Winthrop Sargeant: Meanwhile, he wrote Jazz: Hot and Hybrid (1938), the pioneering and highly influential analysis of the sources and structures of the jazz idiom.

Acre: …and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzār (Arabic: “The Butcher”), the Turkish governor (1775–1804), and withstood Napoleon’s siege (1799). Though the city surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself was never successfully forced until May 3, 1948, when, as a British prison, it was…

Acre: …and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzār (Arabic: “The Butcher”), the Turkish governor (1775–1804), and withstood Napoleon’s siege (1799). Though the city surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself was never successfully forced until May 3, 1948, when, as a British prison, it was…

Acre: …from the citadel, include the Great Mosque, built by Al-Jazzār and named for him; the Municipal Museum, housed in the Pasha’s bathhouse; the Crypt of St. John, actually a Crusader refectory; and several churches built on Crusader foundations. Just north of the city is the tomb of Bahāʾ Allāh, Iranian…

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq was the sixth imam, or spiritual successor to the Prophet Muhammad, of the Shiʿi branch of Islam and the last to be recognized as imam by all the Shiʿi sects. Theologically, he advocated a limited predestination and proclaimed that Hadith (traditional sayings of the Prophet), if

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq was the sixth imam, or spiritual successor to the Prophet Muhammad, of the Shiʿi branch of Islam and the last to be recognized as imam by all the Shiʿi sects. Theologically, he advocated a limited predestination and proclaimed that Hadith (traditional sayings of the Prophet), if

Barmakids: Yaḥyā: …and his sons al-Faḍl and Jaʿfar were placed in charge of the Caliph’s personal seal.

Loṭf ʿAlī Khān Zand: …rivalries, Loṭf ʿAlī Khān’s father, Jaʿfar Khān, proclaimed himself sovereign in the Zand capital of Shīrāz in 1785.

Jaʿfar al-ʿAskarī was an army officer and Iraqi political leader who played an important role in the Arab nationalist movements during and after World War I. ʿAskarī was educated in Baghdad and in Istanbul and commissioned in the Ottoman Turkish army in 1909. He was sent in 1915 to join Turkish

Jaʿfar al-ʿAskarī was an army officer and Iraqi political leader who played an important role in the Arab nationalist movements during and after World War I. ʿAskarī was educated in Baghdad and in Istanbul and commissioned in the Ottoman Turkish army in 1909. He was sent in 1915 to join Turkish

Twelver Shiʿah, the largest of the three Shiʿi groups extant today. The Twelvers believe that, at the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 ce, the spiritual-political leadership (the imamate) of the Muslim community was ordained to pass down to ʿAlī, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and then to

Twelver Shiʿah, the largest of the three Shiʿi groups extant today. The Twelvers believe that, at the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 ce, the spiritual-political leadership (the imamate) of the Muslim community was ordained to pass down to ʿAlī, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and then to

John Bates Clark: …1947 the AEA established the John Bates Clark Medal, which is awarded annually (biennially until 2009) to a U.S.-based economist under the age of 40 for outstanding contributions to economic thought.

virus: Malignant transformation: …humans, one of which, the JC virus, appears to be the causative agent of a fatal neurological disease called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In general, however, the human papovaviruses are not clearly associated with disease.

medical tourism: Social and ethical issues in medical tourism: …for international hospitals are the Joint Commission International (JCI), a branch of the U.S.-based Joint Commission Resources; Accreditation Canada International; and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Those organizations charge fees to clients who want to have their facilities surveyed for accreditation, and each organization maintains a list of…

Japanese Communist Party (JCP), leftist Japanese political party founded in 1922. Initially, the party was outlawed, and it operated clandestinely until the post-World War II Allied occupation command restored freedom of political association in Japan; it was established legally in October 1945. In

JCPenney is an iconic American retail company and key anchor store in shopping malls across the United States. JCPenney traces its origins back to April 14, 1902, when founder James Cash Penney and his partners opened the Golden Rule dry goods store in Kemmerer, Wyoming. Over the next two years,

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly known as “the Iran nuclear deal,” is a 2015 agreement between Iran and several world powers to restrict Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for relief of international sanctions on Iran. The deal was negotiated by the Democratic

rules of engagement: …of Staff standing ROE (JCS SROE), which mandate that the use of force must also be consistent with international law.

J. Craig Venter: TIGR and Celera Genomics: In 2006 he founded the J. Craig Venter Research Institute (JCVI), a not-for-profit genomics research support organization. In 2007, researchers funded in part by the JCVI successfully sequenced the genome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits the infectious agent of yellow fever to humans.

India: The premiership of Rajiv Gandhi: Singh’s new Janata Dal (JD; “People’s Party”) coalition. In the general elections held in November, Gandhi barely managed to retain his own Lok Sabha seat, as the Congress (I) Party, winning only 193 seats, lost its majority. The Janata Dal (141 seats) emerged with the second largest…

Janata Dal (Secular), regional political party primarily in Karnataka state, southern India. It also has a presence in adjoining Kerala state and in national politics. The party, formed in 1999, had its origins in the Janata (People’s) Party, founded in 1977 as a coalition of several smaller

Janata Dal (United), regional political party in Bihar and Jharkhand states, eastern India. It also has had a presence in national politics and in the central government in New Delhi. Since 2013, the JD(U) has oscillated frequently between opposing political alliances, earning itself the reputation

Sao Tome and Principe: Resources and power: …potential oil fields in the Joint Development Zone (JDZ), an area of overlapping maritime boundaries about 125 miles (200 km) from the Nigerian coast. The agreement was renegotiated in 2003, after which oil companies began bidding for the right to develop sections within the JDZ. The first exploratory drilling in…

cogito, ergo sum, dictum coined by the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes in his Discourse on Method (1637) as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt. The statement is indubitable, as

Charlie Hebdo shooting: The response: …the victims, using the slogan “Je suis Charlie” (“I am Charlie”). The message of solidarity spread around the world on social media. The cover of issue No. 1178 of Charlie Hebdo, put together and published on January 14 by staffers who had survived the attack, showed a cartoon of a…

Chantal Akerman: …made her first narrative feature, Je tu il elle (1974), in which she plays a young woman who has affairs with a truck driver and her ex-girlfriend.

Jean-Luc Godard: Later work and awards of Jean-Luc Godard: …Je vous salue, Marie (1985; Hail Mary)—that served as personal statements on femininity, nature, and Christianity.

George Colman the Elder: His next play, The Jealous Wife (1761), an adaptation of Henry Fielding’s novel Tom Jones, was one of the best comedies of the age and held its place in the stock theatrical repertoire for nearly a century. Colman collaborated with Garrick on The Clandestine Marriage (1766), a play…

novel: Antinovel: …writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet in Jealousy (1957), Nathalie Sarraute in Tropisms (1939) and The Planetarium (1959), and Michel Butor in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made

Michał Choromański: …novel Zazdrość i medycyna (1933; Jealousy and Medicine), a clinical study of the relationship between medicine and sex, was an instant success. At the outbreak of World War II he fled Poland and lived in South America and Canada, respectively, before returning to Poland in 1957. His later fiction includes…

Luxembourg: Independent Luxembourg: Prince Jean, Charlotte’s son, was installed as lieutenant-représentant of Charlotte in 1961, and he inherited the throne in 1964 upon his mother’s abdication.

Albret Family: Alain’s son, Jean (d. 1516), became king of Navarre through his marriage with Catherine de Foix in 1484. In 1550 the lands of Albret were made a duchy. Jeanne d’Albret (1528–72), Jean’s granddaughter, married Antoine de Bourbon and left her titles to her son, Henry III of…

Roger Martin du Gard: …Gard first attracted attention with Jean Barois (1913), which traced the development of an intellectual torn between the Roman Catholic faith of his childhood and the scientific materialism of his maturity; it also described the full impact of the Dreyfus affair on French minds. He is best known for the…

Jean Bernard, the world’s deepest known cave, located in the Alps near the town of Samoëns, Haute-Savoie département, Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. The highest of the limestone cave’s eight entrances is located above Samoëns at an elevation of 7,428 feet (2,264 m). The original entrance

John was a count of Brienne who became the titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231–37). A penniless younger son of the French count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montbéliard, John passed most of his life as a minor noble until befriended by King Philip II

The Ambassadors, oil painting on oak panel created in 1533 by German artist Hans Holbein the Younger. One of the most staggeringly impressive portraits in Renaissance art, this famous painting is full of hidden meanings and fascinating contradictions. The meticulous realism of Holbein’s immaculate

John Of Jandun was the foremost 14th-century interpreter of Averroës’ rendering of Aristotle. After study at the University of Paris, John became master of arts at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where he lectured on Aristotle. He associated with Marsilius of Padua, writer of the Defensor Pacis,

St. John of Matha ; feast day February 8) was a cofounder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, commonly called Trinitarians and sometimes Mathurins. Originally a Roman Catholic order formed in France and dedicated to freeing enslaved Christians from captivity under

John Of Mirecourt was a French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent of medieval Christian nominalism (the doctrine that universals

Jean de Meun was a French poet famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose, an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris about 1225. Jean de Meun’s original name was Clopinel, or Chopinel, but he became known by the name of his birthplace. He probably owned

Jean de Meun was a French poet famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose, an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris about 1225. Jean de Meun’s original name was Clopinel, or Chopinel, but he became known by the name of his birthplace. He probably owned

John (IV) was a claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III’s designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then

Jean Perréal was a painter, architect, and sculptor, and the most important portrait painter in France at the beginning of the 16th century. Perréal was a court painter to the Bourbons and later worked for Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I of France. He traveled to Italy several times between

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

Léon-Gustave Dehon was a French Roman Catholic priest who founded the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a congregation of priests and brothers dedicated to spreading the apostolate of the Sacred Heart. Educated at the Sorbonne, Dehon was ordained priest in 1868 at Rome.

Louis-Sébastien Mercier: …about the French religious wars, Jean Hennuyer évêque de Lisieux (1772; “Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lisieux”) and La Destruction de la ligue (1782; “The Destruction of the League”), which were so anticlerical and antimonarchical that they were not performed until after the French Revolution. Mercier also wrote a work of…

Charles I, 5th duke de Bourbon: …he turned about and became—with Jean II, duke of Alençon—the leader of the short-lived Praguerie (1440), a revolt of nobles nominally led by the Dauphin (the future Louis XI). The nobles were cornered in the territory of Bourbon and made peace, given generous terms.

Jean Le Bel was the forerunner of the great medieval Flemish chroniclers and one of the first to abandon Latin for French. A soldier and the constant companion of Jean, Count de Beaumont, with whom he went to England and Scotland in 1327, Le Bel wrote his Vrayes Chroniques (“True Chronicles”),

John II was the king of France from 1350 to 1364. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England. After becoming king on Aug. 22, 1350,

John III was the duke of Brittany (from 1312), son of Arthur II. His death without heirs resulted in the War of the Breton Succession, pitting two indirect heirs, John of Montfort and Charles of Blois. Despite three marriages—to Isabella of Valois, Isabella of Castile, and Joan of Savoy—he was left

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

John I was the king of France, the posthumous son of Louis X of France by his second consort, Clémence of Hungary. He died just a few days after his birth but is nevertheless reckoned among the kings of France. His uncle, who succeeded him as Philip V, has been accused of having caused his death,

John I was the duke of Brittany (from 1237), son of Peter I. Like his father, he sought to limit the temporal power of the clergy; consequently he was excommunicated, upon which he journeyed to Rome to win absolution. Subsequently, he and his wife, Blanche of Champagne, traveled with St. Louis on

John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French domestic conflicts served to strengthen his duchy. John was on good terms with Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was his guardian. He began to favour the Armagnac faction in the

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

Jean Paul was a German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean Paul’s writing bridged the shift in literature from the formal ideals of

John was the second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century. The son of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders, John was born in the ducal castle at Rouvres, where he spent the greater part of his

John was the king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215). John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of

Marcel Proust: Life and works: …1895 to 1899 he wrote Jean Santeuil, an autobiographical novel that, though unfinished and ill-constructed, showed awakening genius and foreshadowed À la recherche. A gradual disengagement from social life coincided with growing ill health and with his active involvement in the Dreyfus affair of 1897–99, when French politics and society…

Michaëlle Jean is a Canadian journalist and documentarian who was Canada’s 27th governor-general (2005–10) and the first person of African heritage to hold that post. She later became the first woman to serve as secretary-general of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (2015–19).

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Wyclef Jean is a Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music. Born in a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Jean was raised by relatives after his parents immigrated to the United

Jean-Christophe, multivolume novel by Romain Rolland, published in French in 10 volumes in the journal Cahiers de la Quinzaine from 1904 to 1912. It was published in book form in three volumes: Jean-Christophe (1905–06; Jean-Christophe: Dawn, Morning, Youth, Revolt), which comprises the original

xanthan gum: Historical development: …1960s by American carbohydrate chemist Allene R. Jeanes and her research team at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Jeanes and her colleagues discovered the substance while searching for a microbial gum that could be used in food and industrial products but that—unlike other plant gums at the time—could be…

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): Matisse’s head of Jeanette (1910–11) also partakes of a personal reproportioning that gives a new vitality to the less mobile areas of the face. Likewise influenced by the Cubists’ manipulation of their subject matter, Alexander Archipenko in his Woman Combing Her Hair (1915) rendered the body by means…

Roland Petit: …Leslie Caron, and Renée (“Zizi”) Jeanmaire, whom he married in 1954.

Roland Petit: …Leslie Caron, and Renée (“Zizi”) Jeanmaire, whom he married in 1954.

Charles Péguy: …wrote his first version of Jeanne d’Arc (1897), a dramatic trilogy that formed a declaration and affirmation of his religious and socialist principles. Péguy was then caught up in the Dreyfus affair; he threw himself unreservedly into the battle to establish Dreyfus’ innocence and helped to bring many of his…

St. Joan of Arc ; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) was a national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English

Joan of Navarre was the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. In 1386 Joan was married to John IV (or V), duke of Brittany; they had eight children. John died in 1399, and Joan was regent for her son John V (or VI) until 1401. During his banishment

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Chantal Akerman: …work is the avant-garde classic Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975).

René Jeannel was a French biologist best remembered for his work on the subterranean coleopterans of the family Anisotomidae. His exploration of the caves of the Pyrenees and Carpathian mountains yielded many species of these small, shiny, round fungus beetles that were hitherto unknown. His

Le Corbusier was an internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with a bold sculptural expressionism. He belonged to the first generation of the so-called International school of architecture and was their most able

Charlotte Perriand: Collaborations with Le Corbusier: …construction, and actual design with Pierre Jeanneret. In the 21st century the pieces are still sold by the Italian furniture company Cassina, which credits all three as the designers. Perriand’s influence in the atelier extended beyond furniture and execution of the prototypes. In 1929 she was instrumental in designing the…

George Washington De Long: …July 1879, he took the Jeannette through the Bering Strait and headed for Wrangel Island, off the northeast coast of Siberia. At the time, many believed that Wrangel was a large landmass stretching far to the north, and De Long hoped to sail as far as possible along its coast…

Jeannette, city, Westmoreland county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains. Built on six hills, it developed after the Pennsylvania Railroad came through in 1852 providing an outlet for local farm produce. The discovery of natural gas in the vicinity prompted

Pierre Jeannin was a statesman who served as one of King Henry IV’s most influential advisers in the years after the French civil wars (ended 1598). A pupil of the humanist legal scholar Jacques Cujas at Bourges, Jeannin became an advocate in the Parlement (high court) of Burgundy in 1569 and its

Jean Marais was a French actor who was a protégé and longtime partner of French writer-director Jean Cocteau. Marais was one of the most popular leading men in French films during the 1940s and ’50s. Marais was first attracted to the stage in high school but was turned down by the Paris

Felix Mendelssohn: Marriage and maturity of Felix Mendelssohn: …year at Frankfurt he met Cécile Jeanrenaud, the daughter of a French Protestant clergyman. Though she was 10 years younger than himself, that is to say, no more than 16, they became engaged and were married on March 28, 1837. His sister Fanny, the member of his family who remained…

jeans, trousers originally designed in the United States by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century as durable work clothes, with the seams and other points of stress reinforced with small copper rivets. They were eventually adopted by workingmen throughout the United States and then worldwide. Jeans

Sir James Jeans was an English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical theory but is perhaps best known as a writer of popular books about astronomy. Jeans taught at the

Sir James Jeans was an English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical theory but is perhaps best known as a writer of popular books about astronomy. Jeans taught at the

Tunisia: Transition: Marzouki then appointed Hamadi Jebali, a member of Ennahda, to the post of prime minister.

Otakar Březina was a poet who had a considerable influence on the development of 20th-century Czech poetry. Březina spent most of his life as a schoolmaster in Moravia. Although isolated from public life, he was well informed about the national and international literary movements that influenced

John Jebb was a British political, religious, and social reformer who championed humanitarian and constitutional causes far in advance of his time. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Peterhouse, Cambridge, he was ordained in 1763 and thereafter lectured on mathematics at Cambridge. His

Jebba, town, Kwara state, western Nigeria. It lies on the south bank and at the natural head of navigation of the Niger River, 550 miles (885 km) from the sea. It is populated by the predominantly Muslim Nupe people, whose kingdom, refounded by Tsoede, flourished in the region in the early 16th

Niger Dams Project: …and hydroelectric power plant at Jebba, 64 miles (103 km) from the Kainji Dam, were completed in 1984, and the dam at Shiroro Gorge on the Kaduna River, west of Bida in Niger state, began operations in 1990.

Byblos, ancient seaport, the site of which is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 20 miles (30 km) north of the modern city of Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited towns in the world. The name Byblos is Greek; papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos,

Jebel Akhdar War, a series of conflicts during the mid- and late 1950s between residents of the interior of Oman, supported by Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the sultan of Muscat and Oman, who was aided by Britain. The rebels sought independence and control of the interior lands and any oil to be

Dubai: Economy of Dubai: The Jebel Ali free-trade zone was established in the 1980s to attract industrial investment; activities based there include aluminum smelting, car manufacturing, and cement production.

Homo sapiens: Bodily structure: sapiens—that is, those from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated to approximately 315 kya—as the remains of early modern humans, because they have a primitive appearance reminiscent of a highly evolved version of H. heidelbergensis. Instead, they are considered “protomodern” and may be more representative of individuals at the root of…

Qafzeh, paleoanthropological site south of Nazareth, Israel, where some of the oldest remains of modern humans in Asia have been found. More than 25 fossil skeletons dating to about 90,000 years ago have been recovered. The site is a rock shelter first excavated in the early 1930s; excavation

Homo sapiens: Bodily structure: One of the best-preserved early fossils that bears all the anatomic hallmarks of H. sapiens is a skull dated to about 92 kya from the Israeli site of Jebel Qafzeh. This part of the Middle East, called the Levant, is often regarded as a biogeographic extension of Africa, so…

Atlas Mountains: Physiography: …points, reaching 8,058 feet at Mount Tidirhine. East of the gap formed by the Moulouya River the Algerian ranges begin, among which the rugged bastion of the Ouarsenis Massif (which reaches a height of 6,512 feet), the Great Kabylie, which reaches 7,572 feet at the peak of Lalla Khedidja, and…

Baḥr al-Jabal, that section of the Nile River between Nimule near the Uganda border and Malakal in South Sudan. Below Nimule the river flows northward over the Fula Rapids, past Juba (the head of navigation), and through Al-Sudd, the enormous papyrus-choked swamp where half its water is lost. It

Romanian literature: After World War II: …revealed a vigorous optimism, and Eugen Jebeleanu, who spent much of the 1930s as a left-wing journalist, produced increasingly abstracted poetry. Also among those who came to the fore during and after World War II were Maria Banuş, who expressed the struggle for peace in her poetry, Miron Paraschivescu, a…