Indonesian languages, broadly, the Austronesian languages of island Southeast Asia as a whole, including the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and the outlying areas of Madagascar and of Palau and the Mariana Islands of western Micronesia. A more restricted core

Indonesian literatures, the poetry and prose writings in Javanese, Malay, Sundanese, and other languages of the peoples of Indonesia. They include works orally transmitted and then preserved in written form by the Indonesian peoples, oral literature, and the modern literatures that began to emerge

stringed instrument: Ensembles: >Indonesia, employ but two chordophones in ensembles, which are otherwise dominated by struck metallophones (instruments with a series of metal bars), or other metal instruments, such as tuned gong sets. The bowed rebab probably entered the orchestra from the Middle East (where it was called…

Abdurrahman Wahid: …declined to join the new Association of Muslim Intellectuals, accusing its chairman, B.J. Habibie, protégé of President Suharto and the country’s research and technology minister, of using Islam to gain power. Critics and even relatives conceded, however, that Wahid could not separate his own political stance from NU’s needs. In…

Indonesia: Cultural institutions: The Indonesian National Museum in Jakarta not only possesses collections of prehistoric and contemporary arts and artifacts from Indonesia, including textiles, stamps, sculptures, bronzework, and maps, but also contains a major collection of ancient Chinese ceramics. The Wayang Museum, also in Jakarta, contains important collections that…

Indonesia: The rise of nationalism: …Indonesian Nationalist Association, later the Indonesian Nationalist Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia; PNI), was formed under the chairmanship of Sukarno. The PNI was based on the idea of noncooperation with the government of the East Indies and was thus distinguished from those groups, such as Sarekat Islam, that were prepared to…

Suriname: Political movements: …Hervormde Partij; VHP]) and the Indonesian Peasants’ Party (now the Party of National Unity and Solidarity [Kerukunan Tulodo Pranatan Inggil; KTPI]). Universal suffrage was instituted in 1948.

Ibrahim Datuk Tan Malaka: …group in Bangkok called the Indonesian Republic Party; its aim was to develop underground cadres to work in Indonesia. The party gained strength, but with little visible success in weakening colonial rule.

Bertram Schrieke: …appeared in English translation in Indonesian Sociological Studies: Selected Writings of B. Schrieke, 2 vol. (1955–57).

Perhimpunan Indonesia, an Indonesian students’ organization in the Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s in Leiden, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association),

Perhimpunan Indonesia, an Indonesian students’ organization in the Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s in Leiden, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association),

air pollution: Indoor air pollution: Health risks related to indoor air pollution have become an issue of concern because people generally spend most of their time indoors at home and at work. The problem has been exacerbated by well-meaning efforts to lower air-exchange rates in buildings in order…

bowls: Another variation on lawn bowls, indoor bowls, is popular chiefly in the United Kingdom and Canada, where it is played on carpet-covered indoor rinks. The English Indoor Bowling Association (EIBA) was founded in 1971.

air pollution: Indoor air pollution: Health risks related to indoor air pollution have become an issue of concern because people generally spend most of their time indoors at home and at work. The problem has been exacerbated by well-meaning efforts to lower air-exchange rates in buildings in order…

polo: Indoor, or arena, polo.: The indoor game was introduced in the United States and is played predominantly there, thus allowing polo in winter. The field is 100 yards long and 50 yards wide, with wooden boards 4–4 12 feet (1.2–1.4 m) high to keep the…

softball, a variant of baseball and a popular participant sport, particularly in the United States. It is generally agreed that softball developed from a game called indoor baseball, first played in Chicago in 1887. It became known in the United States by various names, such as kitten ball, mush

beaked whale: Paleontology and classification: Genus Indopacetus (Longman’s beaked whale) 1 Indo-Pacific species identified only from skeletons in 1926 and 1955. Genus Tasmacetus (Shepherd’s beaked whale) 1 species of far southern seas and around Antarctica. Genus Ziphius

Gigantopithecus: …its own genus and renamed Indopithecus giganteus. Studies suggest that I. giganteus inhabited grassland landscapes in northern India and Pakistan between about 6 million and 5 million years ago near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. I. giganteus was significantly smaller than G. blacki. Height and weight estimates derived from tooth

Indore, city, western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is located in an upland area on the Saraswati and Khan rivers, which are tributaries of the Shipra River. Indore was founded in 1715 as a trade market on the Narmada River valley route by local landowners, who erected Indreshwar Temple

Indore: Indore is the seat of Devi Ahilya University (founded in 1964 as the University of Indore), with numerous constituent and affiliated colleges in the city, including Holkar Science College and Indore Christian College. Indore also has a number of Ayurvedic and allopathic hospitals and training institutes, the Atomic Centre for…

gasterosteiform: Aulorhynchidae (tubesnouts), Indostomidae (indostomid or paradox fish), Aulostomidae (trumpetfishes), Fistulariidae (cornetfishes), Centriscidae (shrimpfishes), Macrorhamphosidae (snipefishes), Solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes),

gasterosteiform: Aulorhynchidae (tubesnouts), Indostomidae (indostomid or paradox fish), Aulostomidae (trumpetfishes), Fistulariidae (cornetfishes), Centriscidae (shrimpfishes), Macrorhamphosidae (snipefishes), Solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes),

turtle: Habitats: …the most widespread being the elongate tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), which is found in a variety of open woodland habitats. Although it is predominantly a herbivore, it consumes invertebrates and is not averse to eating carrion.

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Indotyphlidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; imperforate stapes and inner mandibular teeth present with some teeth bicusped; viviparous forms lack scales and secondary annuli; some forms are oviparous; 7 genera, 21 species; Africa, Seychelles, and India. Family Rhinatrematidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago)…

Søren Kierkegaard: A life of collisions: …of Indøvelse i Christendom (1850; Training in Christianity), declared the need “again to introduce Christianity into Christendom.” This theme became more and more explicit as Kierkegaard resumed his writing career. As long as Mynster, the family pastor from his childhood, was alive, Kierkegaard refrained from personal attacks. But at Mynster’s…

Indra, in Hindu mythology, the king of the gods. He is one of the main gods of the Rigveda and is the Indo-European cousin of the German Wotan, Norse Odin, Greek Zeus, and Roman Jupiter. In early religious texts, Indra plays a variety of roles. As king, he leads cattle raids against the dasas, or

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty: …led by the Rastrakuta king Indra III, who about 916 sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure kings, the Pratiharas never regained their former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until by the end of the 10th century the Pratiharas…

Kathmandu: …and, in early autumn, the Indra Jatra, during which the goddess Devi, represented by a young girl, is carried in procession.

Sri Indraditya was the founder and ruler of the kingdom of Sukhothai, the first independent Tai (Thai) state. Bang Klang Hao headed a petty Tai principality near Sukhothai when, about 1245, he joined with another Tai leader, Pha Muang, to rebel against the governor of Sukhothai, who was a deputy of

Saptamatrika: …an avatar [incarnation] of Vishnu), Indrani (wife of Indra), and Chamunda, or Yami (wife of Yama). One text, the Varaha-purana, states that they number eight, including Yogeshvari, created out of the flame from Shiva’s mouth.

soca: Lord Shorty’s 1973 song “Indrani” was one of the first songs to generate comments about the new genre of soca, comments that focused not just on musical style but also on the portrayal in song of an interracial love interest. “Indrani” used Indian-sounding melodies, Hindi words, and Indian instruments,…

Sri Indraditya was the founder and ruler of the kingdom of Sukhothai, the first independent Tai (Thai) state. Bang Klang Hao headed a petty Tai principality near Sukhothai when, about 1245, he joined with another Tai leader, Pha Muang, to rebel against the governor of Sukhothai, who was a deputy of

Delhi: History of Delhi: …the narrative, a city called Indraprastha (“City of the God Indra”), built about 1400 bce, was the capital of the Pandavas. Although nothing remains of Indraprastha, legend holds it to have been a thriving city. The first reference to the place-name Delhi seems to have been made in the 1st…

Jayavarman II: …series of capitals, first at Indrapura, on the lower Mekong River east of Kâmpóng (Kompong) Cham; then, moving northwards, at Hariharalaya, southeast of present-day Siĕmréab (Siem Reap); and then at Mahendraparvata, in the region just north of the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), not far from Angkor, the next seat of…

South Asian arts: Theatre in Pakistan: …of a spectacular production of Indrasabha (“The Heavenly Court of Indra”), an operatic drama written by the poet Agha Hasan Amanat and produced in 1855 in the palace courtyard of the last nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah. The story deals with the love of a fairy and Prince Gulfam.…

Indravarman I was the ruler of the Khmer kingdom of Angkor (Cambodia) from 877 to about 890. Indravarman probably usurped the throne from his cousin Jayavarman III. During his reign a large reservoir was constructed at the capital city of Hariharalaya (near modern Phumĭ Rôluŏs). The lake was the

Berry: …and cultural region encompassing the Indre and Cher départements in the Centre région of central France. It is coextensive with the former province of Berry, which included the départements of Cher (roughly corresponding to Upper Berry) and Indre (Lower Berry).

Indre River, river, west-central France, a left-bank tributary of the Loire River. Rising on the northern flanks of the Massif Central, it flows 165 miles (265 km) northwestward through Indre and Indre-et-Loire départements, joining the Loire northwest of Chinon and draining a basin of about 5,200

Centre: départements of Cher, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, and Eure-et-Loir. Centre is bounded by the régions of Normandy and Île-de-France to the north, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the east, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the southeast, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the

biblical literature: Scandinavian versions: …of the language, executed by R. Indrebö, was published by the Norwegian Bible Society in 1938.

Denmark: Religion of Denmark: Known as the Home Mission (Indre Mission), it was founded by a clergyman, Vilhelm Beck, in the mid-19th century. The Home Mission survives as a contemporary evangelical expression of Lutheran Pietism, which had won converts in the 18th century. Today members of the Home Mission constitute a minority…

indri, (Indri indri), slender, long-limbed primate found in the forests of Madagascar. The largest of the lemurs, it is 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) long, with a rudimentary tail and large hands and feet. The round head has a pointed face and round, furry ears. Its fur is black, with white on the head,

indri, (Indri indri), slender, long-limbed primate found in the forests of Madagascar. The largest of the lemurs, it is 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) long, with a rudimentary tail and large hands and feet. The round head has a pointed face and round, furry ears. Its fur is black, with white on the head,

Indricotherium, genus of giant browsing perissodactyls found as fossils in Asian deposits of the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene epochs (30 million to 16.6 million years ago). Indricotherium, which was related to the modern rhinoceros but was hornless, was the largest land mammal that ever

Indridae, family of arboreal Madagascan primates. See avahi; indri;

indriya, (Sanskrit: “faculty”), according to Indian philosophy, the instruments of a person’s direct perception of the outside world. They are of two kinds, motoric and sensory. The motoric faculties are those of speaking, grasping, walking, ejaculating, and evacuating. The sensory faculties, or

Induan Stage, lower of two divisions of the Lower Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Induan time (from 252.2 million to 251.2 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage name is derived from the Indus River in the Salt Range of Pakistan. The stratotype for

epistemology: John Duns Scotus: …that can be known with certainty. First, there are things that are knowable simpliciter, including true identity statements such as “Cicero is Tully” and propositions, later called analytic, such as “Man is rational.” Duns Scotus claimed that such truths “coincide” with that which makes them true. One consequence of his…

abortion, the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation). An abortion may occur spontaneously, in which case it is also called a miscarriage, or it may be brought on purposefully, in which case it is

spectroscopy: General principles: …phenomena are referred to as induced absorption and induced emission, respectively. Also a molecule in an excited (high) energy state can spontaneously emit electromagnetic radiation, returning to some lower energy level without the presence of inducing radiation.

chemical bonding: Dispersion interaction: …of zero dipole overall), the induced dipole follows it, and the two correlated dipoles interact favourably with one another and cohere.

airplane: Aerodynamics: Induced drag is caused by that element of the air deflected downward which is not vertical to the flight path but is tilted slightly rearward from it. As the angle of attack increases, so does drag; at a critical point, the angle of attack can…

stimulated emission, in laser action, the release of energy from an excited atom by artificial means. According to Albert Einstein, when more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal temperature equilibrium (see population inversion), it is possible to force atoms to return

blood doping, use of substances or techniques that increase the number of circulating red blood cells (erythrocytes) or the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood to improve human performance. Although therapies such as blood transfusion and the administration of drugs to increase red cell production

nuclear fission, subdivision of a heavy atomic nucleus, such as that of uranium or plutonium, into two fragments of roughly equal mass. The process is accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy. In nuclear fission the nucleus of an atom breaks up into two lighter nuclei. The process may

geomagnetic field: Crustal magnetization: Induced magnetization occurs when the elementary magnetic dipoles of crustal materials are aligned by Earth’s main field, just as a compass needle is aligned. If a material of particularly high susceptibility to magnetization is concentrated, as in a mineral deposit, it also can be approximated…

carnivore: Behaviour: Induced ovulation, for instance, allows females to release egg cells during or shortly after copulation. Delayed implantation of the fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus is another phenomenon that allows births to occur when resources are abundant. This phenomenon is most prominent in…

induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell), immature cell that is generated from an adult (mature) cell and that has regained the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell in the body. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) differ from embryonic stem cells (ES cells), which form the inner

chemical association: …low temperatures the relatively weak London forces (i.e., forces acting between any two atoms brought close together) may also be strong enough to produce molecular association.

induced-fit theory, model proposing that the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity. Induced-fit theory retains the key-lock idea of a fit of the substrate at the active site but postulates in

Earth exploration: Electrical and electromagnetic methods: …an effect is measured in induced-polarization methods and is used to detect sulfide ore bodies.

metabolism: Coarse control: …results from the addition of inducers—usually compounds that exhibit some structural similarity to the substrates on which the enzymes act. A classic example of an inducible enzyme of this type is β-galactosidase. Escherichia coli growing in nutrient medium containing glucose do not utilize the milk sugar, lactose (glucose-4-β-d-galactoside); however, if…

induction: …a specific enzyme, called an inducible enzyme (e.g., β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli), occurs when cells are exposed to the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts to form a product.

inductance, property of a conductor (often in the shape of a coil) that is measured by the size of the electromotive force, or voltage, induced in it, compared with the rate of change of the electric current that produces the voltage. A steady current produces a stationary magnetic field; a

induction, in enzymology, a metabolic control mechanism with the effect of increasing the rate of synthesis of an enzyme. In induction, synthesis of a specific enzyme, called an inducible enzyme (e.g., β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli), occurs when cells are exposed to the substance (substrate)

induction, in embryology, process by which the presence of one tissue influences the development of others. Certain tissues, especially in very young embryos, apparently have the potential to direct the differentiation of adjacent cells. Absence of the inducing tissue results in lack of or improper

induction, in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the

induction coil, an electrical device for producing an intermittent source of high voltage. An induction coil consists of a central cylindrical core of soft iron on which are wound two insulated coils: an inner or primary coil, having relatively few turns of copper wire, and a surrounding secondary

watch: Electric-powered and electronic watches: …a permanent magnet, (2) the induction drive, in which an electromagnet attracts a balance containing soft magnetic material, or (3) the resonance drive, in which a tiny tuning fork (about 25 mm [1 inch] in length), driven electrically, provides the motive power. Both galvanometer and induction drive types use a…

liquid: Nonpolar molecules: …listed above, there are so-called induction forces set up when a charged or polar molecule induces a dipole in another molecule: the electric field of the inducing molecule distorts the charge distribution in the other. When a charged molecule induces a dipole in another, the force is always attractive and…

electric furnace: In the induction furnace, a coil carrying alternating electric current surrounds the container or chamber of metal. Eddy currents are induced in the metal (charge), the circulation of these currents producing extremely high temperatures for melting the metals and for making alloys of exact composition.

electric generator: Induction generators: An induction machine can operate as a generator if it is connected to an electric supply network operating at a substantially constant voltage and frequency. If torque is applied to the induction machine by a prime mover, it will tend to rotate somewhat…

induction heating: Induction hardening, widely used to increase the resistance of steel objects to wear, can be effected by brief exposure to a high-frequency field.

induction heating, method of raising the temperature of an electrically conductive material by subjecting it to an alternating electromagnetic field. The electric currents induced in the object (although it is electrically isolated from the source of the field) bring about dissipation of power in

electric motor: Induction motors: The simplest type of induction motor is shown in cross section in the figure. A three-phase set of stator windings is inserted in slots in the stator iron. These windings may be connected either in a wye configuration, normally without external connection to…

voltage regulator: …regulate the current supply, and induction regulators, in which an induction motor supplies a secondary, continually adjusted voltage to even out current variations in the feeder line.

Michael Faraday: Early life: Such acoustic induction is apparently what lay behind his most famous experiment. On August 29, 1831, Faraday wound a thick iron ring on one side with insulated wire that was connected to a battery. He then wound the opposite side with wire connected to a galvanometer. What…

rite of passage: Initiation rites: The most prevalent of rites of initiation among societies of the world are those observed at puberty. These have frequently been called puberty rites, but, as van Gennep argued long ago, this name is inappropriate. Puberty among females is often defined as the…

air-conditioning: In the induction system, air is cooled once at a central plant and then conveyed to individual units, where water is used to adjust the air temperature according to such variables as sunlight exposure and shade. In the dual-duct system, warm air and cool air travel through…

electromagnetic induction, in physics, the induction of an electromotive force in a circuit by varying the magnetic flux linked with the circuit. See Faraday’s law of

electromagnetic induction, in physics, the induction of an electromotive force in a circuit by varying the magnetic flux linked with the circuit. See Faraday’s law of

mathematical induction, one of various methods of proof of mathematical propositions, based on the principle of mathematical induction. A class of integers is called hereditary if, whenever any integer x belongs to the class, the successor of x (that is, the integer x + 1) also belongs to the

problem of induction, problem of justifying the inductive inference from the observed to the unobserved. It was given its classic formulation by the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–76), who noted that all such inferences rely, directly or indirectly, on the rationally unfounded premise that

watt-hour meter: Induction-type meters measure power in alternating-current circuits and are the type commonly seen on the outside of houses. Specialized watt-hour meters include totalizing meters, which record the power used in more than one circuit, and highly accurate portable meters, which are used for testing installed…

carboxylic acid: Acidity: …one example of the so-called inductive effect, in which a substituent affects a compound’s distribution of electrons. There are a number of such effects, and atoms or groups may be electron-withdrawing or electron-donating as compared with hydrogen. The presence of such groups near the COOH group of a carboxylic acid…

induction, in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the

induction, in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the

Sir Flinders Petrie: …age of 24, Petrie wrote Inductive Metrology; or, The Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments, a work that represented a new approach to archaeological study. Fieldwork done at various locations in Britain, including Stonehenge, enabled him to determine by mathematical computations the unit of measurement for the construction of…

reactance: Inductive reactance is associated with the magnetic field that surrounds a wire or a coil carrying a current. An alternating current in such a conductor, or inductor, sets up an alternating magnetic field that in turn affects the current in, and the voltage (potential difference)…

induction, in logic, method of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal. As it applies to logic in systems of the 20th century, the term is obsolete. Traditionally, logicians distinguished between deductive logic (inference in which the

Earth sciences: Radiometric dating: Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

electricity: Basic phenomena and principles: Inductors are essentially coils of conducting wire; they store magnetic energy in the form of a magnetic field generated by the current in the coil. All three components provide some impedance to the flow of alternating currents. In the case of capacitors and inductors, the…

electric generator: Inductor alternators: An inductor alternator is a special kind of synchronous generator in which both the field and the output winding are on the stator. In the homopolar type of machine, the magnetic flux is produced by direct current in a stationary field coil concentric…

navigation: The gyromagnetic compass: …at both ends, or an inductor element can be employed. In one such arrangement, a saturable-inductor compass (so named because of its use of materials that can be readily induced to carry a maximum magnetic flow, or magnetic saturation) is mounted on a gyroscope, but this is not always convenient…

Malayalam literature: Prose: …in Malayalam, Oyyarathu Chandu Menon’s Indulekha, which portrays the effect of Western ideas on an orthodox Hindu family. Modern Malayalam literature began around the beginning of the 20th century and was influenced by the Western literary forms. Kerala Varma Valiya Koyil Thampuran is regarded as the last of the neo-classicists…

indulgence, a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. The granting of indulgences was predicated on two beliefs. First, in the sacrament of penance it did not suffice to

United Kingdom: War and government: In 1672 Charles promulgated the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the penal code against all religious Nonconformists, Catholic and Dissenter alike. But a declaration of toleration could not bring together these mortal enemies, and the king found himself faced by a unified Protestant front. Parliamentary Anglicans would not vote money…

Claudine: … (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife (1903). Locked by Willy in a room so that she would write without distractions, the young Colette drew on her own experiences as a girl from the provinces and as a young married woman with a libertine…

Georges Danton: Leader of the moderate opposition: …as the leader of the Indulgents, the moderate faction that had risen out of the Cordeliers.

bullfighting: Act three: …if a rare pardon (indulto) is granted, it is indicated by the president waving an orange handkerchief. The kill, in these rare instances, is simulated using a banderilla or an empty hand, and the bull is then put out to stud.