Margaret Laurence: A Jest of God (1966; made into the motion picture Rachel, Rachel in 1968) and The Fire Dwellers (1969) are about two sisters, a Manitoba schoolteacher and a Vancouver housewife, each trying to achieve personal fulfillment. After The Diviners (1974), a novel, and Heart of…

fool, a comic entertainer whose madness or imbecility, real or pretended, made him a source of amusement and gave him license to abuse and poke fun at even the most exalted of his patrons. Professional fools flourished from the days of the Egyptian pharaohs until well into the 18th century, finding

choral music: Motets: Bach’s motets, of which Jesu meine Freude (Jesus My Joy; c. 1723) is a typical and splendid example, return to the a cappella manner of performance. Contrary to one popular conception, this often included instrumental doubling of the voice parts and the use of an organ continuo, an improvised…

Jesuit, member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works. The order has been regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation and was later a leading force

Jesuit drama, program of theatre developed for educational and propagandist purposes in the colleges of the Society of Jesus during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Cultivated as a medium for disseminating Roman Catholic doctrine, drama flourished in the Jesuit schools for more than 200 years,

Jesuit Estates controversy, in Canadian history, dispute that arose between Protestants and Roman Catholics after the re-establishment of the Jesuit order. When the Society of Jesus (the Jesuit order) was suppressed by the papacy in 1773, its extensive landholdings in Canada were transferred to the

Jesuit ware, Chinese porcelain decorated with European subject matter and made for export to the West during the Qing dynasty in the reign of Qianlong (1736–96). The sources for the decoration were mainly European engravings brought to China by Jesuit missionaries. The most commonly used

Francis Parkman: Literary career.: The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century (1867) is a powerful narrative of the tragedy of the Jesuit missionaries whose missions among the Hurons were destroyed by persistent Iroquois attacks, and his La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, first published…

Franz Boas: Career in America: …the reports submitted by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, an investigation of the relationships between the Indigenous peoples of Siberia and of North America.

Second Seminole War: …of the year, however, General Thomas Jesup took charge of the U.S. forces, and he instituted a change in strategy, sending small contingents of men to pursue Seminole bands. The tide subsequently began to turn. In October 1837 Jesup set up a false truce and captured Osceola and dozens of…

Rudolf Bultmann: Early career: …it with a book on Jesus (Jesus, 1926; Jesus and the Word, 1934), in which the beginning of his own theological position can be traced. Between 1922 and 1928 he had as a colleague at Marburg the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger, whose Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) was…

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

the Jesus and Mary Chain, Scottish alternative rock band whose landmark debut album, Psychocandy (1985), mixed cheery power-pop melodies with feedback-distorted guitar playing and the drone of sombre lyrics. Influenced by the Sex Pistols and the Velvet Underground as well as by the Beach Boys and

St. John Eudes: …of the Refuge and the Congregation of Jesus and Mary (C.J.M.; also known as the Eudist Fathers). He was also an important promoter of devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary, establishing the first feasts in their honor.

Rudolf Bultmann: Early career: …it with a book on Jesus (Jesus, 1926; Jesus and the Word, 1934), in which the beginning of his own theological position can be traced. Between 1922 and 1928 he had as a colleague at Marburg the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger, whose Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) was…

Harold Bloom: … (1992), Omens of Millennium (1996), Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine (2005), and the novel The Flight to Lucifer (1979)—to deal with religious subjects.

Judaism: Hellenism and Judaism: The apocryphal writer Jesus ben Sirach so bitterly denounced the Hellenizers in Jerusalem (c. 180 bce) that he was forced by the authorities to temper his words.

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Community of Christ, church that claims to be the legal continuation of the church founded by Joseph Smith at Fayette in Seneca county, New York, in 1830. World headquarters are in Independence, Missouri. In the early 21st century the church’s members numbered about 250,000, with congregations in

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), church that traces its origins to a religion founded by Joseph Smith in the United States in 1830. The term Mormon, often used to refer to members of this church, comes from the Book of Mormon, which was published by Smith in 1830; use of the term

Norman Jewison: …on the Roof (1971) and Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), both adapted from Broadway productions and the first of which earned Jewison another Oscar nomination for best director.

Jesus Christ Superstar, rock opera that tells the story of the last week of Jesus’ life from the perspective of the traitorous Judas Iscariot. The original concept album, with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice, was released in 1970. The stage version—which, like the album,

Christology: Film: Denys Arcand’s Jesus of Montreal (1990), for example, portrays a group of actors in Montreal who are hired to stage a Passion play. As they do, they come into conflict with the religious and political establishment; their leader is killed when a crucifix used in the play…

Juan de Nisa Valdés Leal: …Death (1660 and 1672), and Jesus Disputing with the Doctors (1686), all characterized by their macabre subject matter, dynamic energy, and theatrical violence. The violence of his subjects has often distracted attention from the inventiveness of his execution.

Kanye West: Social media controversies, ye, Donald Trump, and Donda: His next release, Jesus Is King, was a gospel album that reflected his recommitment to Christianity; it later won the Grammy for best contemporary Christian music album. During this time West remained involved in fashion, and YEEZY Season 6 and Season 7 were released in 2018 and 2019,…

Jesús María, distrito (district), south of central Lima city in the Lima–Callao metropolitan area in Peru. Given district status in 1963, Jesús María is mainly a middle- and upper-income residential area. Most striking is its architecturally innovative San Felipe housing development, a mixture of

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Christology: Film: Denys Arcand’s Jesus of Montreal (1990), for example, portrays a group of actors in Montreal who are hired to stage a Passion play. As they do, they come into conflict with the religious and political establishment; their leader is killed when a crucifix used in the play…

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Christology: Early 20th century to the present: …the winning painting, Janet McKenzie’s Jesus of the People, Jesus is dark-skinned, thick-lipped, and feminine.

Jesus Only, movement of believers within Pentecostalism who hold that true baptism can only be “in the name of Jesus” rather than in the name of all three persons of the Trinity. Peter said to them, “Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ so that your sins may be

Jesus Prayer, in Eastern Christianity, a mental invocation of the name of Jesus Christ, considered most efficacious when repeated continuously. The most widely accepted form of the prayer is “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me.” It reflects the biblical idea that the name of God is

Susan Sarandon: Her later movie credits included The Jesus Rolls (2019), a comedy centring on a character from the cult classic The Big Lebowski (1998); the animated Fearless (2020); and Ride the Eagle (2021), a dramedy in which she was cast as a mother estranged from her son.

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Ecclesiasticus, deuterocanonical biblical work (accepted in the Roman Catholic canon but noncanonical for Jews and Protestants), an outstanding example of the wisdom genre of religious literature that was popular in the early Hellenistic period of Judaism (3rd century bce to 3rd century ce). This

Kanye West: The College Dropout: …Wire” and the gospel-choir-backed “Jesus Walks.” The latter cut won a Grammy Award for best rap song in 2005, and West also picked up awards that year for best rap album and best rhythm-and-blues song (as one of the songwriters of Alicia Keys’s “You Don’t Know My Name”).

Billy Crudup: Early roles and breakout performance in Almost Famous: …Country (1998), and Alison Maclean’s Jesus’ Son (1999). He also had a few lead parts—as a parolee who falls for his brother’s wife in Grind (1997), American long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine in Without Limits (1998), and a congressional candidate haunted by his deceased girlfriend in Waking the Dead (2000). His…

Mombasa: It is the site of Fort Jesus, built by the Portuguese (1593–95) and now a museum. There are Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals. A Hindu temple built in 1952 has a gilded dome. Mombasa’s many historical and cultural attractions have made it a popular tourist destination.

Passion of Jesus, final events in the life of Jesus as related in the canonical Gospels. The word passion is derived from Latin passio (“suffering” or “enduring”). Compared with the Gospels’ sparse accounts of Jesus’ early years and occasional glimpses of his public ministry, the reports of his

Jesuit, member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works. The order has been regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation and was later a leading force

Jan Gossart: Other early works, such as Jesus, the Virgin, and the Baptist, reflect his interest in the works of Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Dürer. Another early work, famous for its sense of mood, is the Agony in the Garden.

Portuguese literature: The novel and other prose: …religious and other topics; and Tomé de Jesus with his mystic and devotional treatise Trabalhos de Jesus (1602–09; “Deeds of Jesus”). The work of scientists included that of a cosmographer and mathematician, Pedro Nunes, and of a botanist, Garcia da Orta, whose Colóquios dos simples e drogas (1563; Colloquies on…

ketamine, general anesthetic agent related structurally to the hallucinogen phencyclidine (PCP). Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 at Parke Davis Laboratories by American scientist Calvin Stevens, who was searching for a new anesthetic to replace PCP, which was not suitable for use in humans

plasma: Applications of plasmas: …machine called the JET (Joint European Torus) was able to generate 1.7 million watts of fusion power for almost 2 seconds after researchers injected titrium into the JET’s magnetically confined plasma. It was the first successful controlled production of fusion power in such a confined medium.

Ebony: The circulation of Jet, another Johnson magazine with an emphasis on news as well as entertainment, was about 900,000.

jet, a dense, fine-grained, compact variety of subbituminous coal, or lignite. It is coal-black in colour and has a hardness of 2+ and a specific gravity of 1.1 to 1.4. Unlike lignite, it is not laminated and so has little tendency to split but breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It can be worked

military aircraft: The jet age: Beginning in the 1920s, steady advances in aircraft performance had been produced by improved structures and drag-reduction technologies and by more powerful, supercharged engines, but by the early 1930s it had become apparent to a handful of farsighted engineers that speeds would soon…

military aircraft: The jet age: Beginning in the 1920s, steady advances in aircraft performance had been produced by improved structures and drag-reduction technologies and by more powerful, supercharged engines, but by the early 1930s it had become apparent to a handful of farsighted engineers that speeds would soon…

Puffy AmiYumi: Their albums Jet CD (1998) and Fever Fever (1999) were regarded as J-pop classics.

pump: Electromagnetic pumps.: In the jet ejector pump, fluid passes through a venturi nozzle (see venturi tube) and develops a suction that causes a second stream of fluid to be entrained. In the aspirator pump, water flows through a venturi nozzle and develops a suction for drawing in air. Steam…

jet engine, any of a class of internal-combustion engines that propel aircraft by means of the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid, usually hot exhaust gases generated by burning fuel with air drawn in from the atmosphere. The prime mover of virtually all jet engines is a gas turbine. Variously

kerosene: Standard commercial jet fuel is essentially a high-quality straight-run kerosene, and many military jet fuels are blends based on kerosene.

jet lag, physiological desynchronization caused by transmeridian (east-west) travel between different time zones. The severity and extent of jet lag vary according to the number of time zones crossed as well as the direction of travel—most people find it difficult to travel eastward (i.e., to adapt

cephalopod: Locomotion: …move by crawling, swimming, or jet propulsion, mainly the latter. The mantle, which has a passive role in the majority of mollusks, has become involved in locomotion in cephalopods, having almost entirely lost its rigid shell and become highly muscular. Its expansion and contraction produce a locomotory water current by…

Mario Molina: Molina worked in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1982 to 1989, when he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. In 2004 he moved to the University of California, San Diego. Molina was awarded the U.S. Presidential…

Charles Wilfred Butler: …army helicopter (1961) into the Bell Jet Ranger (1965). He and his designers restyled the machine inside and out in the manner of automotive design, creating in the process one of the world’s most successful and beautiful helicopters.

the Byrds, American band of the 1960s who popularized folk rock, particularly the songs of Bob Dylan, and whose changes in personnel created an extensive family tree of major country rock bands and pop supergroups. The principal members were Roger McGuinn (original name James Joseph McGuinn III; b.

surfing: Tow-in surfing: The introduction of jet-skis, too, has radically redefined big-wave riding. First, it allowed surfers to handle waves that were more than 30 feet (9 meters) tall. (At that height the water flowing up the face of the wave pushes the surfer back, making it impossible to catch a…

jet stream, a region of long, narrow, high-speed winds that typically flow northeastward, eastward, and southeastward in the middle and upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. Jet streams are characterized by wind motions that generate strong vertical shearing action, which is thought to be

jet lag, physiological desynchronization caused by transmeridian (east-west) travel between different time zones. The severity and extent of jet lag vary according to the number of time zones crossed as well as the direction of travel—most people find it difficult to travel eastward (i.e., to adapt

radio jet, material spewing from the centres of some galaxies at close to the speed of light and emitting strong radio waves. The most powerful extragalactic sources of radio waves are double-lobed sources (or “dumbbells”) in which two large regions of radio emission are situated in a line on

South Asian arts: Sri Lankan architecture: …other sites; of these the Jetavana at Anurādhapura is the largest, though now largely ruined.

Buddhism: Theravada: …whom the third group, the Jetavanaviharavasi, was loosely associated—established the first monastery in Sri Lanka and preserved intact the original Theravadin teachings.

jeté, (French jeté: “thrown”), ballet leap in which the weight of the dancer is transferred from one foot to the other. The dancer “throws” one leg to the front, side, or back and holds the other leg in any desired position upon landing. Among the commonly seen forms of this step are the jeté

jeté: …of this step are the jeté battu, in which the legs are crossed in the air before the descent; the grand jeté, a broad, high leap with one leg stretched forward and the other back like a “split” in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung…

jeté: …in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung turn”), in which the dancer executes a half-turn in the air away from the forward leg before landing on it.

Derek Jeter is an American professional baseball player who, as a shortstop for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), was selected to multiple American League (AL) All-Star teams and was one of the most popular players of his time. Jeter grew up in Michigan and started playing Little

Derek Jeter is an American professional baseball player who, as a shortstop for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), was selected to multiple American League (AL) All-Star teams and was one of the most popular players of his time. Jeter grew up in Michigan and started playing Little

Loving v. Virginia: …Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a woman of mixed African American and Native American ancestry, traveled from their residences in Central Point, Virginia, to Washington, D.C., to be married on June 2, 1958. Having returned to Central Point, they lived in the home of Mildred’s parents while Richard,…

Jethro, in the Old Testament, priest of Midian of the Kenite clan, with whom Moses took refuge after he killed an Egyptian and whose daughter Moses married (Exodus 3:1). After the Exodus, Jethro visited the Hebrews encamped at the “mountain of God” and brought with him Moses’ wife and sons. There

art rock: …created by such groups as Jethro Tull and the Strawbs. In common, all these bands regularly employ complicated and conceptual approaches to their music. Moreover, there has been a relatively fluid movement of musicians between bands that fall under the most general definition of art rock. Among the musicians who…

Textron Inc.: …craft, including the commercial 206B JetRanger III, the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance helicopter. With Boeing Company it produces the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft as a military transport. Cessna, located in Wichita, Kansas, has built nearly half of the world’s general aviation aircraft in…

Qantas: …Qantas launched the low-cost carrier Jetstar to compete in the budget market.

jetty, any of a variety of engineering structures connected with river, harbour, and coastal works designed to influence the current or tide or to protect a harbour or beach from waves (breakwater). The two principal kinds of jetties are those constructed at river mouths and other coastal entrances

French literature: Religious drama: …is the Jeu d’Adam (Adam: A Play). It is known from a copy in an Anglo-Norman manuscript, and it may have originated in England in the mid-12th century. With lively dialogue and the varied metres characteristic of the later mystères (all of which were based on biblical stories), it…

boules, French ball game, similar to bowls and boccie. It is thought to have originated about 1910, but it is based on the very old French game of jeu Provençal. Boules is played between two players or teams. Players take turns throwing or rolling a ball (boule) as close as possible to the target

Pierre Marivaux: …l’amour et du hasard (1730; The Game of Love and Chance) display typical characteristics of his love comedies: romantic settings, an acute sense of nuance and the finer shades of feeling, and deft and witty wordplay. This verbal preciousness is still known as marivaudage and reflects the sensitivity and sophistication…

Adam De La Halle: Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The Leave Taking”) expresses his sorrow at leaving his wife…

Jeu de Paume, museum in Paris devoted to photography, cinema, video, online work, and other forms of art from the 20th and 21st centuries. Originally constructed as a court on which to play a forerunner of tennis, the space has had a number of different functions over the decades, including as an

real tennis, racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume (“game of the palm”). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, but the game has become almost completely obscured by its own descendant, lawn tennis. Although real tennis

Adam De La Halle: Jeu de Robin et de Marion is a dramatization of the pastoral theme of a knight’s wooing of a pretty shepherdess, with dances and peasants’ dialogue. Jeu du pélérin (“Play of the Pilgrim”) mocks his friends for forgetting him.

Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas, miracle play by Jehan Bodel, performed in 1201. Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas treats a theme earlier presented in Latin, notably by Hilarius (flourished 1125), giving it new form and meaning by relating it to the Crusades. In Bodel’s play the saint’s image, to which the sole

Fifteen Puzzle, puzzle consisting of 15 squares, numbered 1 through 15, which can be slid horizontally or vertically within a four-by-four grid that has one empty space among its 16 locations. The object of the puzzle is to arrange the squares in numerical sequence using only the extra space in the

Adam De La Halle: Jeu du pélérin (“Play of the Pilgrim”) mocks his friends for forgetting him.

Juan-juan, Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the Juan-juan lasted from the beginning of the 5th century ad to the middle of the 6th

Jeune Afrique L’intelligent, weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering African affairs in French and perhaps in any

Jeune Afrique L’intelligent, weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering African affairs in French and perhaps in any

Dardenne brothers: For Le Jeune Ahmed (2019; Young Ahmed), the brothers were named best director at Cannes. The drama follows a radicalized Muslim teenager who attempts to kill his teacher.

Belgian literature: The Jeune Belgique movement: Impetus for the long-awaited literary renaissance came from Max Waller, founder in 1881 of an influential review, La Jeune Belgique (“Young Belgium”), which suggested a national literary consciousness; in reality, however, the review was the vehicle of expression of individual writers dedicated…

La Jeune Belgique, (“Young Belgium”), influential review (1881–97), edited by poet and novelist Max Waller; it gave its name to a literary movement (though never a formal “school”) that aimed to express a genuinely Belgian consciousness and to free the literature of Belgium from outworn

Robert Charbonneau: …his teens he had joined Jeune Canada (“Young Canada”), a Quebec nationalist organization, and by 1933–34, on its behalf, was broadcasting pleas for Quebec independence, the French language, and Roman Catholicism. In 1934, with friend Paul Beaulieu, he founded La Relève (later called La Nouvelle Relève, “The New Relief”), a…

André Jolivet: …La Spirale, later to become La Jeune France (the name originated with Hector Berlioz), dedicated to fostering modern nationalistic music. During his service in the French Army during World War II, Jolivet grew interested in primitive religion and magic—influences that may be detected in his style.

Antoine Gérin-Lajoie: …French Canadian play, the tragedy Le Jeune Latour (1844; “The Young Latour”). While on the staff of the Montreal newspaper La Minerve, of which he soon became the editor, he studied law and, in 1848, was called to the Quebec bar. He later served as translator to the legislative assembly…

La Jeune Parque, poem by Paul Valéry, published in 1917. An enigmatic work noted for both its difficulty and its formal beauty, it presents in 500 lines the musings of Clotho, the youngest of the three Fates, as she stands at the seashore just before dawn. She stands uncertain whether to remain a

Claude Le Jeune was a French composer of the late Renaissance, known for his psalm settings and for his significant contributions to musique mesurée, a style reflecting the long and short syllables of Classical prosody. His works are noted for their skillful integration of lively rhythms with

Young Tunisians, political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to the French protectorate established in 1881. The party, headed by Ali Bash Hamba and Bashir Sfar, demanded complete Tunisian control of the government and administration of the country

Paul Adam: …the form of a novel, Jeunesse et amours de Manuel Héricourt, appeared in 1913.

Audrey Tautou: The romantic fable, directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet, was an international hit, became the top-grossing French-language movie of all time in the United States, and scored an Oscar nomination for best foreign-language film. It also earned Tautou a BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) nomination for best actress. In…

dance: Innovations in the 20th century: In Jeux (1913; “Games”), Nijinsky was one of the first choreographers to introduce a modern theme and modern design into ballet. Based on his own (rather erroneous) idea of a tennis match, the choreography incorporated sporting movements and dancers in modern dress. In The Rite of…