Tay-Sachs disease: …low activity of the enzyme hexosaminidase A allows an unusual sphingolipid, ganglioside GM2, to accumulate in the brain, where it soon exerts devastating effects on neurological function. In some affected children, the enzyme is present but the sphingolipid accumulates nonetheless. Tay-Sachs infants appear normal at birth but become listless and…

Philadelphia Flyers: …the presence of star goaltender Ron Hextall, the team’s play fell off in the early 1990s, and the Flyers missed the playoffs each season between 1989–90 and 1993–94. In 1992 the team acquired centre Eric Lindros, who became one of the biggest stars in the NHL in his eight seasons…

historiography: The presentation of history: The American historian Jack Hexter wrote entertainingly about this issue, pointing out that excessive quotation breaks up the flow of the narrative and introduces discordant voices into the text. On the other hand, there are times when a point can be made only with the exact words of…

vitamin C, water-soluble, carbohydrate-like substance that is involved in certain metabolic processes of animals. Although most animals can synthesize vitamin C, it is necessary in the diet of some, including humans and other primates, in order to prevent scurvy, a disease characterized by soreness

antimicrobial agent: Antiseptics and germicides: …creosote, while such bisphenols as hexyl resorcinol and hexachlorophene are widely used as antiseptic agents in soaps. Chlorine and iodine are both extremely effective agents and can be used in high dilution. Chlorine is widely used in the disinfection of drinking-water supplies, and among its derivatives, the hypochlorite solutions (e.g.,…

hookworm: Infection and treatment: Hexylresorcinol has no serious contraindications, is effective against 80 percent of the worms, and removes 90 percent of A. lumbricoides on a single treatment. Mass treatment, with other anthelminthics, of large groups of heavily infected persons has been successful in reducing the incidence of hookworm,…

Elvis Costello: Later albums: …traditional pop vocal album; and Hey Clockface (2020).

Neil Young: Harvest, Rust Never Sleeps, and Harvest Moon: …the main character in “Hey Hey, My My.” Thus, Young’s reenergized reaction to punk sharply contrasted with that of his aging peers, who generally felt dismissed or threatened. It also demonstrated how resistant he was to nostalgia—a by-product of his creative restlessness.

Paul McCartney: The Beatles: …as he did with “Hey Jude” (1968). This facility extends to his bass playing, which is famously melodic though often overlooked. A multi-instrumentalist, McCartney also played drums on some Beatles tracks and played all the instruments on some of his solo albums, as well as lead guitar at concerts.

Sarah Polley: She then codirected Hey Lady! (2020– ), a digital comedy series centring on a senior citizen who challenges societal norms and sometimes even the law; each episode was just five minutes long. In 2022 she earned praise for Women Talking, an adaptation of Miriam Toews’s novel, which was…

Douglas Coupland: …novels included Miss Wyoming (1999), Hey Nostradamus! (2003), JPod (2006), The Gum Thief (2007), and Worst. Person. Ever. (2013). In addition, Coupland penned the screenplay for Everything’s Gone Green (2006), and he cocreated and cowrote the TV series jPod (2008), which was based on his 2006 novel. Bit Rot: Stories

oceanic ridge: Pacific Ocean: …spreading centres, the American geophysicist Richard N. Hey developed the idea of the propagating rift. In this phenomenon, one branch of a spreading centre ending in a transform fault lengthens at the expense of the spreading centre across the fault. The rift and fault propagate at one to five times…

Kızıl Adalar: …islands, Büyükada (Prinkipo, ancient Pityoussa), Heybeli Ada (Halki, ancient Chalcitis), Burgaz Adası (Antigoni, ancient Panormos), and Kınalı Ada (Proti). Büyükada was Leon Trotsky’s home for a time after his exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. Heybeli Ada has a branch of the Turkish naval academy.

Shaykh Ḥaydar was one of the founders of the Ṣafavid state (1501–1736) in Iran. Ḥaydar inherited the leadership of the Ṣafavid order, a Shīʿite Muslim movement centred on Ardabīl (now in northwest Iran). He was raised in the city of Amid, but when the Kara Koyunlu empire in western Iran

Jan van der Heyden was a leading painter of cityscapes in late-17th-century Holland, especially known for his views of Amsterdam done in the 1660s. Little is known of his early life, though it is recorded that van der Heyden studied under a Dutch glass painter. In 1650 van der Heyden’s family moved

Reinhard Heydrich was a Nazi German official who was Heinrich Himmler’s chief lieutenant in the Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), the paramilitary corps commonly known as the SS. He played a key role in organizing the Holocaust during the opening years of World War II. Heydrich’s father, who

Reinhard Heydrich was a Nazi German official who was Heinrich Himmler’s chief lieutenant in the Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), the paramilitary corps commonly known as the SS. He played a key role in organizing the Holocaust during the opening years of World War II. Heydrich’s father, who

Thor Heyerdahl was a Norwegian ethnologist and adventurer who organized and led the famous Kon-Tiki (1947) and Ra (1969–70) transoceanic scientific expeditions. Both expeditions were intended to prove the possibility of ancient transoceanic contacts between distant civilizations and cultures. For

German literature: Expressionism: Georg Trakl, Georg Heym, and Gottfried Benn created terrifying images of war, urban life, oppression, and illness in their lyric poetry, and, although Trakl expressed a visionary mysticism in his battlefield scenes, Heym and Benn presented reality as grotesque, distorted, and starkly unrelieved. At the same time,…

I. Michael Heyman was an American scholar known for his academic career at the University of California at Berkeley and for spearheading the digitization of the archives of the Smithsonian Institution during his tenure as secretary (CEO). Despite Heyman’s early interest in science—he qualified to

I. Michael Heyman was an American scholar known for his academic career at the University of California at Berkeley and for spearheading the digitization of the archives of the Smithsonian Institution during his tenure as secretary (CEO). Despite Heyman’s early interest in science—he qualified to

Corneille Heymans was a Belgian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for his discovery of the regulatory effect on respiration of sensory organs associated with the carotid artery in the neck and with the aortic arch leading from the heart. After taking his

Corneille Heymans was a Belgian physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for his discovery of the regulatory effect on respiration of sensory organs associated with the carotid artery in the neck and with the aortic arch leading from the heart. After taking his

Piet Heyn was an admiral and director of the Dutch West India Company who captured a Spanish treasure fleet (1628) with 4,000,000 ducats of gold and silver (12,000,000 gulden, or florins). That great naval and economic victory provided the Dutch Republic with money to continue its struggle against

library: Later developments: The library’s next director, C.G. Heyne, enthusiastically followed the same principles, with the result that Göttingen became the best-organized library in the world.

Jaroslav Heyrovský was a Czech chemist who received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1959 for his discovery and development of polarography. Educated at the Charles University (Universita Karlova) of Prague and at University College, London, Heyrovský worked in London under Sir William Ramsay and

Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse was a German writer and prominent member of the traditionalist Munich school who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910. Heyse studied classical and Romance languages and traveled for a year in Italy, supported by a research grant. After completing his studies

Heysel Stadium disaster: FC and Juventus at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium. The disaster was blamed on hooliganism, mistakes by officials, and structural issues with the stadium.

Heysel Stadium disaster, incident in which a crush of football (soccer) fans resulted in 39 deaths and some 600 injuries. It occurred on May 29, 1985, during a match between Liverpool FC and Juventus at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium. The disaster was blamed on hooliganism, mistakes by

philosophy of mathematics: Logicism, intuitionism, and formalism: …was developed by Brouwer’s student Arend Heyting and somewhat later by the British philosopher Michael Dummett. Brouwer and Heyting endorsed intuitionism in conjunction with psychologism, but Dummett did not, and the view is consistent with various nonpsychologistic views—e.g., Platonism and nominalism.

DuBose Heyward: Dorothy Heyward (1890–1961) attended G.P. Baker’s Workshop 47 at Harvard University and had a play produced on Broadway in 1924. She was most effective as a collaborator with her husband and others.

DuBose Heyward was an American novelist, dramatist, and poet whose first novel, Porgy (1925), was the basis for a highly successful play, an opera, and a motion picture. At the age of 17 Heyward worked on the waterfront, where he observed the black Americans who were to become the subject of his

DuBose Heyward was an American novelist, dramatist, and poet whose first novel, Porgy (1925), was the basis for a highly successful play, an opera, and a motion picture. At the age of 17 Heyward worked on the waterfront, where he observed the black Americans who were to become the subject of his

Jasper Heywood was a Jesuit priest and poet whose translations of the works of the Roman playwright Seneca, including Troades (1559), Thyestes (1560), Hercules furens (1561), and other plays issued as Seneca His Tenne Tragedies Translated into English (1581), influenced English drama. A son of the

John Heywood was a playwright whose short dramatic interludes helped put English drama on the road to the fully developed stage comedy of the Elizabethans. He replaced biblical allegory and the instruction of the morality play with a comedy of contemporary personal types that illustrate everyday

Bo Xilai and Gu Kailai: On November 15, 2011, Neil Heywood, a British businessman who had dealt with Bo and Gu for 15 years, was found dead in a hotel room in Chongqing. The death was immediately ascribed to “excessive alcohol consumption,” but on February 6, 2012, former Chongqing police chief Wang Lijun, whom…

Thomas Heywood was an English actor-playwright whose career spans the peak periods of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. Heywood apparently attended the University of Cambridge, though his attendance there remains undocumented. After arriving in London sometime before 1598, he joined Philip Henslowe’s

Hezbollah, Shiʿi Lebanese political party and militant group that first emerged during Lebanon’s civil war as a militia after the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982. Since the 2000s it has been one of the foremost political forces in Lebanon, a multiconfessional country whose political system

Hezbollah, Shiʿi Lebanese political party and militant group that first emerged during Lebanon’s civil war as a militia after the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982. Since the 2000s it has been one of the foremost political forces in Lebanon, a multiconfessional country whose political system

Hezekiah was the son of Ahaz, and the 13th successor of David as king of Judah at Jerusalem. The dates of his reign are often given as about 715 to about 686 bc, but inconsistencies in biblical and Assyrian cuneiform records have yielded a wide range of possible dates. Hezekiah reigned at a time

Manchu-Tungus languages: Classification and linguistic characteristics: For example, Ho-chen (Hezhe), usually considered a dialect of Nanai, is phonologically similar to the Manchu group, but morphologically similar to the Tungus group. This ambiguity has led some scholars to propose a third branch, the Central group, for Manchu-Tungus languages. Undoubtedly, the patterns of contact with…

Bar Hebraeus: …was an encyclopaedia of philosophy, Ḥēʾwath ḥekkmthā (“The Butter of Wisdom”), in which he commented on every branch of human knowledge in the Aristotelian tradition. Another was his Chronography, consisting of a secular history from the time of creation and an ecclesiastical history of the patriarchate of Antioch and the…

hafnium (Hf), chemical element (atomic number 72), metal of Group 4 (IVb) of the periodic table. It is a ductile metal with a brilliant silvery lustre. The Dutch physicist Dirk Coster and the Hungarian Swedish chemist George Charles von Hevesy discovered (1923) hafnium in Norwegian and Greenland

radar: Over-the-horizon radar: …the shortwave, or high-frequency (HF), portion of the radio band (from 3 to 30 MHz). The advantage of the HF band is that radio waves of these frequencies are refracted (bent) by the ionosphere so that the waves return to the Earth’s surface at long distances beyond the horizon,…

Robert Morris Page: …the first successful demonstration of high-frequency over-the-horizon (HF OTH) radar, whose propagating waves are refracted by the Earth’s ionosphere. The detection of ships, aircraft, and ballistic missiles was thereby extended out to about 3,200 km (2,000 miles), approximately 10 times the range of microwave radars, which are limited to the…

direction finder: …these devices were known as HF/DF, or Huff Duff. The use of HF/DF is given much credit, along with microwave radar and Ultra (a project for decoding encrypted German military messages), for the eventual defeat of the very serious German submarine threat.

hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), any of several organic compounds composed of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. HFCs are produced synthetically and are used primarily as refrigerants. They became widely used for this purpose beginning in the late 1980s, with the introduction of the Montreal Protocol, which

high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), sweetener derived from processed cornstarch in which some glucose is converted into fructose, resulting in a mixture of the two sugars. Because fructose is the sweetest of the naturally occurring sugars, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is at least as sweet as

food desert: Improving access to healthy foods: Barack Obama proposed the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI), which encouraged retailers to bring healthy foods to impoverished urban and rural communities. A large share of subsequent funding for HFFI went to community-development financial institutions for lending to food retailers in food deserts.

Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI), Christian ministry that builds and renovates housing for families in need. HFHI was founded in 1976 by American philanthropist Millard Dean Fuller and his wife, Linda Fuller. The group gained wide recognition because of the involvement of former president

metabolic disease: Galactose and fructose disorders: Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is caused by a deficiency of the liver enzyme fructose-1-phosphate aldolase. Symptoms of HFI appear after the ingestion of fructose and thus present later in life than do those of galactosemia. Fructose is present in fruits, table sugar (sucrose), and infant…

Herschel: Herschel discovered a galaxy, HFLS 3, that was forming stars at a rate more than 2,000 times that of the Milky Way even though HFLS 3 was observed only 880 million years after the big bang; accepted theories of galaxy formation could not explain how such a massive and…

Golden Globe Award: …awards presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) in recognition of outstanding achievement in motion pictures and television during the previous year. Within the entertainment industry, the Golden Globes are considered second in importance both to the Academy Awards (for film) and to the Emmy Awards (for television),…

episome: …(such a cell is designated Hfr). F+ and Hfr cells act as donors during conjugation, a mating process in certain bacteria (e.g., Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia, Pseudomonas). During conjugation, cells lacking the episome (called F- cells) may receive either the episome (from an F+ cell) or the episome plus the chromosomal…

hantavirus: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: …first group is known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). These illnesses typically develop within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure (sometimes later) and are characterized by acute fever, severe headache, blurred vision, and nausea. Severe forms, such as those involving Dobrava virus or Hantaan virus, can result in…

hepatitis: Hepatitis F and G: …water are attributed to the hepatitis F virus (HFV), which was first reported in 1994. Another virus isolated in 1996, the hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a cause of sexually transmitted and bloodborne cases of hepatitis. HGV causes acute and chronic forms of the disease and often infects persons already…

mercury (Hg), chemical element, liquid metal of Group 12 (IIb, or zinc group) of the periodic table. atomic number80 atomic weight200.592 melting point−38.83 °C (−37.89 °F) boiling point356.62 °C (673.91 °F) specific gravity13.5 at 20 °C (68 °F) valence1, 2 electron configuration2-8-18-32-18-2 or

growth hormone (GH), peptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. GH is synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells called somatotrophs, which release between one and two milligrams of

coal utilization: Grindability: …is used to calculate the Hardgrove grindability index (HGI). The index is used as a guideline for sizing the grinding equipment in a coal-preparation plant.

Human Genome Project (HGP), an international collaboration that successfully determined, stored, and rendered publicly available the sequences of almost all the genetic content of the chromosomes of the human organism, otherwise known as the human genome. The Human Genome Project (HGP), which

progeria: …major types of progeria are Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), which has its onset in early childhood, and Werner syndrome (adult progeria), which occurs later in life. A third condition, Hallerman-Streiff-François syndrome, is characterized by the presence of progeria in combination with dwarfism and other features of abnormal growth. Progeria is…

Television in the United States: The 1990s: the loss of shared experience: …home improvement and gardening (Home and Garden Television [HGTV]), comedy (Comedy Central), documentaries (Discovery Channel), animals (Animal Planet), and a host of other interests. The Golf Channel and the Game Show Network were perhaps the most emblematic of how far target programming could go during this era. By the…

hepatitis: Hepatitis F and G: …virus isolated in 1996, the hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a cause of sexually transmitted and bloodborne cases of hepatitis. HGV causes acute and chronic forms of the disease and often infects persons already infected with HCV.

Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), in economics and finance, a measure of the competitiveness of an industry in terms of the market concentration of its participants. Developed by the American economist Orris C. Herfindahl and the German economist Albert O. Hirschman, it is based on the following

star cluster: OB and T associations: …related variables, nonvariable stars, and Herbig-Haro objects—small nebulosities 10,000 astronomical units in diameter, each containing several starlike condensations in configurations similar to the Trapezium, Theta Orionis, in the sword of Orion. These objects are considered to be star groups at the very beginning of life.

Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), in economics and finance, a measure of the competitiveness of an industry in terms of the market concentration of its participants. Developed by the American economist Orris C. Herfindahl and the German economist Albert O. Hirschman, it is based on the following

Hughes Medical Institute, American philanthropic foundation, established in 1953 by the aviator and industrialist Howard Hughes. From its offices in Chevy Chase, Md., the organization subsidizes biomedical research at hospitals and universities throughout the United States, chiefly in genetics,

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for carrying out government programs and policies relating to human health, welfare, and income security. Established in 1980 when responsibility for education was removed from the

Albanian literature: …Mid’hat Frashëri, who subsequently wrote Hi dhe shpuzë (1915; “Ashes and Embers”), a book of short stories and reflections of a didactic nature.

Hi Records, American record label founded in 1957 by guitarist Ray Harris and Memphis record store owner Joe Cuoghi. Through its first decade, Hi carved a niche for itself in the pop market with instrumental hits by Elvis Presley’s former bassist Bill Black (b. Sept. 17, 1926, Memphis, Tenn.—d.

In the early 1970s Memphis’s chain of racially mixed musics made by integrated musicians—from the output of Sun Records to that of Stax/Volt and Chips Moman’s American Sound Studios—was broken, largely as a consequence of urban blight and the coalition-splintering shock of the assassination of

Haumea: The larger moon, Hi‘iaka, is named after the goddess of the island of Hawaii and of the hula, while the smaller moon, Namaka, is named after a water spirit. Hi‘iaka and Namaka have orbital periods of 49 and 18 days and masses about 0.5 and 0.05 percent that…

phonograph: …what is known as a high-fidelity sound system.

cymbal: …foot pedal (as in the hi-hat) and may be brushed or struck in the closed or open position, or a single cymbal may be struck with a brush or a hard- or soft-ended drumstick. From the late 20th century, some composers specified using a bow to sound a cymbal. Additional…

Billy Crudup: Early roles and breakout performance in Almost Famous: the Abbotts (1997), Stephen Frears’s The Hi-Lo Country (1998), and Alison Maclean’s Jesus’ Son (1999). He also had a few lead parts—as a parolee who falls for his brother’s wife in Grind (1997), American long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine in Without Limits (1998), and a congressional candidate haunted by his deceased…

Ho-musubi, in the Shintō religion of Japan, a god of fire. His mother, the female creator Izanami, was fatally burned giving birth to him; and his father, Izanagi, cut him into pieces, creating several new gods. The fire god is revered as a purificatory agent as much as out of fear for his

From 1985 to 2021 Carl Hiaasen wrote a popular syndicated opinion column for The Miami Herald. Hiaasen’s acerbic, often humorous columns tackled both Florida-specific and national issues. A lifelong Florida resident and fierce defender of the state’s natural ecosystems, he is known for exposing and

Hialeah, city, Miami-Dade county, southeastern Florida, U.S. It lies on the Miami Canal, just northwest of Miami. The area was originally inhabited by Tequesta and later by Seminole Indians. Settled in 1921 by aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss and Missouri cattleman James H. Bright, the name is

Hialeah: The Hialeah Park horse-racing track (opened 1925) became famous for its elaborate landscaping and flamingos. Everglades National Park is about 15 miles (25 km) southwest of the city. Inc. 1925. Pop. (2010) 224,669; (2020) 223,109.

hiatus, in prosody, a break in sound between two vowels that occur together without an intervening consonant, both vowels being clearly enunciated. The two vowels may be either within one word, as in the words Vienna and naive, or the final and initial vowels of two successive words, as in the

Hiawatha, (Ojibwa: “He Makes Rivers”), a legendary chief (c. 1450) of the Onondaga tribe of North American Indians, to whom Indian tradition attributes the formation of what became known as the Iroquois Confederacy. In his miraculous character, Hiawatha was the incarnation of human progress and

false arborvitae, (Thujopsis dolabrata), ornamental and timber evergreen tree or shrub of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to Japan. It is closely related to the arborvitae (q.v.) but has larger leaves, marked on the underside with depressed white bands. The trees are often 35 metres (115

P-38: …satisfy the requirement, and designers Hall Hibbard and Kelly Johnson designed the P-38 around a pair of liquid-cooled in-line Allison engines, turbo-supercharged for high-altitude performance. For the airframe they adopted a unique “twin-boom” configuration, in which pilot and armament were contained in a central pod and the engines were mounted…

Leo Pinsker: …a newly formed Zionist group, Ḥibbat Ẕiyyon (“Love of Zion”), made him one of its leaders. In 1884 he convened the Kattowitz (Katowice, Pol.) Conference, which established a permanent committee with headquarters in Odessa. Although Ḥibbat Ẕiyyon (later Ḥovevei Ẕiyyon [“Lovers of Zion”]) was crippled by lack of funds, it…

Leo Pinsker: …a newly formed Zionist group, Ḥibbat Ẕiyyon (“Love of Zion”), made him one of its leaders. In 1884 he convened the Kattowitz (Katowice, Pol.) Conference, which established a permanent committee with headquarters in Odessa. Although Ḥibbat Ẕiyyon (later Ḥovevei Ẕiyyon [“Lovers of Zion”]) was crippled by lack of funds, it…

history of publishing: Britain: …the scholarly type were the Hibbert Journal (1902–70), a nonsectarian quarterly for the discussion of religion, philosophy, sociology, and the arts; the Times Literary Supplement (founded 1902), important for the completeness of its coverage of all aspects of books and bibliographical matters; International Affairs (founded 1922), the journal of Chatham…

Moonlight: The child (Alex Hibbert) refuses to speak but allows Juan to buy him a meal. Juan and his girlfriend, Teresa (Janelle Monáe), take him into their home, where the boy says that his name is Chiron and that he is called Little, but he refuses to say…

Toots and the Maytals: The members were Toots Hibbert (original name Frederick Hibbert; b. December 8, 1942, Maypen, Jamaica—d. September 11, 2020, Kingston), Nathaniel (“Jerry”) Matthias (or McCarthy; b. c. 1945, Jamaica), and Henry (“Raleigh”) Gordon (b. c. 1945, Jamaica).

Toots and the Maytals: The members were Toots Hibbert (original name Frederick Hibbert; b. December 8, 1942, Maypen, Jamaica—d. September 11, 2020, Kingston), Nathaniel (“Jerry”) Matthias (or McCarthy; b. c. 1945, Jamaica), and Henry (“Raleigh”) Gordon (b. c. 1945, Jamaica).

Dilleniaceae: …this is especially true of Hibbertia. Some species of Hibbertia are plants of dry and open habitats; they have very reduced leaves and flattened stems that are the main photosynthetic organ of the plant. Hibbertia also has exceptionally variable flowers. In general, flowers of Dilleniaceae lack nectaries and are probably…

Dilleniaceae: … are grown as ornamentals, especially H. scandens, a woody vine with yellow ill-smelling flowers, which is grown mainly in warm areas or in greenhouses.

Hibbing, city, St. Louis county, northeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mesabi Range, in a forest and lake region, about 70 miles (115 km) northwest of Duluth. Settled in 1892 when iron ore was discovered, it was laid out the following year and named for its founder, Frank Hibbing, a timber

Abraham bar Hiyya: …which, in its Latin translation, Liber Embadorum (1145), became a principal textbook in western European schools. Other notable works by Abraham include the philosophical treatise Hegyon ha-Nefesh ha-Aẓuva (Meditation of the Sad Soul), which dealt with the nature of good and evil, ethical conduct, and repentance; and Megillat ha-Megalleh (“Scroll…

Hibernia, in ancient geography, one of the names by which Ireland was known to Greek and Roman writers. Other names were Ierne, Iouernia and (H)iberio. All these are adaptations of a stem from which Erin and Eire are also derived. The island was known to the Romans through the reports of traders,

snake: Dormant periods: …and far between, and good hibernacula (dens used for hibernation) are recognized over generations and are utilized year after year, with snakes of several different species often sharing a den. It is likely that snakes, like sea turtles, can migrate by using celestial or geomagnetic cues. Scent trails, most commonly…

winter solstice, the two moments during the year when the path of the Sun in the sky is farthest south in the Northern Hemisphere (December 21 or 22) and farthest north in the Southern Hemisphere (June 20 or 21). At the winter solstice the Sun travels the shortest path through the sky, and that day

hibernation, a state of greatly reduced metabolic activity and lowered body temperature adopted by certain mammals as an adaptation to adverse winter conditions. A brief treatment of hibernation follows. For full treatment, see dormancy. The term hibernation is commonly applied to all types of

Hibernia, in ancient geography, one of the names by which Ireland was known to Greek and Roman writers. Other names were Ierne, Iouernia and (H)iberio. All these are adaptations of a stem from which Erin and Eire are also derived. The island was known to the Romans through the reports of traders,

Irish Sea, arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, and Ireland on the west. The sea is connected with the Atlantic by the North Channel between Northern Ireland and

Hiberno-Saxon style, in Western visual arts, the decorative vocabulary that resulted from the interaction of the Irish, or Hibernians, and the Anglo-Saxons of southern England during the 7th century. Irish monks sailed to northern England in 635, taking with them an ancient Celtic decorative