inborn error of metabolism, any of multiple rare disorders that are caused by an inherited genetic defect and that alter the body’s ability to derive energy from nutrients. The term inborn error of metabolism was introduced in 1908 by British physician Sir Archibald Garrod, who postulated that

inbreeding, the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common ancestry, as opposed to outbreeding, which is the mating of unrelated organisms. Inbreeding is useful in the retention of desirable characteristics or the elimination of undesirable ones, but it often results

Edward Murray East: In their 1919 book, Inbreeding and Outbreeding, East and Jones laid the basis for the concept of heterosis, or hybrid vigour (that hybrids are often more viable, stronger, and more fertile than inbred strains). East joined the faculty of Harvard University at the Bussey Institution facility in Jamaica Plain…

consanguinity: Inbreeding and pedigree construction: The coefficient of inbreeding (F) is used to define the probability that two alleles will be identical and derived from the same forebear. The application of this principle is most easily demonstrated by example. If a brother and sister married, their offspring would have one chance…

Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), international Christian religious movement that constitutes the largest indigenous Christian church in the Philippines. It was established by Félix Ysagun Manalo in 1914. Manalo (birth name Félix Manalo ý Ysagun) was raised in the Roman Catholic Church but left as a

Inca, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. A brief treatment of the Inca follows; for full treatment, see

calendar: Peru: the Inca calendar: So little is known about the calendar used by the Incas that one can hardly make a statement about it for which a contrary opinion cannot be found. Some workers in the field even assert that there was no formal calendar but only…

Garcilaso de la Vega was one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors. Garcilaso was the illegitimate son of a Spanish conquistador, Sebastian

Inca religion, Inca religion, religion of the Inca civilization in the Andean regions of South America. It was an admixture of complex ceremonies, practices, animistic beliefs, varied forms of belief in objects having magical powers, and nature worship—culminated in the worship of the sun, which

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: Inca Roca (’Inka Roq’a ’Inka) succeeded his father and subjugated some groups that lived about 12 miles southeast of Cuzco. He is mostly remembered in the chronicles for the fact that he fathered a large number of sons, one of whom, Yahuar Huacac (Yawar Waqaq),…

tern: …distinct type of tern, the Inca tern (Larosterna inca), of Peru and northern Chile, bears distinctive white plumes on the side of the head.

Machu Picchu: …visitors arrive by hiking the Inca Trail. The portion of the trail from the “km 88” train stop to Machu Picchu is normally hiked in three to six days. It is composed of several thousand stone-cut steps, numerous high retaining walls, tunnels, and other feats of classical engineering; the route…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Internal division and external expansion: The Emperor chose Inca Urcon (’Inka ’Urqon) as his successor, but the two generals Vicaquirao and Apo Mayta preferred another son, Cusi Inca Yupanqui (Kusi ’Inka Yupanki). As the Chanca approached Cuzco, Viracocha Inca and Inca Urcon withdrew to a fort near Calca, while Cusi Inca Yupanqui, the…

Amaranthaceae: Major genera and species: Some species—namely, Inca wheat, or love-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus), red amaranth (A. cruentus), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)—are high-protein pseudo-grain crops of interest to agricultural researchers. Quinoa in particular, touted as a health food, grew in popularity worldwide during the early 21st century.

Garcilaso de la Vega was one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors. Garcilaso was the illegitimate son of a Spanish conquistador, Sebastian

Lodovico Carracci: …and his cousins founded the Accademia degli Incamminati, an art school that became the most progressive and influential institution of its kind in Italy. Lodovico led this school for the next 20 years, during which time he and his cousins trained some of the leading Italian artists of the younger…

rat opossum: …Caenolestes) with four species, the Incan caenolestid (Lestoros inca), and the Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus). These six species, together with opossums (family Didelphidae), form the New World section (Ameridelphia) of the cohort Marsupialia. Rat opossums, named for their general appearance and size, have 46–48 teeth and long epipubic bones…

luminescence: Luminescence and incandescence: As mentioned above, luminescence is characterized by electrons undergoing transitions from excited quantum states. The excitation of the luminescent electrons is not connected with appreciable agitations of the atoms that the electrons belong to. When hot materials become luminous and radiate light, a process…

incandescent lamp, any of various devices that produce light by heating a suitable material to a high temperature. When any solid or gas is heated, commonly by combustion or resistance to an electric current, it gives off light of a colour (spectral balance) characteristic of the material. With the

invention: What inventors are: …the carbon filament for his incandescent lightbulb, described his work as "one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” At his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison’s approach was to identify a potential gap in the market and fill it with an invention. His workers were told, “There’s a way…

incandescent lamp: Nonelectric incandescent lamps: Nonelectric incandescent lamps include the gas-mantle lamp. The mantle is a mesh bag of fabric impregnated with a solution of nitrates of cerium and one or more of the following metals: thorium, beryllium, aluminum, or magnesium. The mantle is fixed over an orifice carrying a flammable gas such as natural…

spell, words uttered in a set formula with magical intent. The correct recitation, often with accompanying gestures, is considered to unleash supernatural power. Some societies believe that incorrect recitation can not only nullify the magic but cause the death of the practitioner. The language of

Alice Hoffman: …Aquamarine (2001; film 2006) and Incantation (2006). She offered coping mechanisms that she had employed during her battle with breast cancer in Survival Lessons (2013). In 1999 she provided the initial endowment for the establishment of the Hoffman Breast Center at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she had…

Futurism: Literature: …Khlebnikov’s “Zaklyatiye smekhom” (1910; “Incantation by Laughter”), generates a series of permutations built on the root -smekh (“laughter”) by adding impossible prefixes and suffixes. The result is a typical (for Russian Futurism) concern with etymology and word creation. Khlebnikov’s and Alexey Kruchenykh’s radical forays into linguistic poetry went hand…

Ralph Shapey: His Dimensions (1960) and Incantations (1961) were scored for instrumental ensembles and a soprano who sings wordlessly, using only vowel sounds. In 1964 he started teaching at the University of Chicago and later that year formed the Contemporary Chamber Players to perform new compositions; he went on to conduct…

chemical weapon: Incapacitants: A good deal of work has been done on chemicals that can incapacitate, disorient, or paralyze opponents. Experiments have been conducted on a number of hallucinogenic drug compounds—for instance, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, and

punishment: Incapacitation: Incapacitation refers to the act of making an individual “incapable” of committing a crime—historically by execution or banishment, and in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration. Most instances of incapacitation involve offenders who have committed repeated crimes (multiple recidivists) under…

crime: China: Punishments for serious offenses include imprisonment and the death penalty. About 70 different offenses are punishable by death, though the vast majority of death sentences are imposed for common crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, assault (see assault and battery), and theft. Since the 1990s there have been an increasing…

theism: Theism and incarnation: The core of human personality has often been thought to be human moral existence, and, accordingly, theists have often taken this fact to be the main clue to the way they are to think of divine perfection and to the recognition of a peculiar…

Incarnation, central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, that God assumed a human nature and became a man in the form of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the second person of the Trinity. Christ was truly God and truly man. The doctrine maintains that the divine and human natures of Jesus do

St. Athanasius: Other works: …apologetics, Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God, completed about 335, was the first great classic of developed Greek Orthodox theology. In Athanasius’s system, the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God made the world, entered the world in human form to lead men…

chronology: Christian: …abolished, in favour of the Era of the Incarnation, in Catalonia in 1180, in Aragon in 1350, in Castile in 1383, and in Portugal in 1422. The Era of the Passion, commencing 33 years after that of the Incarnation, enjoyed a short vogue, mainly in 11th-century France.

Yaşar Kemal: …the novel İnce Memed (1955; Memed, My Hawk). The latter, a popular tale about a bandit and folk hero, was translated into more than 20 languages and was made into a movie in 1984. Kemal wrote three more novels featuring Memed as the protagonist. In 1962 he joined the Turkish…

Islamic arts: Architecture in Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia: As it appears in the Ince or Karatay medreses (madrasahs), it consists of the transformation of the central courtyard into a domed space while maintaining the eyvān. Thus, the centralized aspect of the eyvān plan becomes architecturally explicit. The second feature is the creation of a facade that usually consisted…

Thomas H. Ince was a pioneer American motion-picture director who was the first to organize production methods into a disciplined system of filmmaking. The son of a comedian, Ince was Daniel Frohman’s office boy and first appeared onstage in 1894. In 1910 Ince began his career at D.W. Griffith’s

Thomas H. Ince was a pioneer American motion-picture director who was the first to organize production methods into a disciplined system of filmmaking. The son of a comedian, Ince was Daniel Frohman’s office boy and first appeared onstage in 1894. In 1910 Ince began his career at D.W. Griffith’s

incel, member of an online subculture of primarily heterosexual men who identify as being unable to have romantic or sexual relationships. This self-described inability to form attachments is often expressed as grievance toward women. Incel subculture has been associated with misogyny, extremism,

bomb: Conventional bomb types: Incendiary bombs are of two main types. The burning material of the intensive type is thermite, a mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide that burns at a very high temperature. The casing of such a bomb is composed of magnesium, a metal that itself burns…

ammunition: Incendiary bullets, intended to ignite flammable materials such as gasoline, contain a charge of chemical incendiary agent. See also bullet; cartridge; gunpowder; shell.

Amitav Ghosh: …Imam and the Indian (2002), Incendiary Circumstances: A Chronicle of the Turmoil of Our Times (2005), The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (2016), and The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis (2021).

artillery: Projectile, powder, and fuze: …gas, were used against troops; incendiary shells were developed for setting fire to hydrogen-filled zeppelins. High explosives were improved, with TNT (trinitrotoluene) and amatol (a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate) becoming standard shell fillings.

Mohammed Dib: …Maison (1952; “The Big House”), L’Incendie (1954; “The Fire”), and Le Métier à tisser (1957; “The Loom”), in which he described the Algerian people’s awakening to self-consciousness and to the impending struggle for independence that began in 1954. The trilogy recounts the years 1938–42.

Denis Villeneuve: Incendies (2010), adapted from a play by Wajdi Mouawad, uses a story of Montreal twins fulfilling their late mother’s instructions to seek their relatives in the Middle East to examine the idea of sectarian hate. The movie was named best Canadian feature film at the…

Italian literature: Other writings: …Cities”)—and in a later novel, L’incendio (1981; “The Fire”), which takes a quizzical look at the modern art business—showed himself to be a consistently skilled and entertaining narrator. There are many other accomplished authors who could be classified in this way, including Elsa Morante, who with L’isola de Arturo (1957;…

incense, grains of resins (sometimes mixed with spices) that burn with a fragrant odour, widely used as an oblation. It is commonly sprinkled on lighted charcoal contained in a censer, or thurible. Incense-bearing trees were imported from the Arabian and Somali coasts into ancient Egypt, where

incense burner, container, generally of bronze or pottery and fitted with a perforated lid, in which incense is burned. Although incense burners have been used in Europe, they have been far more widespread in the East. In China during the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce), a type of vessel known as a

incense cedar, (species Calocedrus decurrens), ornamental and timber evergreen conifer of the cypress family (Cupressaceae). It is native primarily to the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges of North America, at altitudes of 300 to 2,800 metres (1,000 to 9,200 feet). The

juniper: Major species: The wood of incense, or Spanish, juniper (J. thurifera), of Spain and Portugal, and of Phoenician juniper (J. phoenicea) of the Mediterranean region sometimes is burned as incense.

tree: Tree bark: …smooth, copper-coloured covering of the gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) to the thick, soft, spongy bark of the punk, or cajeput, tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other types of bark include the commercial cork of the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the rugged, fissured outer coat of many other oaks; the flaking, patchy-coloured barks…

economic development: The negative effect of controls: …if anything, more responsive to incentives than rich people. Nominal exchange rates that are pegged without regard to domestic inflation have strong negative effects on incentives to export; producer prices for agricultural goods that are set as a small fraction of their world market price constitute a significant disincentive to…

incentive compatibility, state in game theory and economics that occurs when the incentives that motivate the actions of individual participants are consistent with following the rules established by the group. The notion of incentive compatibility was first introduced by Russian-born American

motivation: Incentive motivation: One area within the study of human motivation that has proved fruitful is research on incentives. Incentive motivation is concerned with the way goals influence behaviour. For example, a person might be willing to travel across the city to dine at a special…

Inception, American science fiction thriller film, released in 2010, that explores the boundaries between dream and reality. Inception centres on brooding “extractor” Dom Cobb (played by Leonardo DiCaprio)—a thief who invades targets’ dreams through a chemical-induced shared dream state in order to

Inceptisol, one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Inceptisols are soils of relatively new origin and are characterized by having only the weakest appearance of horizons, or layers, produced by soil-forming factors. They are the most abundant on Earth, occupying almost 22 percent of

incest, sexual relations between persons who, because of the nature of their kin relationships, are prohibited by law or custom from intermarrying. Because, cross-culturally, incest is more an emotional than a legal issue, the term taboo is generally preferred over prohibition. The incest taboo is

inch, unit of British Imperial and United States Customary measure equal to 136 of a yard. The unit derives from the Old English ince, or ynce, which in turn came from the Latin unit uncia, which was “one-twelfth” of a Roman foot, or pes. (The Latin word uncia was the source of the name of another

measurement system: Greeks and Romans: 73 inch); the inch (uncia or pollicus), or 112 Roman foot, was 24.67 mm (0.97 inch); and the palm (palmus), or 14 Roman foot, was 74 mm (2.91 inches).

spiderwort: Major species: small-leaf spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis) and inch plant (T. zebrina). The latter has an array of colourful-leaved varieties including ‘Purpusii,’ with dark red or bronzy leaves, and ‘Quadricolor,’ with metallic-green leaves striped with green, red, and white. White velvet, or white-gossamer (T. sillamontana), has leaves and stems covered with a whitish…

Incheon, port city, Gyeonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea. It lies near the mouth of the Han River, 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Seoul, with which it is connected by highway and railroad. It serves as the capital’s chief seaport and is the site of South Korea’s main international

Elizabeth Inchbald was an English novelist, playwright, and actress whose successful prose romances, A Simple Story (1791) and Nature and Art (1796), are early examples of the novel of passion. At 18 Simpson ran away to London to seek her fortune on the stage, married Joseph Inchbald, an actor, and

Bell Rock, sandstone reef in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Arbroath, Angus. It is 2,000 feet (600 metres) long and is exposed for a few feet at low tide but submerged at high tide. A peril to navigation, the rock lies in the fairway of vessels entering or

Incheon, port city, Gyeonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea. It lies near the mouth of the Han River, 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Seoul, with which it is connected by highway and railroad. It serves as the capital’s chief seaport and is the site of South Korea’s main international

Incheon: …investment, the government established the Incheon Free Economic Zone, composed of several areas around the city. One element of the zone was the construction, on reclaimed land, of the high-technology city of Songdo, in which all residential, business, and governmental information systems are linked via a common data-sharing system.

Inchon landing, (September 15–26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces at the port of Inchon (now Incheon), near the South Korean capital, Seoul. A daring operation planned and executed under extremely difficult conditions by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur,

criminal law: Attempt: …class of offenses known as inchoate, or preliminary, crimes because guilt attaches even though the criminal purpose of the parties may not have been achieved. Thus, the offense of incitement or solicitation consists of urging or requesting another to commit a crime. Certain specified types of solicitation may be criminal,…

Inchon landing, (September 15–26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces at the port of Inchon (now Incheon), near the South Korean capital, Seoul. A daring operation planned and executed under extremely difficult conditions by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur,

measuring worm, (family Geometridae), the larva of any of a large group of moths in the order Lepidoptera. Because the larva lacks the middle pair of legs, it moves in a characteristic “inching,” or “looping,” gait by extending the front part of the body and bringing the rear up to meet it. The

incidence, in epidemiology, occurrence of new cases of disease, injury, or other medical conditions over a specified time period, typically calculated as a rate or proportion. Examples of incident cases or events include a person developing diabetes, becoming infected with HIV, starting to smoke,

tax incidence, the distribution of a particular tax’s economic burden among the affected parties. It measures the true cost of a tax levied by the government in terms of lost utility or welfare. The initial incidence (also called statutory incidence) of a tax is the initial distribution among

cumulative incidence, in epidemiology, estimate of the risk that an individual will experience an event or develop a disease during a specified period of time. Cumulative incidence is calculated as the number of new events or cases of disease divided by the total number of individuals in the

angle of incidence, in physics, the angle that an incoming wave or particle that is colliding with a surface makes with a line normal (i.e., perpendicular) to that surface. Light rays change direction when they reflect off a surface, move from one transparent medium into another, or travel through

Brewster’s law: The plane of incidence (AON) is the plane that contains the incident ray and the normal (ON, a line perpendicular to the surface) to the plane of the surface such that they intersect at the surface. Most of the waves of the incident ray will be…

common law: The feudal land law: The “incidents,” or contingency rights, however, were assessed at current land value and remained important. For example, the feudal lord had the right to take a tenant’s land if he died without heirs; if he did have heirs, the lord was entitled to compensation for exercising wardship and…

Arthur Miller: Incident at Vichy, which began a brief run at the end of 1964, is set in Vichy France and examines Jewish identity. The Price (1968) continued Miller’s exploration of the theme of guilt and responsibility to oneself and to others by examining the strained relationship…

Fleur Adcock: …Tide in the Garden (1971), The Incident Book (1986), Time Zones (1991), and Looking Back (1997)—Adcock brought a measured, Classical detachment to bear upon the vagaries of emotional experience. The Inner Harbour (1979) is generally cited as her most artistically successful work. Her later collections included Poems, 1960–2000 (2000),

parliamentary procedure: Rules of parliamentary procedure: Incidental motions include questions arising incidentally in the consideration of other questions and decided before disposition of the one to which they are incident. They comprise motions to suspend the rules, withdraw motions, read papers, raise the question of consideration, raise questions of order and…

incidental music, music written to accompany or point up the action or mood of a dramatic performance on stage, film, radio, television, or recording; to serve as a transition between parts of the action; or to introduce or close the performance. Because it is written to enhance a nonmusical

Roland Barthes: …and admirer Susan Sontag, and Incidents (1987). The latter volume revealed Barthes’s homosexuality, which he had not publicly acknowledged. Barthes’s Oeuvres complètes (“Complete Works”) were published in three volumes in 1993–95.

Ben Okri: The short-story collections Incidents at the Shrine (1986) and Stars of the New Curfew (1988) portray the essential link in Nigerian culture between the physical world and the world of the spirits.

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, autobiographical narrative published in 1861 by Harriet Jacobs, an abolitionist who described her experiences while enslaved in North Carolina. It is one of the most important and influential slave narratives, and it is a landmark in

John Lloyd Stephens: …report of the first expedition, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, 2 vol. (1841), and the subsequent publication of Catherwood’s superb drawings caused a storm of popular and scholarly interest and precipitated much study of earlier, mostly forgotten accounts of the lands of the Maya by Spanish…

John Lloyd Stephens: …expedition, Stephens and Catherwood published Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 2 vol. (1843), containing accounts of visits to the remains of 44 ancient sites. Stephens’ last years were devoted to directing the first American transatlantic steamship company and to developing a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama.

air pollution control: Incineration: The process called incineration or combustion—chemically, rapid oxidation—can be used to convert VOCs and other gaseous hydrocarbon pollutants to carbon dioxide and water. Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes usually is accomplished in a special incinerator called an afterburner. To achieve complete combustion, the

incinerator, container for burning refuse, or plant designed for large-scale refuse combustion. In the second sense, an incinerator consists of a furnace into which the refuse is charged and ignited (usually by a gas burner), a secondary chamber in which burning the refuse at a high temperature is

cardiovascular disease: Therapy: …symptoms while exercising (sometimes called incipient heart failure), salt restriction and diuretics may be sufficient. In patients with marked restriction of exercise capacity or with symptoms at rest (mild to moderate heart failure), there is significant benefit from low doses of beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, and inhibitors of aldosterone (a…

China: Incipient Neolithic: Study of the historical reduction of the size of human teeth suggests that the first human beings to eat cooked food did so in southern China. The sites of Xianrendong in Jiangxi and Zengpiyan in Guangxi have yielded artifacts from the 10th to…

species: Speciation: At the second stage are incipient species, or semispecies; individuals of these groups rarely interbreed, and all their male offspring are sterile. Natural selection separates incipient species into sibling species, which do not mate at all but which in morphology, or structure and form, are nearly indistinguishable. Sibling species then…

incipit, the opening word or words of a medieval Western manuscript or early printed book. In the absence of a title page, the text may be recognized, referred to, and recorded by its incipit. As in the title pages or main divisions of later printed books, incipits provide an occasion for display

cephalopod: Annotated classification: Suborder Incirrata (common octopus) Holocene; compact, saccular to round bodied, finless forms with muscular, contractile arms; somewhat secretive; pelagic to deep-sea and shallow waters. The elucidation of higher classification of the cephalopods is fraught with difficulties. Early specialists divided the

drawing: Incised drawing: A role apart is that played by incised drawings. Their pronounced linearity gives them the visual appearance of other drawings; materially, however, they represent the opposite principle, that of subtracting from a surface rather than adding to it. Incised drawings are among the…

intaglio, in sculpture, engraving or incised figure in stone or other hard material such that all lines appear below the surface; it is thus the opposite of relief sculpture and is sometimes called “hollow relief.” When the technique is used in casting, the design is cut in reverse into a plaster

cancer: Biopsy: Incisional biopsies, which remove only a piece of a tumor, are done if the mass is large. Biopsies obtained with visual control of an endoscope consist of small fragments of tissue, usually no larger than 5 mm (0.2 inch) long. Needle biopsy involves the removal…

tooth: Tooth form and function: …thus made up of four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars in each jaw.

solicitation: …linked with the crime of incitement. An inciter is generally one who is present at the scene of the offense and who encourages the principal offender to commit an act that he is already inclined to commit on his own. A solicitor need not be present at the scene but…

Fort Apache: …the Apache chief Cochise (Miguel Inclan). However, when Thursday intentionally breaks the treaty, Cochise launches a major attack. Ignoring York’s strategy suggestions, Thursday leads an ill-advised charge in which he and many of his men are killed. Although it is clear to York that Thursday’s arrogance and unbending nature…

celestial mechanics: Perturbations of elliptical motion: ) Angle i is the inclination of the orbital plane to the reference plane. The line of nodes is the intersection of the orbit plane with the reference plane, and the ascending node is that point where the planet travels from below the reference plane (south) to above the reference…

Earth: Basic planetary data: 44° tilt, or inclination, of Earth’s axis to its orbital plane, also typical, results in greater heating and more hours of daylight in one hemisphere or the other over the course of a year and so is responsible for the cyclic change of seasons.

geomagnetic field: Representation of the field: The dip angle, I (for inclination), is the angle that the total field vector makes with respect to the horizontal plane and is positive for vectors below the plane. It is the complement of the usual polar angle of spherical coordinates. (Geographic and magnetic north coincide…

inclined plane, simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual

Archimedes screw, machine for raising water, allegedly invented by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes for removing water from the hold of a large ship. One form consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal with its lower end dipped