Janissary, member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826. Highly respected for their military prowess in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Janissaries became a powerful political force within the Ottoman state. During peacetime they were used

Georgetown, town, port on MacCarthy Island in the Gambia River in central Gambia. It was founded in 1823 by Captain Alexander Grant as a settlement for freed slaves. Georgetown’s Wesleyan Mission (1823) introduced the peanut (groundnut), a crop still exported downstream on the Gambia River.

Georgetown, town, port on MacCarthy Island in the Gambia River in central Gambia. It was founded in 1823 by Captain Alexander Grant as a settlement for freed slaves. Georgetown’s Wesleyan Mission (1823) introduced the peanut (groundnut), a crop still exported downstream on the Gambia River.

Janjaweed, Arab militia active in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region. The militia’s name is thought by many to be derived from the Arabic jinnī (spirit) and jawad (horse), although its etymological origins are not completely clear. The Janjaweed has its origins in the long-running civil war

Janjaweed, Arab militia active in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region. The militia’s name is thought by many to be derived from the Arabic jinnī (spirit) and jawad (horse), although its etymological origins are not completely clear. The Janjaweed has its origins in the long-running civil war

Carlo Janka is a Swiss Alpine skier whose clean, efficient style and poised determination helped establish him as one of the sport’s top all-around competitors in the early 21st century. Janka was born in a mountain village in southeastern Switzerland and began skiing at age two. As a teenager he

history of Europe: The European war in Germany, 1635–45: …back in Bohemia, and at Jankov (March 6, 1645) they totally destroyed another imperial army. The emperor and his family fled to Graz, while the Swedes advanced to the Danube and threatened Vienna. Reinforcements were also sent to assist the French campaign against Bavaria, and on August 3 Maximilian’s forces…

folk dance: Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković and modern scholarship: Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković, devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from southeastern Europe. Between 1934 and 1964 they published eight volumes and several monographs of dance research. In the work…

folk dance: Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković and modern scholarship: Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković, devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from southeastern Europe. Between 1934 and 1964 they published eight volumes and several monographs of dance research.…

Janmashtami, Hindu festival celebrating the birth (janma) of the god Krishna on the eighth (ashtami) day of the dark fortnight of the month of Bhadrapada (August–September). The number eight has another significance in the Krishna legend in that he is the eighth child of his mother, Devaki. The

Alhambra: The palace and grounds: …of the Sun”) is the Generalife (from Arabic: Jannat al-ʿArīf [“Garden of the Architect”]), constructed in the early 14th century as a summer palace. The complex is centred on picturesque courtyards such as the Patio del Ciprés de la Sultana (Court of the Sultana’s Cypress). Terraced gardens, pools, and fountains…

Nawal El Saadawi: …institution, Jannāt wa Iblīs (1992; Jannāt and Iblīs). The female protagonists are Jannāt, whose name is the plural of the Arabic word for paradise, and Iblīs, whose name refers to the Devil.

Nawal El Saadawi: …institution, Jannāt wa Iblīs (1992; Jannāt and Iblīs). The female protagonists are Jannāt, whose name is the plural of the Arabic word for paradise, and Iblīs, whose name refers to the Devil.

Clément Janequin was a leading 16th-century French composer of chansons, famous for his program chansons, part-songs in which sounds of nature, of battles, and of the streets are imitated. He worked in Bordeaux in the service of Lancelot du Fau, who became bishop of Luçon, and later for the bishop

Allison Janney is an American actress who won acclaim on stage, film, and television but is perhaps best known for her portrayal of C.J. Cregg, the White House press secretary and chief of staff on the hit TV show The West Wing (1999–2006). She later won an Academy Award for her performance in the

Allison Janney is an American actress who won acclaim on stage, film, and television but is perhaps best known for her portrayal of C.J. Cregg, the White House press secretary and chief of staff on the hit TV show The West Wing (1999–2006). She later won an Academy Award for her performance in the

Emil Jannings was a German actor who was internationally known for his tragic roles in motion pictures. He was the recipient of the first Academy Award for best actor. Jannings was reared in Görlitz, Germany, where he began his stage career. He joined a traveling stock company and in 1906 began

Budapest: Transportation: …sightseers to the top of János Hill, which, at 1,729 feet (527 metres) above sea level, is the highest point in Budapest. The Children’s Railway (Gyermekvasút), which winds through the hills, is managed largely by children.

John was a king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the house of Habsburg. John began his public career in 1505 as a member of the Diet of Rákos; it was upon his motion that the Diet voted that no foreign prince would ever again be elected king of Hungary after the death of

Sándor Petőfi: Of his epic poems the János vitéz (1845), an entrancing fairy tale, is the most popular. Petőfi’s popularity has never diminished in Hungary.

John was a king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the house of Habsburg. John began his public career in 1505 as a member of the Diet of Rákos; it was upon his motion that the Diet voted that no foreign prince would ever again be elected king of Hungary after the death of

Jesse Ventura is a professional wrestler known as Jesse “the Body” Ventura and later entered politics, serving as governor of Minnesota (1999–2003). Ventura joined the U.S. Navy after high school, becoming a SEAL (sea, air, land) commando and serving in the Vietnam War before returning to Minnesota

Morris Janowitz was an innovative American sociologist and political scientist who made major contributions to sociological theory and to the study of prejudice, urban issues, and patriotism. His work in political science concentrated mainly on civil-military affairs. After earning his B.A. at New

Bret Easton Ellis: Literary stardom: …Ellis: Less Than Zero (1985) Tama Janowitz: Slaves of New York (1986) Jay McInerney: Bright Lights, Big City (1984) Susan Minot: Monkeys (1986) and Lust & Other Stories (1989) Donna Tartt:

Orchestre de la Suisse Romande: Luisi (1997–2002), Pinchas Steinberg (2002–05), Marek Janowski (2005–12), and Neeme Järvi (2012–15). Jonathan Nott came to the podium as music and artistic director in 2017.

Slovenia: The postcommunist era: …government was eventually formed by Janez Janša of the Slovenian Democratic Party. Named prime minister in February 2012, Janša introduced a series of austerity measures that were intended to reduce Slovenia’s budget deficit. Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets to demonstrate against the proposals as the Slovene…

Bert Jansch was a Scottish-born guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as a solo artist and as a member of the folk-rock group Pentangle. Influenced by American

Bert Jansch was a Scottish-born guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as a solo artist and as a member of the folk-rock group Pentangle. Influenced by American

Cornelius Otto Jansen was a Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in 1640. Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it was of

Dan Jansen is an American speed skater whose dominance in the sprint races of his sport was overshadowed by his misfortune in the Olympic Winter Games. Jansen grew up in a family of skating enthusiasts and competed in his first meets at the age of four. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo,

Dan Jansen is an American speed skater whose dominance in the sprint races of his sport was overshadowed by his misfortune in the Olympic Winter Games. Jansen grew up in a family of skating enthusiasts and competed in his first meets at the age of four. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo,

diagnosis: Historical aspects: …century by the Dutch optician Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias. In the early 17th century, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician Galileo constructed a microscope and a telescope. The utility of microscopes in the biological sciences and for diagnostic purposes was initially realized in the late 17th century, when Dutch…

Celtic: Wim Jansen, a player on the Dutch team Feyenoord that beat Celtic on that occasion, in 1997 became the club’s first manager from outside of Britain or Ireland. Six years later Celtic reached the 2003 Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Cup final but lost…

diagnosis: Historical aspects: …Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias. In the early 17th century, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician Galileo constructed a microscope and a telescope. The utility of microscopes in the biological sciences and for diagnostic purposes was initially realized in the late 17th century, when Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became…

Jansenism, in Roman Catholic history, a controversial religious movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that arose out of the theological problem of reconciling divine grace and human freedom. Jansenism appeared chiefly in France, the Low Countries, and Italy. In France it became connected with the

Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, small independent Roman Catholic church in the Netherlands that dates from the early 18th century. A schism developed in the Roman Catholic Church in Holland in 1702 when Petrus Codde, archbishop of Utrecht, was accused of heresy for suspected sympathy with

Cornelius Otto Jansen was a Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in 1640. Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it was of

Karl Jansky: …emission strength was named the jansky.

Karl Jansky was an American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations. In 1928 Jansky joined the Bell Telephone

Karl Jansky was an American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations. In 1928 Jansky joined the Bell Telephone

Cornelius Johnson was a Baroque painter, considered the most important native English portraitist of the early 17th century. Johnson was the son of Dutch parents living in London. He was patronized by James I and Charles I but seems to have lost his popularity with the court when Van Dyck went to

Mariss Jansons was a Latvian-born conductor, known for his expressive interpretations of the music of central and eastern Europe. The son of the respected conductor Arvid Jansons, Mariss was captivated by music as a child. He studied violin, piano, and conducting at the Leningrad (now St.

Mariss Jansons was a Latvian-born conductor, known for his expressive interpretations of the music of central and eastern Europe. The son of the respected conductor Arvid Jansons, Mariss was captivated by music as a child. He studied violin, piano, and conducting at the Leningrad (now St.

COVID-19 vaccine: …recombinant version, known as the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, developed by Johnson & Johnson. The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were about 95 percent effective in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2; the Janssen vaccine was about 67 percent effective in preventing moderate to severe disease. Other vaccines included the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, a

Divine Word Missionary: , by Arnold Janssen to work in the foreign missions. Its members are engaged in all phases of missionary activity, from teaching in universities, colleges, and secondary schools to working among primitive peoples. In the late 20th century they were located in 14 European countries, in North…

Cornelius Johnson was a Baroque painter, considered the most important native English portraitist of the early 17th century. Johnson was the son of Dutch parents living in London. He was patronized by James I and Charles I but seems to have lost his popularity with the court when Van Dyck went to

The Pride of the Yankees: …to disappoint his mother (Elsa Janssen), Gehrig decides to remain in college, but after she falls ill, he signs with the Yankees to raise money for her medical care. Gehrig becomes a star player and earns the nickname “Iron Horse,” because of his streak of playing in 2,130 consecutive…

Johannes Janssen was a Roman Catholic German historian who wrote a highly controversial history of the German people, covering the period leading to and through the Reformation. Reared in a staunchly Catholic home, he attended local schools and then studied at Münster, the Catholic University of

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Battersea enamelware: …a district in London, by Stephen Theodore Janssen between 1753 and 1756. This ware is variably composed of soft white enamel completely covering a copper ground. A design is applied to the white enamel either by painting by hand or by transfer printing, a process by which an impression from…

Abraham Janssens was a Flemish painter who was the leading exponent of the classical Baroque style in Flanders during the early 17th century. His stylistic development indicates that he was in Rome between 1598 and 1601 and probably revisited the city sometime between 1602 and 1610. His earliest

Abraham Janssens was a Flemish painter who was the leading exponent of the classical Baroque style in Flanders during the early 17th century. His stylistic development indicates that he was in Rome between 1598 and 1601 and probably revisited the city sometime between 1602 and 1610. His earliest

smorgasbord: … (marinated salmon), meatballs, and “Jansson’s temptation,” a casserole of potatoes, onions, anchovies, and cream.

Bishop Hill State Historic Site: …by Swedish immigrants led by Erik Jansson, who had been influenced by the Pietist movement in Sweden. Fearing persecution in Sweden because their beliefs contravened those of the Church of Sweden, Jansson and his followers emigrated to the United States. They named their new home for Biskopskulla, Sweden, Jansson’s birthplace.…

Tove Jansson was a Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children’s books (in Swedish). In her books, she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomintrolls, popular especially in northern and central Europe, although translations in more than 30 languages have provided a worldwide

Tove Jansson was a Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children’s books (in Swedish). In her books, she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomintrolls, popular especially in northern and central Europe, although translations in more than 30 languages have provided a worldwide

Australia: The Dutch: Late in 1605 Willem Jansz (Janszoon) of Amsterdam sailed aboard the Duyfken from Bantam in the Dutch East Indies in search of New Guinea. He reached the Torres Strait a few weeks before Torres and named what was later to prove part of the Australian coast—Cape Keer-Weer, on…

gastropod: Classification: …shallow to deep ocean waters; purple snails (Janthinidae) float on the ocean surface after building a raft of bubbles; large numbers of bubble shells occasionally blow ashore. Superfamily Aglossa Parasitic or predatory snails either with a reduced radula or with none, jaws often modified into a stylet-shaped structure; many occur…

African art: African art in the 20th century and beyond: In Gavin Jantjes’s work, the conditions of a racially segregated state were directly addressed in silkscreened “cartoons” that juxtaposed bright blocks of colour with the harsh realities of South African life in the apartheid era. Moshekwa Langa’s collaged media elements similarly presented a haunting vision of…

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: To this end he wrote Janua Linguarum Reserata, a textbook that described useful facts about the world in both Latin and Czech, side by side; thus, the pupils could compare the two languages and identify words with things. Translated into German, the Janua soon became famous throughout Europe and was…

Saint Januarius ; feast day September 19) was the bishop of Benevento and patron saint of Naples. He is believed to have been martyred during the persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian. His fame rests on the relic, allegedly his blood, which is kept in a glass vial in the Naples Cathedral.

January, first month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Janus, the Roman god of all beginnings. January replaced March as the first month of the Roman year no later than 153

California: Climate and wildfires of California: A series of wildfires in Los Angeles county in January 2025 destroyed more than 10,000 homes, killed dozens, and forced tens of thousands of people to evacuate. Of the 10 deadliest wildfires in the state’s history, more than half occurred in the 21st century.

United States: Stalled voting rights legislation, the fate of the filibuster, and the appointment of Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court: …prevented the establishment of an independent commission to investigate the United States Capitol attack of 2021. Thirty-five Republicans joined all the Democratic members of the House in voting 252–175 to authorize the creation of a commission modeled on the one that investigated the September 11 attacks. However, the measure to…

January 6 U.S. Capitol attack, storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, by a mob of supporters of Republican Pres. Donald J. Trump. The attack disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to certify the results of the presidential election of 2020, which Trump had lost to his

January 6 U.S. Capitol attack, storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, by a mob of supporters of Republican Pres. Donald J. Trump. The attack disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to certify the results of the presidential election of 2020, which Trump had lost to his

January Insurrection, (1863–64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland. After Alexander II became emperor of Russia and king of Poland in 1855, the strict and repressive regime that

Catherine de’ Medici: Civil wars: …most concrete achievement was the Edict of January 1562, which followed the failure of reconciliation. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. Unlike the proposals of Poissy, the edict was law, which the Protestants accepted and the Catholics rejected. This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak…

Janūb Sīnāʾ, muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The governorate was created out of Sīnāʾ muḥāfaẓah in late 1978, after the first stages of the Israeli withdrawal from the peninsula were initiated. The northern boundary of the governorate roughly follows the old

Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger was a German historical scholar and a prominent Roman Catholic theologian who refused to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility decreed by the first Vatican Council (1869–70). He joined the Old Catholics (Altkatholiken), those who separated from the Vatican

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons—they share the same average orbit. Every few years they make a close approach, interacting gravitationally in such a way that one transmits angular momentum to the other, which forces the latter into a slightly higher orbit and the former…

Janus, in Roman religion, the animistic spirit of doorways (januae) and archways (jani). Janus and the nymph Camasene were the parents of Tiberinus, whose death in or by the river Albula caused it to be renamed Tiber. The worship of Janus traditionally dated back to Romulus and a period even before

Janus: …janus in Rome was the Janus Geminus, which was actually a shrine of Janus at the north side of the Forum. It was a simple rectangular bronze structure with double doors at each end. Traditionally, the doors of this shrine were left open in time of war and were kept…

malformation: Doubling of parts: …in which there is a Janus head, two faces on a single head and body. Janus malformations have been produced experimentally in amphibian embryos by a variety of treatments in early stages. A group of cases in which the hinder end of the body was doubled from the sacrum back…

John Lascaris was a Greek scholar and diplomat whose career shows the close connections that linked political interests and humanist effort before the Protestant Reformation. A librarian to Lorenzo de’ Medici, Lascaris toured the Levant (1489–92), and his records of the manuscripts he sought,

Pécs: …the Turks but was renamed Janus Pannonius University of Pécs and reopened in 1922. The Medical University of Pécs (1951) is also situated in the city. The University of Pécs was reformed in 2000 by the merger of Janus Pannonius University, the Medical University of Pécs, and Illyés Gyula Teacher…

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education: Opinion: In Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (2018), the Supreme Court finally overturned the Abood decision, ruling (5–4) that it was “inconsistent with standard First Amendment principles,” because service fees for collective-bargaining activity effectively compel nonunion employees to subsidize union speech on…

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education: Opinion: In Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (2018), the Supreme Court finally overturned the Abood decision, ruling (5–4) that it was “inconsistent with standard First Amendment principles,” because service fees for collective-bargaining activity effectively compel nonunion employees to subsidize union speech on…

F.W. Murnau: …supernatural in nature, such as Der Januskopf (1920; Janus-Faced), a highly praised variation of the Jekyll-and-Hyde story that starred Bela Lugosi and Conrad Veidt. Unfortunately, this and most of Murnau’s early films are lost or exist only in fragmentary form.

F.W. Murnau: …supernatural in nature, such as Der Januskopf (1920; Janus-Faced), a highly praised variation of the Jekyll-and-Hyde story that starred Bela Lugosi and Conrad Veidt. Unfortunately, this and most of Murnau’s early films are lost or exist only in fragmentary form.

holy basil: In Hinduism: …to make beads for sacred japa mala (rosaries). The beginning of the Hindu wedding season is marked by a festival known as Tulsi Vivah, in which homes and temples ceremonially wed holy basil to Vishnu. Water infused with the leaves is often given to the dying to help elevate their…

black varnish, any of a class of oil varnishes in which bitumen (a mixture of asphaltlike hydrocarbons) replaces the natural gums or resins used as hardeners in clear varnish. Black varnish is widely used as a protective coating for interior and exterior ironwork such as pipework, tanks, stoves,

Japan, island country lying off the east coast of Asia. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the western North Pacific Ocean. Nearly the entire land area is taken up by the country’s four main islands;

Okakura Kakuzō: …established the Nippon Bijutsu-in (Japan Academy of Fine Arts) with the help of such followers as Hishida Shunsō and Yokoyama Taikan.

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japanese government agency in charge of research in both aviation and space exploration. Its headquarters are in Tokyo. JAXA is divided into seven bodies: the Space Transportation Mission Directorate, which develops launch vehicles; the Space Applications

Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privatized in 1987. It is headquartered in Tokyo. At first a domestic

Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privatized in 1987. It is headquartered in Tokyo. At first a domestic

Japan Airlines flight 123, crash of a Japan Airlines (JAL) passenger jet on August 12, 1985, in southern Gumma prefecture, Japan, northwest of Tokyo, that killed 520 people. The incident is one of the deadliest single-plane crashes in history. Domestic flight JAL 123 departed Tokyo’s Haneda airport

Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privatized in 1987. It is headquartered in Tokyo. At first a domestic

fusion reactor: Magnetic confinement: …the Tokamak-60 (JT-60) of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute; and the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in New Jersey, respectively.

Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK), public radio and television system of Japan. It operates two television and three radio networks and is notable for its innovations in high-definition television. NHK was founded as a state public utility corporation controlled by Japan’s Ministry of Communications. It

japanning: The word japan survives more actively in an altogether different product—japan colours. These are quick-drying, lustreless paints miscible with turpentine and universally sold in tubes and cans for sign painting and decorative work.

Japanese Communist Party (JCP), leftist Japanese political party founded in 1922. Initially, the party was outlawed, and it operated clandestinely until the post-World War II Allied occupation command restored freedom of political association in Japan; it was established legally in October 1945. In

Nihon Hidankyo, Japanese grassroots movement dedicated to eliminating nuclear weapons. Nihon Hidankyo was founded in 1956 by survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a group known as hibakusha (“bomb-affected people”). Its main activities include sending delegations to

Kuroshio, strong surface oceanic current of the Pacific Ocean, the northeasterly flowing continuation of the Pacific North Equatorial Current between Luzon of the Philippines and the east coast of Japan. The temperature and salinity of Kuroshio water are relatively high for the region, about 68 °F

Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, severe natural disaster that occurred in northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. The event began with a powerful earthquake off the northeastern coast of Honshu, Japan’s main island, which caused widespread damage on land and initiated a series of large tsunami

Export-Import Bank of Japan, one of the principal government-funded Japanese financial institutions, which provides a wide range of services to support and encourage Japanese trade and overseas investment. Headquarters are in Tokyo. The Japan Export Bank was established in 1950; its name was

industrial relations: Enterprise unions: …Federation of Employers’ Associations (Nikkeiren) embarked on a campaign to form moderate, anti-Communist enterprise unions that included lower level management personnel as well as production workers.