarily for his work on Greek accents. A son of the grammarian Apollonius Dyscolus, Herodian settled in Rome under the emperor Marcus Aurelius, to whom he dedicated a treatise on accentuation and quantity entitled Katholikē prosōdia

Herodian, one of a party of influential Jewish supporters of the Herodian dynasty (c. 55 bc–c. ad 93), which ruled in all or parts of Palestine and neighbouring areas. Noted in the New Testament as opponents of Jesus, they probably were not a political party or a religious sect. They probably

biblical literature: Rule by the Herods: The Herods who followed were under the control of Rome. Herod the Great, son of Antipater of Idumaea, was made king of Judaea, having sided with Rome, and he ruled with Roman favor (37–4 bce). Though he was a good statesman…

Herodian was a Greek grammarian of Alexandria who is important primarily for his work on Greek accents. A son of the grammarian Apollonius Dyscolus, Herodian settled in Rome under the emperor Marcus Aurelius, to whom he dedicated a treatise on accentuation and quantity entitled Katholikē prosōdia

Herodias was the wife of Herod Antipas, who was tetrarch (ruler of a minor principality in the Roman Empire) of Galilee, in northern Palestine, and Peraea, east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. She conspired to arrange the execution of John the Baptist. Her marriage to Herod Antipas (himself

Oskar Kokoschka: World War II and after: …are perhaps best characterized by Herodotus (1960–63), a luminously painted picture of the Greek historian as he is inspired by visions of historical figures that appear above his head; it is Kokoschka’s tribute to the importance of memory. His late style is calmer and brighter than that of his early…

Herodotus was the Greek author of the first great narrative history produced in the ancient world, the History of the Greco-Persian Wars. Scholars believe that Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus, a Greek city in southwest Asia Minor that was then under Persian rule. The precise dates of his birth

David Bowie: …Low and its sequels, “Heroes” (1977) and Lodger (1979), would prove to be Bowie’s most influential and lasting, serving as a blueprint for a later generation of techno-rock. In the short run, they marked the end of his significant mass audience impact, though not his sales—thanks mostly to Rodgers.

Rick Riordan: …explore mythology, Riordan wrote the Heroes of Olympus series. Although it features a new set of main characters, individuals from the Percy Jackson series occasionally make appearances. The five books in the series were The Lost Hero (2010), The Son of Neptune (2011), The Mark of Athena (2012), The House…

Anthony Mann: The 1960s: epics: The Heroes of Telemark (1965) had large-scale World War II action, with Douglas and Richard Harris as resistance fighters battling Norway’s Nazi occupiers. Mann started the Cold War spy thriller A Dandy in Aspic (1968) but died in the midst of production, and it was…

Dave Eggers: …diagnose contemporary societal ills, and Heroes of the Frontier (2016), which chronicles a recently divorced dentist’s efforts to heal from the effects of a series of misfortunes by taking her children on a road trip to Alaska. His nonfiction work The Monk of Mokha (2018) is about an aspiring coffee…

Das Heldenbuch, collection of German metrical romances of the 13th century. The individual poems deal with heroic themes of the struggles and conquests of the Germanic tribes during the great migrations. The poems of the Heldenbuch belong to two cycles. One group deals with the Ostrogothic sagas of

Heldenlieder, body of short, poignant poetic songs celebrating dramatic, and usually tragic, episodes in the lives of the Germanic heroes. Other themes concerned pagan religious ritual, battle songs, and laments for the dead. The heroic lay originated c. 375–500, during the period of the great

Antoine Héroët was a Renaissance court poet whose works are representative of the amalgam of Platonism and Christian humanism that produced the modern concept of Platonic love. A member of the court surrounding Margaret of Angoulême, sister of Francis I and later queen of Navarre, Héroët is chiefly

Eroica Symphony, symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, known as the Eroica Symphony for its supposed heroic nature. The work premiered in Vienna on April 7, 1805, and was grander and more dramatic than customary for symphonies at the time. It was Beethoven’s largest solely instrumental work. It has

Su Shi: …as the founder of the haofang (“heroic abandon”) school of writing. The optimism Su demonstrated in his private and political life can be seen also in his poems, many of which vividly describe his own experiences.

heroic poetry: …to a dimly defined “heroic age” when a generation of superior beings performed extraordinary feats of skill and courage. The heroic age varies in different native literatures. The epics of Homer created in the 8th century bc centre on a war with Troy that may have occurred about 1200…

heroic couplet, a couplet of rhyming iambic pentameters often forming a distinct rhetorical as well as metrical unit. The origin of the form in English poetry is unknown, but Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century was the first to make extensive use of it. The heroic couplet became the principal

heroic play, a type of play prevalent in Restoration England during the 1660s and 1670s. Modeled after French Neoclassical tragedy, the heroic play was written in rhyming pentameter couplets. Such plays presented characters of almost superhuman stature, and their predominant themes were exalted

Antarctica: The heroic era of exploration: During the first two decades of the 20th century, commonly called the “heroic era” of Antarctic exploration, great advances were made in not only geographic but also scientific knowledge of the continent. At the turn of the century, expeditions scrambled to…

Giordano Bruno: Works: …De gli eroici furori (1585; The Heroic Frenzies), Bruno, making use of Neoplatonic imagery, treats the attainment of union with the infinite One by the human soul and exhorts man to the conquest of virtue and truth.

heroic verse, the verse form in which the heroic poetry of a particular language is, or according to critical opinion should be, composed. In classical poetry this was dactylic hexameter, in French the alexandrine, in Italian the hendecasyllabic line, and in English iambic

heroic verse, the verse form in which the heroic poetry of a particular language is, or according to critical opinion should be, composed. In classical poetry this was dactylic hexameter, in French the alexandrine, in Italian the hendecasyllabic line, and in English iambic

heroic play, a type of play prevalent in Restoration England during the 1660s and 1670s. Modeled after French Neoclassical tragedy, the heroic play was written in rhyming pentameter couplets. Such plays presented characters of almost superhuman stature, and their predominant themes were exalted

heroic poetry, narrative verse that is elevated in mood and uses a dignified, dramatic, and formal style to describe the deeds of aristocratic warriors and rulers. It is usually composed without the aid of writing and is chanted or recited to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument. It is

Heroic Polonaise, solo piano piece by Polish French composer Frédéric Chopin, known and nicknamed for its forthright “heroic” character, cast rhythmically as a polonaise—a Polish court dance in waltz time. The piece was probably begun in 1842 and was published the following year. Since its

heroic prose, narrative prose tales that are the counterpart of heroic poetry in subject, outlook, and dramatic style. Whether composed orally or written down, the stories are meant to be recited, and they employ many of the formulaic expressions of oral tradition. A remarkable body of this prose

heroic stanza, in poetry, a rhymed quatrain in heroic verse with rhyme scheme abab. The form was used by William Shakespeare and John Dryden, among others, and was also called an elegiac stanza after the publication in the mid-18th century of Thomas Gray’s poem “An Elegy Written in a Country Church

fornaldarsǫgur, class of Icelandic sagas dealing with the ancient myths and hero legends of Germania, with the adventures of Vikings, or with other exotic adventures in foreign lands. These stories take place on the European continent before the settlement of Iceland. Though the existing

heroic stanza, in poetry, a rhymed quatrain in heroic verse with rhyme scheme abab. The form was used by William Shakespeare and John Dryden, among others, and was also called an elegiac stanza after the publication in the mid-18th century of Thomas Gray’s poem “An Elegy Written in a Country Church

heroic play, a type of play prevalent in Restoration England during the 1660s and 1670s. Modeled after French Neoclassical tragedy, the heroic play was written in rhyming pentameter couplets. Such plays presented characters of almost superhuman stature, and their predominant themes were exalted

heroic verse, the verse form in which the heroic poetry of a particular language is, or according to critical opinion should be, composed. In classical poetry this was dactylic hexameter, in French the alexandrine, in Italian the hendecasyllabic line, and in English iambic

Matamoros, city, northern Tamaulipas estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It is situated on the southern bank of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), 28 miles (45 km) from the Gulf of Mexico and across from Brownsville, Texas. Matamoros, founded in 1824, was the scene of bitter fighting in the

Nogales, city and port of entry, north-central Sonora estado (state), northern Mexico, contiguous with the U.S. city of Nogales, Santa Cruz county, Arizona. It is an important transportation hub and warehouse centre, especially for agricultural products from the irrigated farmlands of Sonora and

Zitácuaro, city, northeastern Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico, near the border of México state. It is on the western slopes of the Zitácuaro Mountains, at 6,549 feet (1,996 metres) above sea level. Zitácuaro was the scene of 19th-century battles, both in the wars for independence from

Ovid: Life: …Epistolae Heroidum, or Heroides (Epistles of the Heroines), the Medicamina faciei (“Cosmetics”; Eng. trans. The Art of Beauty), the Ars amatoria (The Art of Love), and the Remedia amoris (Remedies for Love), all reflecting the brilliant, sophisticated, pleasure-seeking society in which he moved. The common theme of those early…

heroin, highly addictive morphine derivative that makes up a large portion of the illicit traffic in narcotics. Heroin is made by treating morphine with acetic anhydride; the resulting substance is four to eight times as potent as morphine. (Morphine is an alkaloid found in opium, which is the

the Velvet Underground: …had written songs, such as “Heroin” and “Venus in Furs,” that reflected his interest in the graphic, narrative realism of novelists Raymond Chandler and Hubert Selby, Jr. With guitarist Morrison (a Syracuse classmate of Reed’s) and percussionist MacLise, Reed on guitar and vocals and Cale on piano, viola, and bass…

Gisele Bündchen: …controversial look known as “heroin chic”—an extremely thin physique paired with pale skin, dark undereye circles, and often disheveled hair and clothing. In the same year, she was named Model of the Year, an honour jointly awarded by Vogue and the American cable-television network VH1.

pottery: Porcelain: …ports were mostly executed by C.F. Herold (cousin to the Obermaler) and J.G. Heintze. Perhaps the most important early wares are the chinoiseries, which appear in great variety. The first work of the kind, much of it painted by the Hausmaler Bartholomäus Seuter, is in gold silhouette followed by polychrome…

John Wilkes Booth: …with another of the conspirators, David Herold, Booth fled through Maryland, stopping to have his leg treated by Samuel A. Mudd, a Maryland doctor who would later be convicted of conspiracy. A massive manhunt ensued, fueled by a $100,000 reward. Booth and Herold hid for days in a thicket of…

Ferdinand Hérold was a French composer of early romantic operas who stands midway between D.-F.-E. Auber and Jacques Offenbach in the development of the opéra comique. Hérold studied under C.-S. Catel and E.-N. Méhul and won the Prix de Rome in 1812. He was court pianist in Naples, where he

Ferdinand Hérold was a French composer of early romantic operas who stands midway between D.-F.-E. Auber and Jacques Offenbach in the development of the opéra comique. Hérold studied under C.-S. Catel and E.-N. Méhul and won the Prix de Rome in 1812. He was court pianist in Naples, where he

Heron of Alexandria was a Greek geometer and inventor whose writings preserved for posterity a knowledge of the mathematics and engineering of Babylonia, ancient Egypt, and the Greco-Roman world. Heron’s most important geometric work, Metrica, was lost until 1896. It is a compendium, in three

heron, any of about 60 species of long-legged wading birds, classified in the family Ardeidae (order Ciconiiformes) and generally including several species usually called egrets. The Ardeidae also include the bitterns (subfamily Botaurinae). Herons are widely distributed over the world but are most

Heron Island, coral formation of the Capricorn Group, in the southern Great Barrier Reef, in the Coral Sea, off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The island, with an area of 42 acres (17 hectares), is thickly wooded, though tourism has led to some erosion, and it lies within a lagoon 12

Heron of Alexandria was a Greek geometer and inventor whose writings preserved for posterity a knowledge of the mathematics and engineering of Babylonia, ancient Egypt, and the Greco-Roman world. Heron’s most important geometric work, Metrica, was lost until 1896. It is a compendium, in three

Heron’s formula, formula credited to Heron of Alexandria (c. 62 ce) for finding the area of a triangle in terms of the lengths of its sides. In symbols, if a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides: Area = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) where s is half the perimeter, or (a + b +

Giorgio Bassani: …later novels include L’airone (1968; The Heron), a portrait of a lonely Ferrarese landowner during a hunt. This novel received the Campiello Prize for best Italian prose work. Bassani also wrote L’odore del fieno (1972; The Smell of Hay). His collections of poetry include Rolls Royce and Other Poems (1982),…

Herodas was a Greek poet, probably of the Aegean island of Cos, author of mimes—short dramatic scenes in verse of a world of low life similar to that portrayed in the New Comedy. His work was discovered in a papyrus in 1890 and is the largest collection of the genre. It is written in rough iambic

heron: …are grouped in colonies called heronries.

storksbill, any of several flowering plants of the genus Erodium, in the geranium family (Geraniaceae), of worldwide distribution. Many species are wild flowers useful in garden borders and rock gardens; some are used for forage; and a number of them are weedy. The common names refer to the

Herophilus was an Alexandrian physician who was an early performer of public dissections on human cadavers, and is often called the father of anatomy. As a member of the well-known scholastic community in the newly founded city of Alexandria during the single, brief period in Greek medical history

Temple of Artemis: …burned by a madman named Herostratus in 356 bce. The Artemesium was famous not only for its great size, over 350 by 180 feet (about 110 by 55 metres), but also for the magnificent works of art that adorned it. The temple was destroyed by invading Goths in 262 ce…

Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult: …is also noted for the Héroult electric furnace named for him, which found widespread use in the manufacture of aluminum and ferroalloys, first in Europe and later throughout the world.

Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult: …is also noted for the Héroult electric furnace named for him, which found widespread use in the manufacture of aluminum and ferroalloys, first in Europe and later throughout the world.

Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult was a French chemist who invented the electric-arc furnace—widely used in making steel—and, independently of the simultaneous work of Charles M. Hall of the United States, devised the electrolytic process for preparing aluminum. This process made low-priced aluminum

Bruce Ames: The Ames test: Known as the HERP (human exposure/rodent potency) index, the system rates carcinogenesis according to the degree to which a chemical induces tumour growth in experimental animals. Ames considered HERP to be “an index of possible hazard.” Drawing on HERP data, he and colleagues wrote in a letter to…

jaguarundi, (Puma yagouaroundi), small, unspotted New World cat (family Felidae), also known as the otter-cat because of its otterlike appearance and swimming ability. The jaguarundi is native to forested and brushy regions, especially those near water, from South America to the southwestern United

herpangina, mild viral infection with sudden onset that is caused by several types of enteroviruses and seen most commonly in young children, generally between ages 3 and 10. The most distinctive symptom is a rash on the mucous membranes inside the mouth. The lesions in the mouth are round macules

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Herpelidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; perforate stapes (or stirrup bone) but lack separate septomaxillae and prefrontal bone; 2 genera, 9 species; Africa. Family Ichthyophiidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; tail present; mouth subterminal (partially recessed); premaxillae not fused with nasals;

herpes simplex, infection of either the skin or the genitalia caused by either of two strains of herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is transmitted orally and is responsible for cold sores and fever blisters, typically occurring around the mouth, whereas herpes simplex virus

Elizabeth Stern: …linking a specific virus (herpes simplex virus) to a specific cancer (cervical cancer). For another phase of her research she studied a group of more than 10,000 Los Angeles county women who were clients of the county’s public family planning clinics. In a 1973 article in the journal Science,…

herpes simplex: HSV-1: HSV-1 is generally associated with infections in and around the mouth and with other infections above the waist. Typically, infection is characterized by a cluster of small blisters or watery vesicles on the skin or on mucous membranes. Clusters most frequently occur on the…

herpes simplex: HSV-2: The sexually transmitted disease genital herpes is associated primarily with HSV-2. The virus is highly contagious and may be transmitted by individuals who are lifelong carriers but who remain asymptomatic (and may not even know they are infected). Infections are most often acquired through…

herpes zoster, acute viral infection affecting the skin and nerves, characterized by groups of small blisters appearing along certain nerve segments. The lesions are most often seen on the back or side and may be preceded by a dull ache in the affected site. Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation

mongoose: Classification: Genus Herpestes (common mongooses)10 species of Africa, southern Asia, and southern Europe.Genus Galerella (slender mongooses)4 African species.Genus Bdeogale (black-legged mongooses)3

mongoose: …and southern Europe and the Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsi), made famous as Rikki-tikki-tavi in Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books (1894 and 1895). The meerkat (Suricata suricatta) is also a member of the mongoose family. The colloquial term mongoose may also include Malagasy mongooses—a group of five species found on…

mongoose: …Herpestes, among which are the Egyptian mongoose, or ichneumon (H. ichneumon), of Africa and southern Europe and the Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsi), made famous as Rikki-tikki-tavi in Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books (1894 and 1895). The meerkat (Suricata suricatta) is also a member of the mongoose family. The colloquial…

mongoose: Natural history: Some species, mainly the Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) but also the Indian gray mongoose, were introduced to numerous islands, including Mafia Island (off the coast of East Africa), Mauritius, and those of Croatia, Hawaii, and Fiji. Originally intended to help control rodents

mongoose: Classification: Family Herpestidae (mongooses)33 species in 14 genera of Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, and southern Europe.Genus Herpestes (common mongooses)10 species of Africa, southern Asia, and southern Europe.Genus Galerella

herpesvirus, any virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are pathogenic (disease-causing) in a wide variety of animals, causing disease in humans, monkeys, birds, frogs, and fish. The herpesviruses are characterized structurally by virions (virus particles) measuring

herpesvirus, any virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are pathogenic (disease-causing) in a wide variety of animals, causing disease in humans, monkeys, birds, frogs, and fish. The herpesviruses are characterized structurally by virions (virus particles) measuring

herpetology, scientific study of amphibians and reptiles. Like most other fields of vertebrate biology (e.g., ichthyology, mammalogy), herpetology is composed of a number of cross-disciplines: behaviour, ecology, physiology, anatomy, paleontology, taxonomy, and others. Most students of recent forms

falcon: The laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) of the wooded lowlands of Central and South America is a noisy brown bird that eats snakes. The prairie falcon (F. mexicanus), a desert falcon, inhabits canyon and scrub country in western North America.

Marxism: The contributions of Engels: …in Science, better known as Anti-Dühring), and an unfinished work, Dialektik und Natur (Dialectics of Nature), which he had begun around 1875–76. The importance of these writings to the subsequent development of Marxism can be seen from Lenin’s observation that Engels “developed, in a clear and often polemical style, the…

Bertolt Brecht: …und sein Knecht Matti (1948; Herr Puntila and His Man Matti), a Volksstück (popular play) about a Finnish farmer who oscillates between churlish sobriety and drunken good humour; and The Caucasian Chalk Circle (first produced in English, 1948; Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, 1949), the story of a struggle for possession of…

Bertolt Brecht: …und sein Knecht Matti (1948; Herr Puntila and His Man Matti), a Volksstück (popular play) about a Finnish farmer who oscillates between churlish sobriety and drunken good humour; and The Caucasian Chalk Circle (first produced in English, 1948; Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, 1949), the story of a struggle for possession of…

Herbert Thacker Herr was a U.S. engineer who made important improvements in steam turbines. After working for various U.S. railroads as a machinist and draftsman for seven years, Herr became a general superintendent of the Norfolk & Western Railway, Roanoke, Va., in 1906. Two years earlier he had

John K. Herr was a U.S. Army officer who was the last branch chief of cavalry (1938–42). He was a controversial figure for his lifelong belief that cavalry—properly trained, equipped, and used—still had a role in modern mechanized warfare. Herr attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania,

John K. Herr was a U.S. Army officer who was the last branch chief of cavalry (1938–42). He was a controversial figure for his lifelong belief that cavalry—properly trained, equipped, and used—still had a role in modern mechanized warfare. Herr attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania,

American literature: Literary biography and the new journalism: …to subjective journalism such as Michael Herr’s Dispatches (1977). The mood of the period also encouraged strong works of autobiography, such as Frank Conroy’s Stop-Time (1967) and Lillian Hellman’s personal and political memoirs, including An Unfinished Woman (1969) and Scoundrel Time (1976). Robert M. Pirsig’s Zen and the

encyclopaedia: Early development: …Hortus deliciarum of the abbess Herrad (died 1195), comprised a magnificent illuminated manuscript with 636 miniatures, intended to help and edify the nuns in her charge. Bartholomaeus Anglicus based his De proprietatibus rerum (1220–40) on the works of St. Isidore and Pliny. It was designed for ordinary people and became…

metalwork: Renaissance to modern: …vessel, known as a “Herrengrund cup,” is purely ornamental and resembles the showpieces made in the 16th and 17th centuries. These mugs are made of copper that was extracted by a process known as cementation, in which water containing copper forms a deposit on iron. Production was limited to…

Prussia: The kingdom from 1815 to 1918: …Upper, Chamber, officially named the Herrenhaus (House of Lords) in 1854, was composed of representatives of the great landed proprietors and of the large towns, and of members nominated by the king, some for life and some with hereditary right. The Second, or Lower, Chamber was elected by all taxpayers,…

Nazism: Totalitarianism and expansionism: …the German master race, or Herrenvolk, would rule over a hierarchy of subordinate peoples and organize and exploit them with ruthlessness and efficiency. With the initial successes of the military campaigns of 1939–41, his plan was expanded into a vision of a hemispheric order that would embrace all of Europe,…