• Jawahar Tunnel (tunnel, India)

    Jammu and Kashmir: Transportation and communications: …included was construction of the Jawahar Tunnel, which at the time of its completion in 1959 was one of the longest in Asia. That road, however, is often made impassable by severe weather, which causes shortages of essential commodities in the vale. A road also connects Srinagar with Kargil and…

  • Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (medical school, Belgavi, India)

    Belagavi: …science, education, law, and medicine—including Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College—affiliated with Karnatak University in Hubballi-Dharwad, which lies to the southeast. Pop. (2001) city, 399,653; urban agglom., 506,480; (2011) city, 488,157; urban agglom., 610,350.

  • Jawaharlal Nehru University (university, New Delhi, India)

    Deepika Padukone: Actress and producer: …expressed solidarity with students at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) by joining their protest against a mob attack on students on the campus. Some called Padukone’s presence during the protest vigil a stunt to promote her upcoming movie Chhapaak (an onomatopoeic Hindi word for “splash”). A call to boycott Padukone’s film…

  • Jawan (film by Atlee [2023])

    Deepika Padukone: Actress and producer: in Bollywood blockbusters Pathaan and Jawan in 2023, starring with superstar Shah Rukh Khan, and acted in Fighter, a movie about aviators, and Kalki 2898 AD, a science fiction, in 2024.

  • Jawara, Sir Dawda Kairaba (president of The Gambia)

    Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara was a politician and veterinarian who was The Gambia’s prime minister from 1962 to 1970 and its president from 1970 until he was overthrown in 1994. The son of a Mande trader, Jawara was educated at a Methodist boys’ school, studied veterinary medicine at the University of

  • Jawbone (American company)

    Hosain Rahman: …of the wearable technology company Aliph (also known as Jawbone).

  • jawbone (music)

    percussion instrument: The Americas: The jawbone of a horse, mule, or donkey, with its teeth left in, is played throughout the Americas; its use among coastal Peruvians of African descent goes back to the 18th century. In the United States it has been used in Louisiana and the Carolinas.

  • Jawbreaker (film by Stein [1999])

    Marilyn Manson: Acting career: …role in the dark comedy Jawbreaker (1999), playing a minor part as a stranger who has a one-night stand with the character played by Rose McGowan, Manson’s then-girlfriend. He later made cameos and filled minor roles in other films, frequently playing roles that aligned with his dark, gothic persona. In…

  • Jawf, Al- (Saudi Arabia)

    Al-Jawf, town and oasis, northern Saudi Arabia. It lies at the northern edge of the Al-Nafūd desert near the source of the Wadi Al-Sirḥān. Formerly considered a part of the Jabal Shammar region, the oasis now lies within the northern reaches of the Hejaz. The town is strategically located on an

  • Jawf, Al- (region, Yemen)

    Al-Jawf, oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rubʿ al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi Al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the area; its western and southern

  • Jawf, Wadi al- (river, Yemen)

    Al-Jawf: The Wadi Al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with headwaters in the mountains of the Yemen Highlands, crosses the area; its western and southern branches are small perennial streams.

  • jawfish (fish)

    perciform: Annotated classification: Family Opistognathidae (jawfishes) Resemble Clinidae, but jaws large to huge, extending far past eye; dorsal fin long-based; spinous and soft portions continuous; anal fin long-based; body usually elongated, slender; eyes almost at anterior tip of head; pelvic fins below pectorals. About 78 species, mostly small, in shallow…

  • Jawhar (Fāṭimid general)

    al-Muʿizz: …958–959 he sent his general Jawhar westward to reduce Fès and other places where the authority of the Fāṭimid caliph had been repudiated; after a successful expedition Jawhar advanced to the Atlantic.

  • Jawizān ibn Sahl (Islamic religious leader)

    Khorram-dīnān: …to possess the soul of Jawizān ibn Sahl, a former leader of the Khorram-dīnān. In 816 Bābak, believing that he had a divinely inspired mission to right all the wrongs of the temporal world, led the Khorram-dīnān in open rebellion against the ʿAbbāsid caliphs that ruled from Baghdad. The rebellion…

  • Jawl, Al- (region, Saudi Arabia)

    Arabian Desert: Physiography: …south, where the plateau of Al-Jawl (Jol) is located. The Ṭuwayq Mountains are the most prominent of the cuestas.

  • Jawlān, Al (region, Middle East)

    Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern Syria until 1967, when it came under Israeli military occupation, and in December 1981 Israel unilaterally annexed the part of the Golan it held. The area’s name is from the

  • Jawlani, Abu Mohammad al- (president of interim government of Syria)

    Ahmed al-Sharaa is a militant Islamist who became president (2025– ) of Syria’s interim government after leading the lightning offensive in 2024 that toppled the dynastic Pres. Bashar al-Assad. He commanded one of the leading factions of the Syrian Civil War (2011– ), known as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

  • Jawlensky, Alexey von (Russian painter)

    Alexey von Jawlensky was a Russian painter noted for his Expressionistic portraits and the mystical tone of his late paintings of abstract faces. In 1889 Jawlensky gave up an established career in the Russian Imperial Guard to study painting under the Russian historical painter Ilya Repin. In 1896,

  • jawless fish (vertebrate)

    agnathan, (superclass Agnatha), any member of the group of primitive jawless fishes that includes the lampreys (order Petromyzoniformes), hagfishes (order Myxiniformes), and several extinct groups. Hagfishes are minor pests of commercial food fisheries of the North Atlantic, but lampreys, because

  • Jaworski, Leon (American lawyer)

    Leon Jaworski was an American lawyer who rose to national prominence on Nov. 5, 1973, when he was sworn in as Watergate special prosecutor and made constitutional history when he convinced the U.S. Supreme Court that President Richard M. Nixon was bound to obey a subpoena and turn over 64 White

  • Jaworski, Ron (American football player)

    Monday Night Football: Part of the American fabric: …Madden, Joe Theismann, Mike Tirico, Ron Jaworski, Brian Griese, and Tony Kornheiser.

  • Jaworzno (Poland)

    Jaworzno, city, Śląskie województwo (province), south-central Poland. It was founded in the 18th century when rich deposits of zinc and lead ore and beds of coal were discovered nearby. Jaworzno is an important coal-mining and industrial city, with large chemical factories and several massive

  • Jaws (film by Spielberg [1975])

    Jaws, American suspense and horror film, released in 1975, that was directed by Steven Spielberg and is considered the first summer blockbuster. Based on the 1974 novel of the same name by author Peter Benchley, it tells the story of a great white shark that terrorizes a beach resort town. The film

  • Jawsaq al-Khāqānī (palace-city, Iraq)

    Islamic arts: Palaces: Jawsaq al-Khāqānī, for instance, is a walled architectural complex nearly one mile to a side that in reality is an entire city. It contains a formal succession of large gates and courts leading to a cross-shaped throne room, a group of smaller living units, basins…

  • JAXA (Japanese government agency)

    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japanese government agency in charge of research in both aviation and space exploration. Its headquarters are in Tokyo. JAXA is divided into seven bodies: the Space Transportation Mission Directorate, which develops launch vehicles; the Space Applications

  • Jaxartes (river, Central Asia)

    Syr Darya, river in the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea. With a length of 1,374 miles (2,212

  • jay (bird)

    jay, any of about 35 to 40 bird species belonging to the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes) that inhabit woodlands and are known for their bold, raucous manner. Most are found in the New World, but several are Eurasian. Jays are nearly omnivorous; some are egg stealers, and many store seeds and

  • Jay Leno Show, The (American television show)

    Jay Leno: In September Leno began hosting The Jay Leno Show, a prime-time hour-long program that aired Monday through Friday. The show, however, failed to catch on with viewers, and in January 2010 it was canceled; the last episode aired in February. Later in January it was announced that Leno would replace…

  • Jay Leno’s Garage (American television series)

    Jay Leno: …on the network CNBC (Jay Leno’s Garage [2015– ]).

  • Jay Polyglot Bible, Le (Bible)

    Ibrāhīm al-Ḥāqilānī: …he began collaborating on the Le Jay Polyglot Bible, publishing the Book of Ruth in Arabic, Syriac, and Latin and 3 Maccabees in Latin and Arabic. In 1646 he became professor at the Collège de France, Paris, but in 1652 he returned to Rome to work on preparation of the…

  • Jay Pritzker Pavilion (pavilion, Millennium Park, Chicago, United States)

    Frank Gehry: Stardom and later works: … in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York; the Jay Pritzker Pavilion (2004) in Chicago’s Millennium Park; and the New World Center (2011) for the New World Symphony orchestral academy in Miami Beach, Florida. For his 2008 renovation of the Art Museum of Ontario in Toronto, Gehry retained the original building (1918) but removed…

  • Jay Treaty (United States-Great Britain [1794])

    Jay Treaty, (November 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial prosperity. Negotiations were undertaken because of the fears of Federalist

  • Jay Z (American rapper and entrepreneur)

    JAY-Z is an American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. Shawn Carter grew up in Brooklyn’s often dangerous Marcy Projects, where he was raised mainly by his mother. His firsthand experience with illicit drug dealing would

  • Jay, John (United States statesman and chief justice)

    John Jay was a Founding Father of the United States who served the new nation in both law and diplomacy. He established important judicial precedents as the first chief justice of the United States (1789–95) and negotiated the Jay Treaty of 1794, which settled major grievances with Great Britain

  • Jay, Ricky (American magician, actor, author, and historian)

    Ricky Jay was an American magician, actor, author, and historian, widely regarded as the most gifted sleight-of-hand artist of his generation. (Read Harry Houdini’s 1926 Britannica essay on magic.) He made his performing debut at age four during a backyard barbecue held by his grandfather Max Katz,

  • JAY-Z (American rapper and entrepreneur)

    JAY-Z is an American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. Shawn Carter grew up in Brooklyn’s often dangerous Marcy Projects, where he was raised mainly by his mother. His firsthand experience with illicit drug dealing would

  • Jay-Z (American rapper and entrepreneur)

    JAY-Z is an American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early 21st century. Shawn Carter grew up in Brooklyn’s often dangerous Marcy Projects, where he was raised mainly by his mother. His firsthand experience with illicit drug dealing would

  • Jaya Harivarman I (king of Champa)

    Suryavarman II: …under a new leader, King Jaya Harivarman I, defeated Khmer troops in a decisive battle at Chakling, near Phan Rang, in southern Vietnam. Suryavarman put his brother-in-law, Harideva, on the Cham throne, but Jaya Harivarman I deposed him and reclaimed that throne. In 1150 Suryavarman died in the midst of…

  • Jaya Indravarman III (king of Champa)

    Suryavarman II: …in 1136 the Cham king, Jaya Indravarman III, defected and made an alliance with the Vietnamese.

  • Jaya Peak (mountain peak, Indonesia)

    Jaya Peak, highest peak on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian province of Papua, the 16,024-foot (4,884-metre) summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific and the highest island peak in the world. It marks the terminus of a

  • Jaya Sthiti (Nepali ruler)

    Malla era: The Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti (r. c. 1382–95) introduced a legal and social code strongly influenced by contemporary Hindu principles. In the early 18th century one of Nepal’s independent principalities, Gurkha, began to challenge the Mallas, who were at that time weakened by familial dissension and social and…

  • Jaya, Mount (mountain peak, Indonesia)

    Jaya Peak, highest peak on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian province of Papua, the 16,024-foot (4,884-metre) summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific and the highest island peak in the world. It marks the terminus of a

  • Jayabhaya (Indonesian ruler)

    Kaḍiri: Jayabhaya of Kaḍiri (reigned 1135–57) successfully annexed Janggala. Jayabhaya and succeeding kings of Kaḍiri expanded their territories to non-Javanese areas, including coastal areas of Borneo and the island of Bali. Kaḍiri could not control Sumatra, however, because the Śrivijaya empire, though by now in decline,…

  • Jayacandra (Gāhaḍavāla king)

    India: The Rajputs of India: The king Jayacandra (12th century) is mentioned in the poem Prithviraja-raso by Candbardai, in which his daughter, the princess Sanyogita, elopes with the Cauhan king Prithviraja. Jayacandra died in battle against the Ghūrid chief, Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām (Muḥammad of Ghūr), and his kingdom was annexed.

  • Jayadeva (Indian poet)

    Jayadeva was an Indian author of the Sanskrit poem Gita Govinda (“Song of the Cowherd [Krishna]”). The son of Bhojadeva, a Brahman, he was born in the village of Kenduli Sasan, Orissa (now Odisha), near the city of Puri, and was married to Padmavati. Jayadeva was closely associated with the temple

  • Jayadeva (Indian philosopher)

    Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and Gadadhara Bhattacharyya.

  • Jayakanthan (Indian writer)

    South Asian arts: Tamil: …urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. Ramatirthan, probably the finest stylist at work in Tamil today, who started by writing in English.

  • Jayanagara (Indonesian king)

    Gajah Mada: …courage, and loyalty to King Jayanagara (1309–28) during a rebellion led by Kuti in 1319. He served as the head of the royal bodyguard that escorted King Jayanagara to Badander, when Kuti captured the capital of Majapahit. After finding a safe place for the King, he returned to the capital…

  • Jayapāla (Shāhi king)

    India: The coming of the Turks: The Punjab was ruled by Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi family (Shahiya), which had in the 9th century wrested the Kābul valley and Gandhara from a Turkish Shah. Political and economic relations were extremely close between the Punjab and Afghanistan. Afghanistan in turn was closely involved with Central Asian politics.…

  • Jayapura (Indonesia)

    Jayapura, city and capital of Papua propinsi (or provinsi; province), eastern Indonesia, on the northern coast of the island of New Guinea. It is a port on Yos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay at the foot of Mount Cycloop (7,087 feet [2,160 metres]). During World War II the Japanese established an air base

  • Jayaram, Jayalalithaa (Indian actress and politician)

    Jayalalithaa Jayaram was an Indian film actress and politician who served as the leader of the All India Dravidian Progressive Federation (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam; AIADMK). She served a record six times (1991–96; May 14–September 21, 2001; 2002–06; 2011–14; May 23, 2015–May 22,

  • Jayaram, Jayalalithaa (Indian actress and politician)

    Jayalalithaa Jayaram was an Indian film actress and politician who served as the leader of the All India Dravidian Progressive Federation (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam; AIADMK). She served a record six times (1991–96; May 14–September 21, 2001; 2002–06; 2011–14; May 23, 2015–May 22,

  • Jayasena, Henry (Ceylonese producer, writer, and actor)

    South Asian arts: Masked drama: …most significant of whom was Henry Jayasena. A producer-writer-actor, Jayasena wrote and staged plays in Sinhalese and translations of foreign plays, remaining active in his field until his death in 2009.

  • Jayavardhanapura Kotte (Sri Lanka)

    Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, city and legislative capital of Sri Lanka. It is located in the southwestern part of the country, about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the commercial capital of Colombo, of which it was once a suburb. An urban council governs Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte and the neighbouring

  • Jayavarman II (king of Khmer empire)

    Jayavarman II was the founder of the Khmer, or Cambodian, empire and an outstanding member of the series of rulers of the Angkor period (802–1431). Among Jayavarman II’s accomplishments were the deification of the Cambodian monarchy, the establishment of the devarāja cult as the official state

  • Jayavarman V (king of Angkor)

    Cambodia: Angkorean civilization: …the reign of his successor, Jayavarman V (968–c. 1000), the rose-colored sandstone shrine of Banteai Srei—arguably the loveliest temple at Angkor—was built on the outskirts of the capital under the patronage of a wealthy priestly family, one of whose members had been Jayavarman’s teacher. In Yaśodharapura itself, Jayavarman V began…

  • Jayavarman VII (king of Khmer empire)

    Jayavarman VII was one of the most forceful and productive kings of the Khmer (Cambodian) empire of Angkor (reigning 1181–c. 1220). He expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent and engaged in a building program that yielded numerous temples (including Angkor Thom), highways, rest

  • Jayawardene, Junius Richard (president of Sri Lanka)

    J.R. Jayewardene was a lawyer and public official who served as president of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. The son of a Supreme Court judge, Jayewardene graduated from Ceylon Law College in Colombo in 1932 and practiced as a barrister until 1943. He joined the Ceylon National Congress party and in

  • Jayawardene, Mahela (Sri Lankan cricketer)

    cricket: Sri Lanka: …players that included Sanath Jayasuriya; Mahela Jayawardene, an elegant and aggressive batsmen; and Muttiah Muralitharan, who in 2010 became the first bowler to take 800 Test wickets. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 devastated the cricket-playing regions of southern Sri Lanka, including the Test match ground at Galle, and took…

  • Jayawijaya Mountains (mountains, Indonesia)

    Jayawijaya Mountains, eastern section of the Maoke Mountains, part of the central highlands of the island of New Guinea. Located in the Indonesian province of Papua, the range extends for 230 miles (370 km) east of the Sudirman Range to the Star Mountains and the border with Papua New Guinea. The

  • Jayawijaya, Pegunungan (mountains, Indonesia)

    Jayawijaya Mountains, eastern section of the Maoke Mountains, part of the central highlands of the island of New Guinea. Located in the Indonesian province of Papua, the range extends for 230 miles (370 km) east of the Sudirman Range to the Star Mountains and the border with Papua New Guinea. The

  • Jayewardene, J.R. (president of Sri Lanka)

    J.R. Jayewardene was a lawyer and public official who served as president of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. The son of a Supreme Court judge, Jayewardene graduated from Ceylon Law College in Colombo in 1932 and practiced as a barrister until 1943. He joined the Ceylon National Congress party and in

  • Jayewardene, Junius Richard (president of Sri Lanka)

    J.R. Jayewardene was a lawyer and public official who served as president of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. The son of a Supreme Court judge, Jayewardene graduated from Ceylon Law College in Colombo in 1932 and practiced as a barrister until 1943. He joined the Ceylon National Congress party and in

  • Jayhawks, the (American musical group)

    the Jayhawks, American roots rock group that was an influential pioneer of the alternative country and Americana movements but became increasingly eclectic in its range of styles. Founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1985, the Jayhawks have long been revered by the musical literati, but during a

  • Jayḥūn (river, Asia)

    Amu Darya, one of the longest rivers of Central Asia. The Amu Darya was traditionally known to the Western world from Greek and Roman times as the Oxus and was called the Jayḥūn by the Arabs. It allegedly derives its present name from the city of Āmul, which is said to have occupied the site of

  • Jayne, Mitchell (American musician)

    the Dillards: May 18, 1942, Salem), Mitchell Jayne (b. May 7, 1930, Hammond, Indiana, U.S.—d. August 2, 2010, Columbia, Missouri), and Roy Dean Webb (b. March 28, 1937, Independence, Missouri—d. June 30, 2018). Significant later members were Paul York (b. June 4, 1941, Berkeley, California, U.S.), Byron Berline (b. July 6,…

  • Jaysh al-Mahdī (Iraqi militia group)

    Iraq War: Occupation and continued warfare: …such Shiʿi militia group, the Mahdi Army, formed by cleric Muqtadā al-Ṣadr in the summer of 2003, was particularly deadly in its battle against Sunnis and U.S. and Iraqi forces and was considered a major destabilizing force in the country.

  • Jaysh al-ʿArabī, al- (Jordanian history)

    Arab Legion, police force raised in 1923 by British Lieut. Col. Frederick Gerard Peake (who had served with T.E. Lawrence’s Arab forces in World War I), in what was then the British protectorate of Transjordan, to keep order among Transjordanian tribes and to safeguard Transjordanian villagers from

  • Jayu Hanguk Dang (political party, South Korea)

    Liberty Korea Party, conservative political party in South Korea. It advocates fiscal responsibility, a market-based economy, and caution in dealing with North Korea. The party was originally formed (as the Grand National Party [GNP]) in 1997 through the merger of the New Korea Party (NKP; formerly

  • Jayy (Iran)

    Eṣfahān, capital of Eṣfahān province and major city of western Iran. Eṣfahān is situated on the north bank of the Zāyandeh River at an elevation of about 5,200 feet (1,600 metres), roughly 210 miles (340 km) south of the capital city of Tehrān. Eṣfahān first thrived under the Seljuq Turks

  • Jayyāsh (Najāḥid ruler)

    Najāḥid Dynasty: …of Najāḥ’s sons, Saʿīd and Jayyāsh, who had fled the capital, plotted to restore themselves to the Najāḥid throne and in 1081 killed ʿAlī. Saʿīd, supported by the large Ethiopian Mamlūk population, easily secured control of Zabīd. ʿAlī’s son al-Mukarram, however, heavily influenced by his mother, took Zabīd c. 1083,…

  • JAZ protein (biochemistry)

    plant disease: Diseases—a normal part of nature: …binds to special proteins, called JAZ proteins, to regulate plant growth, pollen production, and other processes. In the presence of harmful stimuli, however, jasmonate switches its signaling pathways, shifting instead to directing processes involved in boosting plant defense. Genes that produce jasmonate and JAZ proteins represent potential targets for genetic…

  • Jazāʾir Ḥanīsh (islands, Red Sea)

    Ḥanīsh Islands, archipelago in the southern Red Sea that as of November 1, 1998, was officially recognized as sovereign territory of Yemen. Long under Ottoman sovereignty, the island group’s political status was purposely left indeterminate by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), under which Turkey

  • Jazāʾir, Al- (national capital, Algeria)

    Algiers, capital and chief seaport of Algeria. It is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Algiers is built on the slopes of the Sahel Hills, which parallel the Mediterranean Sea coast, and it extends for some 10 miles (16 km) along the Bay of Algiers. The city faces east and

  • Jazdow (medieval town, Poland)

    Warsaw: Foundation and early development: 1065) and Jazdow (first recorded in 1262). About the end of the 13th century, Jazdow was moved about two miles to the north, to a village named Warszowa (Warsaw), and the community was strengthened by the protection of a castle. From 1339, authority was invested in a…

  • Jazeera, Al (Middle Eastern news network)

    Al Jazeera, Arabic-language cable television news network founded by Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani, emir of Qatar, in 1996. The network was guaranteed government financial backing for its first five years, and it transmitted from Doha, Qatar, and from bureaus around the world, beginning

  • Jazernicki, Yitzḥak (prime minister of Israel)

    Yitzḥak Shamir was a Polish-born Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel in 1983–84 and 1986–90 (in alliance with Shimon Peres of the Labour Party) and in 1990–92. Shamir joined the Beitar Zionist youth movement as a young man and studied law in Warsaw. He immigrated to Palestine in 1935 and

  • Jazīrah (island, Cairo, Egypt)

    Cairo: City layout: …Garden City, and, more recently, Jazīrah, the island offshore. The major thoroughfare connecting the city along its north-south axis is the Kūrnīsh al-Nīl (the Corniche), a highway paralleling the Nile River, built in the 1950s. Along the Corniche lie the Maspero Television Building, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a…

  • Jazirah al-Khadra, al- (Spain)

    Algeciras, port city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, in extreme southern Spain, across the Bay of Gibraltar from Gibraltar. The port, at the mouth of the Río de la Miel, was founded in 713 by Moors and is probably on the site of the Roman

  • Jazīrah Scheme (irrigation project, Sudan)

    Sudan: Mechanized agriculture: …areas are centred on the Gezira Scheme (Al-Jazīrah)—with its Mangil extension—between the Blue and White Niles south of Khartoum. Other major farming areas are watered by the Khashm Al-Qirbah Dam on the Atbara River and by Al-Ruṣayriṣ Dam, which provides irrigation water for the Rahad Scheme.

  • Jazīrah, Al- (region, Middle East)

    Al-Jazīrah, (Arabic: “Island”), the northern reaches of Mesopotamia, now making up part of northern Iraq and extending into eastern Turkey and extreme northeastern Syria. The region lies between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and is bounded on the south by a line running between Takrīt and Anbar.

  • Jazīrah, Al- (region, Sudan)

    Al-Jazīrah, region, central-southeast Sudan. Al-Jazīrah lies just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers; the Blue Nile runs northwestward through the central part of the region, and the White Nile lies to the west. The Blue Nile is joined by the Dinder River at the southern

  • Jazīrat Khārg (island, Iran)

    Kharg Island, small Iranian island in the northern Persian Gulf, 34 miles (55 km) northwest of the port of Bushire (Būshehr). In the 15th century the Dutch established a factory (trading station) on the island, but in 1766 Kharg was taken by pirates based at Bandar-e Rīg, a small Persian port north

  • Jazīrat Qādis (Spain)

    Cádiz, city, capital, and principal seaport of Cádiz provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. The city is situated on a long, narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cádiz (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean). With a 6- to 7-mile (9.5-

  • Jazirat Shuvr (Spain)

    Alzira, city, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. It lies in the Ribera district, south of the city of Valencia. It originated as the Iberian settlement of Algezira Sucro (“Island of Sucro”), so named because of its insular

  • Jazīreh-ye Hormoz (island, Iran)

    Hormuz, mostly barren, hilly island of Iran on the Strait of Hormuz, between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, 5 miles (8 km) off the coast. The population may decline by half in summer through migration. Hormuz village is the only permanent settlement. Resources include red ochre for export.

  • Jazīreh-ye Khārk (island, Iran)

    Kharg Island, small Iranian island in the northern Persian Gulf, 34 miles (55 km) northwest of the port of Bushire (Būshehr). In the 15th century the Dutch established a factory (trading station) on the island, but in 1766 Kharg was taken by pirates based at Bandar-e Rīg, a small Persian port north

  • Jazīreh-ye Qeys (island, Iran)

    Qeys Island, island in the Persian Gulf, lying about 10 miles (16 km) off mainland Iran. It rises 120 feet (37 metres) above sea level to a plateau and is almost without vegetation except for a few date groves and stunted herbage. Qeys attained importance only in the late 1st millennium ad, when a

  • Jazūlīyah (Ṣūfī order)

    Shādhilīyah: …number of suborders, notably the Jazūlīyah and the Darqāwā in Morocco and the ʿĪsāwīyah in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

  • jazz (music)

    jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized by syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of

  • Jazz (serigraph by Matisse)

    Henri Matisse: Riviera years of Henri Matisse: …and white techniques, he published Jazz (1947), a book consisting of his own reflections on art and life, with brilliantly colored illustrations made by a technique he called “drawing with scissors”: the motifs were pasted together after being cut out of sheets of colored paper (hand-painted with gouache in order…

  • Jazz (novel by Morrison)

    African American literature: African American roots: Four years later, Morrison published Jazz, a novel of murder and reconciliation set in Harlem during the 1920s, and Playing in the Dark, a trenchant examination of whiteness as a thematic obsession in American literature. In 1993 Morrison became the first African American to be awarded the Nobel Prize for…

  • Jazz Age (historical era [20th century])

    Roaring Twenties, colloquial term for the 1920s, especially within the United States and other Western countries where the decade was characterized by economic prosperity, rapid social and cultural change, and a mood of exuberant optimism. The liveliness of the period stands in marked contrast to

  • jazz dance

    jazz dance, any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and ’40s). It radically altered the style of

  • Jazz Messengers, the (American musical group)

    Art Blakey: …Horace Silver, Blakey founded the Jazz Messengers (1954), toured Europe, and recorded (1955–61) a brilliant string of records for the Blue Note label. By encouraging young musicians to become members of the Jazz Messengers, Blakey gave them valuable experience as jazz performers; over the years the ensemble included such notable…

  • jazz poetry

    jazz poetry, poetry that is read to the accompaniment of jazz music. Authors of such poetry attempt to emulate the rhythms and freedom of the music in their poetry. Forerunners of the style included the works of Vachel Lindsay, who read his poetry in a syncopated and rhythmic style for audiences,

  • Jazz Singer, The (film by Curtiz [1952])

    Peggy Lee: Acting career: …her first dramatic role, in The Jazz Singer (1952), and earning an Academy Award nomination for her supporting performance in Pete Kelly’s Blues (1955). She continued to appear for many years in guest roles on television series.

  • Jazz Singer, The (film by Fleischer [1980])

    Richard Fleischer: Later work: Fleischer’s The Jazz Singer (1980), a remake of the 1927 classic, starred a miscast Neil Diamond as a young Jewish man who dreams of becoming a pop singer despite the objections of his cantor father (Laurence Olivier). The drama was panned by critics but became a…

  • Jazz Singer, The (film by Crosland [1927])

    The Jazz Singer, American musical film, released in 1927, that was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue. It marked the ascendancy of “talkies” and the end of the silent-film era. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) On Yom Kippur, cantor Rabinowitz

  • jazz-rock (music)

    jazz-rock, popular musical form in which modern jazz improvisation is accompanied by the bass lines, drumming styles, and instrumentation of rock music, with a strong emphasis on electronic instruments and dance rhythms. Since the recordings of 1920s bands, notably Paul Whiteman’s, there have been