Yuman: people, the Diegueño and the Kamia (now known as the Tipai and Ipai), lived in what are now southern California and northern Baja California. The Kiliwa and Paipai still live in northern Baja California.

Ipameri, city, southeastern Goiás estado (state), south-central Brazil. Lying in rolling uplands between the Veríssimo and Corumbá rivers, tributaries of the Paranaíba River, it is primarily a cattle-shipping centre that also houses meat-processing and rice-hulling plants. Additional income is

Vladimir Nikolayevich Ipatieff was a Russian-born American chemist who was one of the first to investigate high-pressure catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons and who directed research teams that developed several processes for refining petroleum into high-octane gasoline. In 1887 Ipatieff became an

Vladimir Nikolayevich Ipatieff was a Russian-born American chemist who was one of the first to investigate high-pressure catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons and who directed research teams that developed several processes for refining petroleum into high-octane gasoline. In 1887 Ipatieff became an

biodiversity: Counting species: A 2019 report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services noted that up to one million plant and animal species are facing extinction due to human activity. (The loss of biodiversity as a result of human activity and various methods aimed at preventing this loss are discussed…

weed: Chemical control: acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and IPC (isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate), the first two selective as foliar sprays against broad-leaved weeds, the third selective against grass species when applied through the soil. The new herbicides were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control at dosage rates as low as one…

Calouste Gulbenkian: (later Iraq Petroleum Co.) and became the first to exploit Iraqi oil; his 5% share made him one of the world’s richest men. From 1948 he negotiated Saudi Arabian oil concessions to U.S. firms. He amassed an outstanding art collection of some 6,000 works, now in…

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations panel established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988. Headquartered with the WMO in Geneva, Switzerland, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The Ipcress File, British spy film, released in 1965, that was considered among the best of the genre, noted for a realism that was absent in the James Bond movies. It was the first of several films that featured Michael Caine in the lead role of Harry Palmer. Palmer, a British military

Len Deighton: …his best-known being his first, The Ipcress File (1962), an account of deception and betrayal in an espionage agency.

child labour: In 1992 the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created as a new department of the ILO. Through programs it operates around the world, IPEC seeks the removal of children from hazardous working conditions and the ultimate elimination of child labour.

ipecac, dried rhizome and roots of the tropical New World plant Carapichea ipecacuanha of the madder family (Rubiaceae). It has been used since ancient times especially as a source of a drug to treat poisoning by inducing nausea and vomiting. The name also refers to the drug itself, which is also

ipecac, dried rhizome and roots of the tropical New World plant Carapichea ipecacuanha of the madder family (Rubiaceae). It has been used since ancient times especially as a source of a drug to treat poisoning by inducing nausea and vomiting. The name also refers to the drug itself, which is also

ipecac, dried rhizome and roots of the tropical New World plant Carapichea ipecacuanha of the madder family (Rubiaceae). It has been used since ancient times especially as a source of a drug to treat poisoning by inducing nausea and vomiting. The name also refers to the drug itself, which is also

Epirus, coastal region of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It extends from Valona Bay (Albanian: Gjiri i Vlorës) in Albania (northwest) to the Gulf of Árta (southeast); its hinterland extends eastward to the watershed of the Pindus (Modern Greek: Píndos) Mountains. The nomói (departments)

Pejë, town, western Kosovo. It lies on a small tributary of the Beli Drim River, between the North Albanian Alps (Prokletije) and the Mokra Mountain Range. It is populated largely by ethnic Albanians, who are primarily Muslim. It is noted for its mosques, narrow streets, and old Turkish houses.

Luxor: The ancient ruins: Temple of Luxor consisted of a large peristyle court and a complex of halls and chambers beyond. In one hall is a granite shrine of Alexander the Great. The great peristyle forecourt is surrounded on three sides by a double row of graceful papyrus-cluster columns,…

Karnak: …temples, called in ancient times Ipet-Isut, “Chosen of Places.” The ruins cover a considerable area and are still impressive, though nothing remains of the houses, palaces, and gardens that must have surrounded the temple precinct in ancient times. The most northerly temple is the Temple of Mont, the war god,…

dirigisme: …dirigisme took the form of indicative planning, which entailed government credit policies and subsidies, developing new technologies, and the regulation of employment overseen by a special planning commission, the Commissariat au Plan. The French government also embarked on ambitious projects, encouraging the formation of national champions in large industry groups,…

International Pentecostal Holiness Church (IPHC), Protestant denomination organized in Falcon, North Carolina, in 1911 by the merger of the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church (organized in 1898 by several Pentecostal associations) and the Pentecostal Holiness Church (organized in 1900). A third group,

zebra swallowtail butterfly, (Eurytides marcellus), species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera) that has wing patterns reminiscent of a zebra’s stripes, with a series of longitudinal black bands forming a pattern on a greenish white or white background. There are several

Iphicrates was an Athenian general known chiefly for his use of lightly armed troops (peltasts); he increased the length of their weapons and improved their mobility by reducing defensive armour. Iphicrates used his peltasts skillfully in the Corinthian War (395–387), nearly annihilating a

Iphigeneia, in Greek mythology, eldest daughter of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and his wife Clytemnestra. Her father had to sacrifice her to the goddess Artemis in order that the Achaean fleet, of which he was leader, might be delivered from the calm (or contrary winds) by which Artemis was

Iphigenia at Aulis, tragedy by Euripides, performed about 406 bce. The story concerns the legendary sacrifice of Iphigenia by her father, Agamemnon. When the Greek fleet is becalmed at Aulis, thus preventing movement of the expeditionary force against Troy, Agamemnon is told that he must sacrifice

Iphigenia Among the Taurians, tragicomedy by Euripides, performed about 413 bce and consisting chiefly of a recognition scene followed by a clever escape. In the play Iphigenia has been saved by the goddess Artemis from sacrifice and now serves the goddess’s temple at Tauris in Thrace. Her brother

Iphigenia Among the Taurians, tragicomedy by Euripides, performed about 413 bce and consisting chiefly of a recognition scene followed by a clever escape. In the play Iphigenia has been saved by the goddess Artemis from sacrifice and now serves the goddess’s temple at Tauris in Thrace. Her brother

Iphigenia at Aulis, tragedy by Euripides, performed about 406 bce. The story concerns the legendary sacrifice of Iphigenia by her father, Agamemnon. When the Greek fleet is becalmed at Aulis, thus preventing movement of the expeditionary force against Troy, Agamemnon is told that he must sacrifice

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: First Weimar period (1776–86) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …manner, Iphigenie auf Tauris (Iphigenia in Tauris), which shows the healing process he attributed to the influence of Frau von Stein in the context of an emotionally charged brother-and-sister relationship and as a profound moral and theological reeducation. Thereafter, however, he found it increasingly difficult to complete anything, and…

Iphigenia Among the Taurians, tragicomedy by Euripides, performed about 413 bce and consisting chiefly of a recognition scene followed by a clever escape. In the play Iphigenia has been saved by the goddess Artemis from sacrifice and now serves the goddess’s temple at Tauris in Thrace. Her brother

Iphigenia at Aulis: Jean Racine’s Iphigénie in the outdoor setting of a royal fête at Versailles is an adaptation of Euripides’ play, but with a love plot and a happy ending. Euripides was also the inspiration for Jean Moréas’s verse play Iphigénie à Aulide.

Jean Moréas: Moréas wrote a verse play, Iphigénie à Aulide (1903), which was closely inspired by Euripides and which met with considerable success when presented in the théâtre antique of Orange and subsequently on the stage of the Odéon in Paris. In Moréas’ last work, Les Stances (1899–1920; “The Stanzas”), his intellectual…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: First Weimar period (1776–86) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …manner, Iphigenie auf Tauris (Iphigenia in Tauris), which shows the healing process he attributed to the influence of Frau von Stein in the context of an emotionally charged brother-and-sister relationship and as a profound moral and theological reeducation. Thereafter, however, he found it increasingly difficult to complete anything, and…

Christoph Willibald Gluck: The late works of Christoph Willibald Gluck: …stage Gluck’s newly completed opera, Iphigénie en Aulide (the text, after Racine’s tragedy, was by François-Louis Leblanc, bailli Du Roullet); and, as Gluck had undertaken to transform the genial Italian style to the more serious opera cultivated by French composers as well as to provide six more similar operas, he…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: First Weimar period (1776–86) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …manner, Iphigenie auf Tauris (Iphigenia in Tauris), which shows the healing process he attributed to the influence of Frau von Stein in the context of an emotionally charged brother-and-sister relationship and as a profound moral and theological reeducation. Thereafter, however, he found it increasingly difficult to complete anything, and…

hooded shrimp, any member of the order Cumacea (superorder Peracarida), a group of small, predominantly marine crustaceans immediately recognizable by their unusual body shape. The head and thorax are wide and rounded, in sharp contrast to the slender, cylindrical, flexible abdomen from which

iPhone, series of smartphones produced by Apple Inc., combining mobile telephone, digital camera, music player, and personal computing technologies. After more than two years of development, the device was first released in the United States in 2007. The iPhone was subsequently released in Europe

iPhone: The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max (introduced in September 2019) were the first models to have three cameras on the back, the third camera being able to take ultrawide-angle pictures. In 2020 the iPhone 12 Pro was released, followed by the iPhone 13 Pro in…

iPhone: The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max (introduced in September 2019) were the first models to have three cameras on the back, the third camera being able to take ultrawide-angle pictures. In 2020 the iPhone 12 Pro was released, followed by the iPhone 13 Pro in 2021.

Apple Inc.: 1997–2010: Renaissance and reinvention: …2009, when Apple released the iPhone 3GS (which sold one million units in the first three days), the company’s share of the smartphone market had reached about 20% (compared with about 55% for the BlackBerry line of smartphones).

iPhone: …unveiled in June 2010, the iPhone 4 was thinner than its predecessor and offered improved battery life as well as a 5-megapixel camera. It featured a front-facing camera for video chat and selfies. The iPhone 4 ran on iOS 4, a multiplatform operating system that allowed users to run multiple…

iPhone: …October 2011 Apple released the iPhone 4S. Among the improvements were an 8-megapixel camera and Siri, a personal assistant program that responded to spoken commands and questions. The new version of the operating system, iOS 5, contained iMessage, a messaging system that allowed conversations between any devices running iOS 5,…

iPhone: Improved versions, the 5C and the more expensive 5S, were released in September 2013. The 5S had a fingerprint lock system called Touch ID and a motion coprocessor, which was solely devoted to processing information from the phone’s motion sensors, thus freeing up resources on the main processor.

iPhone: …5C and the more expensive 5S, were released in September 2013. The 5S had a fingerprint lock system called Touch ID and a motion coprocessor, which was solely devoted to processing information from the phone’s motion sensors, thus freeing up resources on the main processor.

iPhone: In September 2014 the iPhone 6 and the larger 6 Plus were unveiled. The 6 Plus was significantly thinner than previous versions (which actually made it susceptible to unintentional bending if left in a user’s pocket too long). The new operating system version, iOS 8, had such features as…

iPhone: The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were released in September 2016. The 7 Plus had a camera with a “portrait mode,” in which a foreground subject was in focus against a blurred background, and a second telephoto camera on the back. In both phones Apple eliminated…

iPhone: The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were released in September 2016. The 7 Plus had a camera with a “portrait mode,” in which a foreground subject was in focus against a blurred background, and a second telephoto camera on the back. In both phones Apple eliminated the headphone jack.…

iPhone: …September 2017 Apple released the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus. The only distinctive feature was the addition of inductive charging, in which the phone could charge wirelessly. Two months later Apple introduced the iPhone X, in which the screen covered the whole front surface of the device. The home button…

iPhone: …released the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus. The only distinctive feature was the addition of inductive charging, in which the phone could charge wirelessly. Two months later Apple introduced the iPhone X, in which the screen covered the whole front surface of the device. The home button at the bottom…

iOS, multiplatform operating system (OS) created and developed by Apple Inc. for its iPhone. The platform formerly also supported the company’s iPad (until 2019) and iPod Touch (until 2022) devices. The software is based on Mac OS X (after 2016, macOS), which Apple has used since 2001 to power its

iPhone: …months later Apple introduced the iPhone X, in which the screen covered the whole front surface of the device. The home button at the bottom of the iPhone was removed, and users no longer used their fingerprint but instead used facial recognition to unlock their phones.

African theatre: South Africa: …the 1970s musicals such as Ipi-Tombi and Umabatha (a Zulu version of Macbeth by Welcome Msomi) were commercial successes in South Africa and internationally, but they were often regarded as exploitative of African artists and culture. However, Umabatha was praised by South Africa’s iconic president, Nelson Mandela, under whose encouragement…

Ipiales, city, southwestern Colombia. It is located in the Andes Mountains on the banks of the Guáitara River, at 9,505 feet (2,897 metres) above sea level, and is known as the “city of the three volcanoes.” A Spanish settlement was founded there in 1585 by missionaries working among the indigenous

immune system: Immunity against cancer: Known as ipilimumab (Yervoy), the antibody was approved in 2011 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of late-stage melanoma. Likewise, the discovery of a negative immune regulatory protein known as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which occurs on the surface of T…

Epirus, coastal region of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It extends from Valona Bay (Albanian: Gjiri i Vlorës) in Albania (northwest) to the Gulf of Árta (southeast); its hinterland extends eastward to the watershed of the Pindus (Modern Greek: Píndos) Mountains. The nomói (departments)

Ipiutak culture, Eskimo culture of northwestern Alaska, probably dating from the 2nd to the 6th century ad. A Siberian origin has been suggested, based on similarities in burial practices and ceremonialism, animal carvings and designs, and some use of iron; but evidence is not conclusive. There

India: Foreign policy: …and agreed to send an Indian Peace-Keeping Force (IPKF) to disarm the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) and other Tamil forces. The IPKF, however, soon found itself embroiled in fighting the Tamil Tigers. The accord had never been popular among Tamils or Sinhalese, and by 1989 the Indian…

Indian Premier League (IPL), Indian professional Twenty20 (T20) cricket league that was established in 2008 and has developed into one of the richest sports leagues in the world. The brainchild of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the Indian Premier League (IPL) is based on a

artificial intelligence programming language: …Carnegie Mellon University developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), a computer language tailored for AI programming. At the heart of IPL was a highly flexible data structure that they called a list. A list is simply an ordered sequence of items of data. Some or all of the items in…

chemistry of industrial polymers: Copolymers and polymer blends: …arrangement referred to as an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). Another strategy is to add block or graft copolymers formed from monomers of the immiscible polymers in order to improve adhesion at the boundaries between the polymer phases. In this technique interfacial adhesion is strengthened because of the natural affinity of…

Argonne National Laboratory: …Advanced Photon Source (APS), the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS), and the High-Voltage Electron Microscope- (HVEM-) Tandem Facility—have been designated official U.S. Department of Energy National User Facilities.

In corporate finance, an initial public offering (IPO) is a primary market process through which a private company first offers to sell securities (usually shares) to public investors. The act of conducting an IPO is commonly referred to as “going public.” In the process: A private company seeking

Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Israeli symphony orchestra based in Tel Aviv–Yafo, founded in 1936 by Bronislaw Huberman as the Palestine Orchestra. Huberman assembled a professional symphony orchestra of high calibre, consisting of Europe’s most talented Jewish symphonic players. Arturo Toscanini

Initial public offerings, or IPOs, are a big deal in terms of dollars, media attention, and Wall Street pomp and circumstance. But what is an IPO? The initial public offering traditionally marks the first time a business sells shares on the market. Those new shares may carry greater potential

iPod, portable media player developed by Apple Inc., released in 2001, and compatible with the company’s Macintosh personal computers. A version for Microsoft Corporation’s Windows operating system was released in 2002. The small, sleekly designed player, coupled with its accompanying online music

Ipoh, city, Peninsular (West) Malaysia, on the Kinta River. Surrounded by steep hills, except to the south, it lies on a flat alluvial plain in the Kinta Valley. The name comes from a local tree, whose poisonous resin was once used by Aboriginals for hunting. The modern city dates from the 1890s,

Caruaru: It is located on the Ipojuca River at 1,804 feet (550 metres) above sea level.

Ipomoea, genus of about 500 mostly warm-climate trees, shrubs, and twining and trailing herbaceous plants of the family Convolvulaceae. Several species are known as morning glories and are cultivated as ornamental plants for their attractive flowers. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an

romance: The theme of separation and reunion: …variety of romances including the Ipomedon (1174–90) of Hue de Rotelande and the anonymous mid-13th-century Anglo-Norman Gui de Warewic. Finally, there are many examples of the “persecuted heroine” theme; in one variety a person having knowledge of some “corporal sign”—a birthmark or mole—on a lady wagers with her husband that…

Ipomoea, genus of about 500 mostly warm-climate trees, shrubs, and twining and trailing herbaceous plants of the family Convolvulaceae. Several species are known as morning glories and are cultivated as ornamental plants for their attractive flowers. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an

Ipomoea: Major species: …the largest-flowering ipomoeas is the moonflower (tropical white morning glory; I. alba), a rampant perennial climber with 15-cm (6-inch) white, fragrant, night-blooming flowers. It contains a milky juice used for coagulating Castilla rubber.

Ipomoea: Major species: The morning glory tree (casahuate; I. arborescens) is one of several similar tropical American tree and shrub morning glories.

sweet potato, (Ipomoea batatas), food plant of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), native to tropical America. The sweet potato is widely cultivated in tropical and warm temperate climates and is an important food crop in the southern United States, tropical America and the Caribbean, the

cypress vine: The closely related star ipomoea (I. coccinea), with crimson flowers and heart-shaped leaves, which grows wild over much the same area, is also an annual.

Ipomoea: Major species: Bush morning glory (I. leptophylla), with tuberous roots and erect branches, grows up to about 120 cm (47 inches) tall and bears 7.5-cm (3-inch) purple or pink flowers. It is native to central North America.

Ipomoea: Major species: Jalap (I. purga), native to tropical Mexico, is an upright herb with solitary reddish flowers. Its apple-sized turnip-shaped roots are the source of an ancient purgative, still in use.

Ipomoea: Major species: Common morning glory (I. purpurea), an annual vine that bears heart-shaped leaves and purple, pink, or white flowers about 7 cm (3 inches) across, has become a troublesome weed in parts of southeastern North America. It is cultivated in many places.

cypress vine, (Ipomoea quamoclit), tropical American twining climber naturalized in southern North America. It has star-shaped scarlet, pink, or white blooms amid deep green, deeply lobed leaves. It is a member of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) and is an annual. The closely related star

Ipomoea: Major species: Heavenly blue morning glory (I. violacea)—a twining perennial vine, usually cultivated as a garden annual—bears clusters of blue to purplish, sometimes white, flowers, 12 cm (4.7 inches) across, among heart-shaped leaves. It is native to tropical America. This vine bears seeds containing the alkaloids d-lysergic…

Ipomoea: Major species: Heavenly blue morning glory (I. violacea)—a twining perennial vine, usually cultivated as a garden annual—bears clusters of blue to purplish, sometimes white, flowers, 12 cm (4.7 inches) across, among heart-shaped leaves. It is native to tropical America. This vine bears seeds containing the alkaloids d-lysergic…

Ipomoea: Major species: Heavenly blue morning glory (I. violacea)—a twining perennial vine, usually cultivated as a garden annual—bears clusters of blue to purplish, sometimes white, flowers, 12 cm (4.7 inches) across, among heart-shaped leaves. It is native to tropical America. This vine bears seeds containing the alkaloids d-lysergic…

aerospace industry: Design methods: …teams, is a method called integrated product and process development (IPPD). IPPD ensures that the needs of the users and those who bring the product to the customer through manufacturing and outside procurement are considered at the beginning of the design/build cycle. In cases in which maintenance plays a major…

Buddhism: Pure Land: …up around the itinerant teacher Ippen. He traveled throughout Japan, advocating the chanting of Amida’s name at set intervals throughout the day; hence, his school was called the Ji (“Times”) school, or Jishū.

Japanese art: Painting: …Hōnen shōnin eden and the Ippen shōnin gyojo eden present biographies of the priests Hōnen, founder of the Pure Land sect, and Ippen, beloved charismatic who founded an Amidist subgroup, the Ji sect. In vitality of defining brushwork, rich palette, and lavish depiction of the sundry details of contemporaneous existence,…

birth control: Family planning services: …toward creating what became the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).

Ippitsusai Bunchō was a Japanese artist in the ukiyo-e school, which depicted subjects drawn from everyday life. Ippitsusai studied with Ishikawa Yukimoto, a painter of the traditional Kanō school. He gained repute as a colourist, particularly in his painting of actors (nigeo-e, “portraits”). His

Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov was a Russian composer of orchestral works and operas, of which the most popular were influenced by Caucasian and Georgian folk music. Ippolitov-Ivanov studied under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov at the St. Petersburg Conservatory and in 1882 became conductor of the symphony

Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov was a Russian composer of orchestral works and operas, of which the most popular were influenced by Caucasian and Georgian folk music. Ippolitov-Ivanov studied under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov at the St. Petersburg Conservatory and in 1882 became conductor of the symphony

isoprenoid: Biosynthesis of isoprenoids: …unknown compounds, mevalonic acid and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPPP), occur as important intermediates in the process.

iproniazid, the first drug of the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor series to be introduced into medicine (1958). It was employed as an antidepressant until it was found to cause liver damage. Prior to its introduction as an antidepressant, iproniazid was studied as a drug similar in function to the

Paraguay: Health and welfare: The state-run Institute of Social Provision (IPS) is funded by contributions from government, employers, and employees. It offers pensions, medical care, and subsidies during illness but reaches only a small percentage of the salaried workers.

liquid crystal display: Other transmissive nematic displays: For example, in-plane switching (IPS) displays operate by applying a switching voltage to electrodes on a single substrate to untwist the liquid crystal. IPS displays have a viewing angle intrinsically superior to that of TFT TNs; however, the requirement for more electrode circuitry on their substrate can…

induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell), immature cell that is generated from an adult (mature) cell and that has regained the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell in the body. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) differ from embryonic stem cells (ES cells), which form the inner

Thasos: The highest mountain, Mount Ipsárion (3,947 feet [1,203 metres]), lies near the island’s northeastern coast. The population is distributed in about 10 villages, mostly at some distance from the sea; the chief town, Thásos (formerly Limín), is on the north coast.

ipsative measurement, type of assessment used in personality questionnaires or attitude surveys in which the respondent must choose between two or more equally socially acceptable options. Developed by American psychologist Paul Horst in the early 1950s, ipsative measurement tracks the progress or

Bodil Ipsen was a Danish actress who, with her frequent stage partner, the character actor Poul Reumert, reilluminated the dramas of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg. Ipsen first appeared on the stage at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen, in 1909. She showed wide versatility, achieving success in

Romania: Between Turkey and Austria: …Constantin Mavrocordat abolished serfdom, and Alexandru Ipsilanti of Walachia (reigned 1774–82) initiated extensive administrative and legal reforms. Alexandru’s enlightened reign, moreover, coincided with subtle shifts in economic and social life and with the emergence of new spiritual and intellectual aspirations that pointed to the West and to reform.

Alexander the Great’s sudden death in Babylon in 323 bce left his leading generals locked in decades of battling over the spoils of his empire. At the Battle of Ipsos in 301 bce, the Macedonian general Antigonus—long in the ascendant—was finally overpowered by the combined forces of his rivals, and

nervous system: Postsynaptic potential: …impulse, it is called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The interaction of competing EPSPs and IPSPs at the hundreds or even thousands of synapses on a single neuron determines whether the nerve impulse arriving at the presynaptic terminals will be regenerated in the postsynaptic membrane.

Ipswich, town (township), Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Ipswich River (there bridged since 1764), 28 miles (45 km) north-northeast of Boston. Settled in 1633 as Agawam, it was incorporated in 1634 and renamed for Ipswich, England. Lace making, the town’s first

Ipswich: …Sea port town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Suffolk, England. Located at the head of the Orwell estuary, in the southeastern part of the county, Ipswich is the county town (seat) and administrative center of Suffolk.