Christianity: Inculturation: respecting places and peoples: As the gospel has spread into new regions of the world, there has proven to be need and opportunity for fresh conceptions and formulations of the faith. The process of inculturation begins when missionaries first arrive in a region in…

incunabula, books printed during the earliest period of typography—i.e., from the invention of the art of typographic printing in Europe in the 1450s to the end of the 15th century (i.e., January 1501). Such works were completed at a time when books—some of which were still being hand-copied—were

incunabula, books printed during the earliest period of typography—i.e., from the invention of the art of typographic printing in Europe in the 1450s to the end of the 15th century (i.e., January 1501). Such works were completed at a time when books—some of which were still being hand-copied—were

Agustina Bessa-Luís: …well-known novels of Bessa-Luís included Os incuráveis (1956; “The Incurables”), A muralha (1957; “The Stone Wall”), O susto (1958; “The Fright”), O manto (1961; “The Mantle”), and O sermão de fogo (1963; “The Sermon of Fire”). She remained a prolific novelist through the turn of the 21st century, and in…

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Incurvariidae (fairy, or leafcutter, moths) Approximately 100 species worldwide; many are small brilliantly colored diurnal flower visitors; male antennae often several times as long as forewings; mutualistic relationships of the yucca moths (Prodoxinae) with their food plants are notable as an example of coevolution; family sometimes…

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Incurvarioidea More than 500 species; all females with an extensible, piercing ovipositor for inserting eggs into plant tissue. Family Incurvariidae (fairy, or leafcutter, moths) Approximately 100 species worldwide; many are small brilliantly colored diurnal flower visitors; male antennae often several times as long as forewings;

ear bone: …the malleus, or hammer, the incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup. Together they form a short chain that crosses the middle ear and transmits vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum membrane to the liquid of the inner ear. The malleus resembles a club more than a…

Lobamba: …events of Swaziland, the sacred Incwala (National Ceremony) and the Umhlanga (Reed Dance), are held annually at Lobamba. The Mlilwane Game Sanctuary and the Gilbert Reynolds Memorial Garden are situated about 6 miles (10 km) northwest. Pop. (1997) 3,625.

pharmaceutical industry: The Investigational New Drug application: Two important written documents are required from a pharmaceutical firm seeking regulatory approval from the U.S. FDA. The first is the Investigational New Drug (IND) application. The IND is required for approval to begin studies of a new drug in humans.…

Indra, in Hindu mythology, the king of the gods. He is one of the main gods of the Rigveda and is the Indo-European cousin of the German Wotan, Norse Odin, Greek Zeus, and Roman Jupiter. In early religious texts, Indra plays a variety of roles. As king, he leads cattle raids against the dasas, or

Italy: Theater: …promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding, which severely affected fringe and experimental theaters. Financial constraints in subsequent years led to an increasing number of international coproductions.

Elio Petri: …sopra di ogni sospetto (Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion). The film—a bitter parable about the degeneration of power—won an Oscar for best foreign film. He collaborated with the poet and director Nelo Risi for the television film Dedicato a Pinelli (1970; “Dedicated to Pinelli”), a moving remembrance of…

Myanmar: Drainage and soils: Indawgyi Lake, in the northern hills, runs some 15 miles (24 km) from north to south and 8 miles (13 km) from east to west; it is one of the largest natural inland lakes of Southeast Asia. Somewhat smaller is Inle Lake, stretching about 14…

Colleen McCullough: McCullough continued to publish, releasing An Indecent Obsession (1981; film 1985), about a ward for shell-shocked soldiers in World War II, and The Ladies of Missalonghi (1987), a romance set in Australia. In 1990 she published the first of her seven-book Masters of Rome series, The First Man in Rome.…

Demi Moore: Becoming the highest-paid actress in the 1990s: …A Few Good Men (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993), Disclosure (1994), The Scarlet Letter (1995), Now and Then (1995), and The Juror (1996). In addition she lent her distinctive husky voice to Esmeralda for the Disney animated film The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996). By commanding $12.5 million for her

Zambia: Economy: …to be controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO). By January 1970 a majority holding had been acquired in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining corporations, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust (RST), which became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines (NCCM) and Roan Consolidated…

Santa Cruz Island, second largest of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. It is roughly circular in shape, has a central volcanic crater that rises to 2,300 feet (700 meters), and covers an area of 389 square miles (1,007 square km).

inheritance: Limits on freedom of testation: …of the following devices: dower, indefeasible share, community property, homestead, or family allowances. The most widespread is the indefeasible share, which guarantees to the surviving spouse a certain portion, usually expressed in terms of a fixed dollar amount plus a fraction or, under older statutes, as just a fraction, of…

calculus: Differentiation and integration: This is called the (indefinite) integral of the function y = x2, and it is written as ∫x2dx. The initial symbol ∫ is an elongated S, which stands for sum, and dx indicates an infinitely small increment of the variable, or axis, over which the function is being summed.…

pronoun: Indefinite pronouns: Indefinite pronouns are those that do not refer to specific people or things. Some of them are always singular and fall into one of three categories: those that end in -one, those that end in -body, and those that end in -thing:

history of logic: Categorical forms: Sometimes, and very…

Fabales: Characteristic morphological features: …split open when ripe (indehiscent), as with Robinia (locusts) and Cercis (redbud). In many Fabaceae—for instance, Melilotus (sweet clover)—the fruit has been reduced to a single-seeded indehiscent structure that resembles a tiny nutlet. In others, it is several-seeded and indehiscent but is divided transversely into single-seeded segments that break…

1000 Genomes Project: …less common, variants known as indels, which are insertions or deletions of DNA segments of varying size occurring at virtually any location in the genome. A number of known SNPs and indels have been implicated in human health and disease and are thought to be significant for understanding human ancestry…

insurance: Warranties: …contract law, the principle of indemnity. Under the principle of indemnity a person may recover no more than the actual cash loss; one may not, for example, recover in full from two separate policies if the total amount exceeds the true value of the property insured.

South Africa: The National Party and apartheid: The Indemnity Act (1961) made it legal for police officers to commit acts of violence, to torture, or to kill in the pursuit of official duties. Later laws gave the police the right to arrest and detain people without trial and to deny them access to…

Sara Paretsky: It was with Indemnity Only (1982) that her wisecracking, independent, passionate, and empathetic female private detective was created. That same year American writer Sue Grafton released the first entry in her alphabetically titled mystery series featuring female private investigator Kinsey Millhone. The two novelists were credited with breaking…

Germany: Bismarck’s national policies: the restriction of liberalism: …1866, the legislature approved the Bill of Indemnity, 230 to 75. By dividing the forces of reform and weakening their sense of purpose, Bismarck won as important a success in domestic affairs as the victory on the field of battle.

émigré: Their petitioning resulted in the Law of Indemnity of 1825, designed to reimburse the most needy of those who lost their lands. The gradual disappearance of the émigrés, along with King Louis-Philippe’s indifference to their cause, ended their influence.

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: …left blank between words; the indentation of the first line of a new paragraph; and the uppercase, or capital, letter written at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a proper name or a title. The marks of punctuation, also known as points or stops, and the…

indentured labor, a form of contract labor in which laborers enter into an official agreement with their employer certifying that they will work for the employer either for a fixed length of time or until a debt has been paid. The debt is usually understood to include the costs that the employer

indentured labor, a form of contract labor in which laborers enter into an official agreement with their employer certifying that they will work for the employer either for a fixed length of time or until a debt has been paid. The debt is usually understood to include the costs that the employer

Air Force One: The first presidential planes: …but Truman named it the Independence after his hometown in Missouri. The Independence had more powerful engines and a greater range than the Sacred Cow. It also featured the new technology of pressurized cabins and could carry 24 passengers outside of the presidential stateroom. The stateroom, located in the after…

Independence, city, seat (1870) of Montgomery county, southeastern Kansas, U.S. Independence lies on the Verdigris River, near Elk City Lake (dammed for flood control and irrigation). It was founded in 1869 by a company that purchased a portion of an Osage Indian reservation. The town had temporary

Independence, city, seat of Jackson county, western Missouri, U.S., immediately east of Kansas City. It is the hometown of President Harry S. Truman (who was born at Lamar, 100 miles [160 km] south). Settled in 1827, the county was named for Andrew Jackson, and the community of Independence was

formal logic: Axiomatization of PC: …axiom or transformation rule is independent (in a given axiomatic system) if it cannot be derived from the remainder of the axiomatic basis (or—which comes to the same thing—if its omission from the basis would make the derivation of certain theorems impossible). It can, moreover, be shown that PM is…

Korea: The international power struggle and Korea’s resistance: …a political organization called the Independence Club (Dongnip Hyeophoe). He also published a daily newspaper named Tongnip sinmun (“The Independent”) as a medium for awakening the populace to the importance of sovereignty and civil rights. On the urging of the Dongnip Hyeophoe, the king returned to his palace and declared…

Independence Day, in the United States, the annual celebration of nationhood. It commemorates the passage of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The Congress had voted in favour of independence from Great Britain on July 2 but did not actually complete the

Independence Day, in India, national holiday celebrated annually on August 15. Independence Day marks the end of British rule in 1947, brought about by the Indian Independence Act of July 18 that year, and the establishment of a free and independent Indian nation following the long struggle of the

History of film: United States: Jurassic Park (1993); Independence Day (1996), directed by Roland Emmerich; and The Matrix (1999), written and directed by Larry (later Lana) Wachowski and Andy (later Lilly) Wachowski. In Spielberg’s film, based on a best-selling novel by Michael Crichton, a number of long-extinct dinosaur species are re-created through genetic…

Jamhuri Day, one of the most important national holidays in Kenya, observed on December 12. The holiday formally marks the date of the country’s admittance in 1964 into the Commonwealth as a republic and takes its name from the Swahili word jamhuri (“republic”); December 12 is also the date when

Richard Ford: …returns in the Pulitzer Prize-winning Independence Day (1995), in which he is divorced and leading an empty life until he spends an emotional and spiritual Fourth of July weekend with his son. Completing the Bascombe trilogy is The Lay of the Land (2006), in which Bascombe, now a suburban real…

Libertyville, village, Lake county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. Lying on the Des Plaines River, it is a suburb of Chicago, located 35 miles (55 km) north of downtown. It was first settled about 1834 and known as Vardin’s Grove, for the first settler. In 1836 the land was officially opened for

Liberty Bell: …the new State House (renamed Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. It was cast in London by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, purchased for about £100, and delivered in August 1752. It was cracked by a stroke of the clapper while being tested and was twice recast in Philadelphia before being hung in…

Malden Island, coral atoll in the Central and Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is situated 1,700 miles (2,700 km) south of Hawaii. A level formation with a land area of 11 square miles (28 square km) and a large lagoon, it has temple platforms and graves that

March First Movement, series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan that began on March 1, 1919, in the Korean capital city of Seoul and soon spread throughout the country. Before the Japanese finally suppressed the movement 12 months later, approximately 2,000,000 Koreans

Independence National Historical Park, area of downtown Philadelphia, partially owned by the city but operated by the U.S. National Park Service. It covers 45 acres (18 hectares) and contains a number of historic structures associated with the American Revolution and the founding of the

Colleen McCullough: …18th-century convict sent to Australia; The Independence of Miss Mary Bennet (2008), which envisions the later life of a character from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813); and the romantic Bittersweet (2013). On, Off (2006), Too Many Murders (2009), and Sins of the Flesh (2013) were entries in her

Viet Minh, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Although led primarily by communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions.

Iceland: Political process: Since the late 1970s the Independence Party (1929), centre to conservative in political outlook, has commanded about one-third to two-fifths of the popular vote, and it frequently formed coalition governments. The Progressive Party (1916), which generally has been the second leading party during this period, draws its strength from rural…

Independence Peak, mountain in the northwestern Pamirs range in Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous viloyat (province), Tajikistan. At 22,880 feet (6,974 meters), it is the highest point in the eastern part of the Yazgulem Range. The mountain consists of an enormous mass with three summits covered with

Nouakchott: …focuses on a square, the Place de l’Indépendence, and includes an airport and industrial area. It is centrally located on the main north-south highway, connecting the more populated agricultural south with the sparsely populated but mineral-rich north. A port facility has been built about 5 miles (8 km) west for…

probability theory: Independence: One of the most important concepts in probability theory is that of “independence.” The events A and B are said to be (stochastically) independent if P(B|A) = P(B), or equivalently if

Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Napoleon’s peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal,

The American Revolution was an insurrection carried out by 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies that began in 1775 and ended with a peace treaty in 1783. The colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. The war followed more than a decade of growing

Scotland: The Wars of Independence: With the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and his young granddaughter Margaret, the “Maid of Norway,” four years later, almost two centuries of relatively amicable Anglo-Scottish relations came to an end. A complete uncertainty as to the…

history of Latin America: The wars of independence, 1808–26: The final victory of Latin American patriots over Spain and the fading loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey…

Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Napoleon’s peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal,

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …derived his second law: the law of recombination, or independent assortment of genes.

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …derived his second law: the law of recombination, or independent assortment of genes.

British Broadcasting Corporation: …commercial channel operated by the Independent Television Authority (later the Office of Communications [Ofcom]) in 1955. A second commercial channel commenced broadcasting in 1982. The BBC’s radio monopoly ended with the government’s decision to permit, starting in the early 1970s, local commercial broadcasts.

Bulgaria: Labour and taxation: …reconstituted in 1989 as the Confederation of Independent Bulgarian Trade Unions (S’uz na Nezavisemite B’lgarski Profs’uze).

marketing: Off-price retailers: …off-price retailers are factory outlets, independent carriers, and warehouse clubs. Stocking manufacturers’ surplus, discontinued, or irregular products, factory outlets are owned and operated by the manufacturer. Independent off-price retailers carry a rapidly changing collection of higher-quality merchandise and are typically owned and operated by entrepreneurs or divisions of larger retail…

Undenominational Fellowship of Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, autonomous Protestant churches in the United States that were formerly associated primarily with the Disciples of Christ. These churches refused to become part of the restructured Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in

East Greenwich: The Independent Company of Kentish Guards, a volunteer militia that is still active, was formed in 1774 in East Greenwich under General James Mitchell Varnum, whose house (1773) is restored with period furnishings; the Kentish Guards Armory and headquarters, built in 1843 in Greek Revival temple…

independent counsel, Official appointed by the court at the request of the U.S. attorney general to investigate and prosecute criminal violations by high government officials, members of Congress, or directors of a presidential election campaign after an investigation by the attorney general finds

independent counsel, Official appointed by the court at the request of the U.S. attorney general to investigate and prosecute criminal violations by high government officials, members of Congress, or directors of a presidential election campaign after an investigation by the attorney general finds

Chile: The second presidency of Michelle Bachelet (2014–18): …campaign contributions to the opposition Independent Democratic Union party that had surfaced in late 2014 exploded in early 2015, and at about the same time there were allegations that President Bachelet’s son had used political influence to obtain a $10 million loan for his wife, Natalia Compagnon. In late January…

Kenya: 2017 elections, annulment of presidential election results, and fresh election: …members protested regularly against Kenya’s Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), claiming it was corrupt and biased in favour of Kenyatta’s Jubilee Coalition, and called for the IEBC commissioners to be replaced before the 2017 election. An agreement between the opposition and the government regarding the departure of the commissioners…

institutional review board (IRB), in the United States, ethics committee that reviews proposed and ongoing research involving human subjects. The institutional review board (IRB) exists to protect the rights and safety of human subjects who participate in research studies. The need for an IRB

statistics: Events and their probabilities: If two events are independent, the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event taking place. When two or more events are independent, the probability of their joint occurrence is the product of their individual probabilities. Two events are said to be mutually exclusive…

film: Films of art and the art cinema: For want of a better term, interpretation may be used to describe the type of motion picture in which a play, a ballet, an opera, or some other work of another art form is kept virtually intact and…

Independent Fundamental Churches of America, fellowship of conservative, independent Christian churches stressing biblical truth. It was organized in Cicero, Illinois, U.S., in June 1930 as the successor to the American Conference of Undenominational Churches. Member churches are forbidden to

Western painting: Pop art in Britain and the United States: the 1960s: The Independent Group, as they called themselves, were committed to developing a broad-based understanding of culture from its supposedly “high” forms to its popular ones. This philosophy informed the cerebral works of their main artist member, Richard Hamilton. Hence, in a work such as $he (1958–61),…

James Maxton: …to gain support for the Independent Labour Party (ILP). After a year’s imprisonment in 1916 for a strong antiwar speech, Maxton became a paid organizer for the ILP and in 1922 was elected to Parliament as a representative of the Bridgeton division of Glasgow, a position he held until his…

Vietnamese literature: …their lasting effect, were the Tu Luc Van Doan (“Independent Literary Group”), led by Khai Hung and Nhat Linh, and the Tho Moi (“New Poetry”) school, which included important writers such as Xuan Dieu, Che Lan Vien, Cu Huy Can, Bang Ba Lan, and Luu Trong Lu. Both groups succeeded…

Judith Heumann: Disability activism: …Heumann to help launch the independent-living movement, aimed at giving people with disabilities access to community life. Heumann served as deputy director for the Center for Independent Living in Berkeley, which she described as “the first organization in the world to be run for and by the disabled.” In 1983,…

Tony O’Reilly: …publishing through his chairmanship of Independent News and Media (INM), parent company of many newspapers in Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. He was also chairman of Waterford Wedgwood, a manufacturer of glass and china. O’Reilly’s investments in that company, however, soon contributed to growing financial difficulties.…

Maggie Lena Draper Walker: …executive secretary-treasurer of the renamed Independent Order of St. Luke in 1899. At the time she took office, the order had some 3,400 members in 57 local chapters and was in debt.

Knud Kristensen: …1953 he formed the small Independent Party, which advocated a return of southern Schleswig to Denmark and a repeal of most social welfare legislation.

Halldór Laxness: …fishing village; Sjálfstætt fólk (1934–35; Independent People), the story of an impoverished farmer and his struggle to retain his economic independence; and Heimsljós (1937–40; World Light), a four-volume novel about the struggles of a peasant poet. These novels criticized Icelandic society from a socialist viewpoint, and they attracted a great…

From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they discovered was an expanding “market” of clubs and bars in each of which stood a jukebox that needed stocking with an

France: France after de Gaulle: …of a business party, the Independent Republicans (Républicains Indépendants). Giscard won over Chaban-Delmas in the first round and narrowly defeated Mitterrand in the runoff.

public school, in the United Kingdom, one of a relatively small group of institutions educating secondary-level students for a fee and independent of the state system as regards both endowment and administration. The term public school emerged in the 18th century when the reputation of certain

Solidarity, Polish trade union that in the early 1980s became the first independent labour union in a country belonging to the Soviet bloc. Solidarity was founded in September 1980, was forcibly suppressed by the Polish government in December 1981, and reemerged in 1989 to become the first

Hungary: Political process: …Forum, Alliance of Free Democrats, Independent Smallholders’ Party, Christian Democratic People’s Party, Federation of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége; Fidesz), and Hungarian Socialist Party—the latter being the party of reformed ex-communists. The same six parties were returned to Parliament in 1994, and for the following decade most of them remained…

Social Democratic Party of Germany: History: …of the vote (while the Independent Social Democrats received another 7.6 percent), but the party’s failure to win favorable terms from the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 (terms embodied in the Treaty of Versailles) and the country’s severe economic problems led to a drop in support. Nevertheless,…

special district: Independent special districts have their own separate boards of directors elected by the district’s voters for fixed terms. Governing boards vary in membership with the size and nature of the district. Dependent special districts, on the other hand, are governed by the elected bodies of…

Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea, the world’s second largest island (the western half is made up of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua); the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty

Samoa, country in the central South Pacific Ocean, among the westernmost of the island countries of Polynesia. According to legend, Samoa is known as the “Cradle of Polynesia” because Savai‘i island is said to be Hawaiki, the Polynesian homeland. Samoan culture is undoubtedly central to Polynesian

ITV, in the United Kingdom, television network consisting of a consortium of private companies in competition with the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is regulated by the Office of Communications. The ITV network was authorized by an act of Parliament in 1954, when the BBC’s monopoly over

British Broadcasting Corporation: …commercial channel operated by the Independent Television Authority (later the Office of Communications [Ofcom]) in 1955. A second commercial channel commenced broadcasting in 1982. The BBC’s radio monopoly ended with the government’s decision to permit, starting in the early 1970s, local commercial broadcasts.

English literature: The Victorian theater: Grein founded the Independent Theatre in 1891 to foster such work and staged there the first plays of George Bernard Shaw and translations of Ibsen.

English literature: The Victorian theater: Grein founded the Independent Theatre in 1891 to foster such work and staged there the first plays of George Bernard Shaw and translations of Ibsen.

Locofoco Party: …passed (July 4, 1840) the Independent Treasury Act, which fulfilled the primary Locofoco aim: complete separation of government from banking. After 1840 Locofoco political influence was largely confined to New York, and by the end of the decade many Locofocos were allied with the Barnburner Democrats, who eventually left the…

mathematics: Differential equations: Once the number of independent variables was specified (which fixed the dimension of the system), a large class of examples, including many of considerable geometric significance, seemed to fall into a small number of patterns. This suggested that the systems could be classified, and such a prospect naturally excited…

The Independent, politically independent daily newspaper founded in 1986 and published in London. The founders of The Independent—Andreas Whittam Smith, Matthew Symonds, and Stephen Glover (all former staff members of The Daily Telegraph)—believed that many of Britain’s educated and affluent

nuclear model: …of the first group, called independent-particle models, the main assumption is that little or no interaction occurs between the individual particles that constitute nuclei; each proton and neutron moves in its own orbit and behaves as if the other nuclear particles were passive participants. The shell nuclear model (q.v.) and…

automobile: Axles: Articulated rear axles offer individual wheel suspension at the rear as well as the front. Individual rear suspension not only eliminates the heavy rear axle housing but also permits lowered bodies with no floor humps, because the transmission and differential gears can be combined in a housing mounted on…

Separatist, any of the English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the perceived corruption of the Church of England and form independent local churches. Separatists were most influential politically in England during the time of the Commonwealth (1649–60) under

Austria: Political process: The populist Freedom Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs; FPÖ), sometimes referred to as the Liberal Party, was founded in 1955 as a successor to the League of Independents. Initially drawing the bulk of its support from former National Socialists, the party’s fiercely right-wing views had been…