pelota: …can be classified as either jeux directs—games in which the players face each other and the pelota is hit freely between opponents—or jeux indirects—games in which the ball is hit off a wall. The second class has many variations, including bare-hand (main nue), the most popular. Pelota courts include the…

Canada Games, national sporting event held every two years in Canada, both the Winter and Summer Games being held at four-year intervals. The idea of the Canada Games was first suggested in 1924 by Norton Crow, secretary of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, but received little support. The idea

pelota: …is hit freely between opponents—or jeux indirects—games in which the ball is hit off a wall. The second class has many variations, including bare-hand (main nue), the most popular. Pelota courts include the one-walled place libre, the two- or three-walled fronton, and the small, covered court, called the trinquet. The…

William Stanley Jevons was an English logician and economist whose book The Theory of Political Economy (1871) expounded the “final” (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons’s work, along with similar discoveries made by Karl Menger in Vienna (1871) and by Léon Walras in Switzerland (1874),

Jew, any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Bible (Old

Max Apple: The Jew of Home Depot, and Other Stories (2007) is a collection of eclectic stories whose characters range from a disabled little girl who bonds with the mute characters of Disneyland to a teenage girl with a passion for shot put.

The Jew of Malta, five-act tragedy in blank verse by Christopher Marlowe, produced about 1590 and published in 1633. In order to raise tribute demanded by the Turks, the Christian governor of Malta seizes half the property of all Jews living on Malta. When Barabas, a wealthy Jewish merchant,

Lion Feuchtwanger: …Süss (1925; also published as Jew Süss and Power), set in 18th-century Germany, revealed a depth of psychological analysis that remained characteristic of his subsequent work—the Josephus-Trilogie (Der jüdische Krieg, 1932; Die Söhne, 1935; Der Tag wird kommen, 1945); Die Geschwister Oppenheim (1933; The Oppermanns), a novel of modern life;…

Annette, Freiin von Droste-Hülshoff: …a novella, Die Judenbuche (1842; The Jew’s Beech), is a psychological study of a Westphalian villager who murders a Jew. For the first time in German literature, the fate of the hero is portrayed as arising from his social environment; the crime becomes understandable within the context of the life…

Basidiomycota: The ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae) is a brown, gelatinous edible fungus found on dead tree trunks in moist weather in the autumn. One of 10 widespread Auricularia species, it is ear- or shell-shaped and sometimes acts as a parasite, especially on elder (Sambucus).

jew’s harp, musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which forms a resonance cavity, and activates the instrument’s tongue by either plucking it with the fingers or jerking a string

tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), annual herbaceous plant in the mallow family (Malvaceae), cultivated as a source of jute fibre and for its edible leaves. Tossa jute is grown throughout tropical Asia and Africa, and its mucilaginous leaves and young stems are commonly eaten as a vegetable similar

broom: Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) is a shrub of the family Asparagaceae with small whitish flowers and red berries.

Antônio José da Silva was a Portuguese writer whose comedies, farces, and operettas briefly revitalized the Portuguese theatre in a period of dramatic decadence. Silva was born in Brazil, the son of Jews. Though his parents professed Christianity, his mother was accused by the Inquisition of

gemstone, any of various minerals highly prized for beauty, durability, and rarity. A few noncrystalline materials of organic origin (e.g., pearl, red coral, and amber) also are classified as gemstones. Gemstones have attracted humankind since ancient times, and have long been used for jewelry. The

metallic wood-boring beetle, (family Buprestidae), any of some 15,000 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera), mostly distributed in tropical regions, that are among the most brilliantly coloured insects. These beetles are long, narrow, and flat, with a tapering abdomen. The wing covers

Jewel Cave National Monument, limestone caverns in southwestern South Dakota, U.S., 15 miles (24 km) west of Custer. Established in 1908, the monument occupies a surface area of 2 square miles (5 square km) in the Black Hills. The caverns consist of a series of chambers joined by narrow passages.

Moshe Safdie: …Residential Development (2016) and the Jewel Changi Airport (2018), both in Singapore; the latter features a central waterfall. He also created high-density housing interspersed with gardens in Qinhuangdao (2017), China, and Toronto (2019). Safdie’s projects from the 2020s included the mixed-use complex Raffles City Chongqing (2020), China, which he described…

Jewel-Osco, American retail grocery and pharmacy chain operating as a subsidiary of the grocery distributor and retailer SuperValu Inc. The company originated in 1899, when Frank Vernon Skiff and Frank Ross founded the Jewel Tea Company to supply condiments to the Chicago area from horse-drawn

The Jewel in the Crown, acclaimed British television miniseries (1984) that was adapted by Ken Taylor from The Raj Quartet, a series of novels by Paul Scott about the last days of British rule in India. The story covers the period from 1942, in the midst of World War II, to the beginning of Indian

The Raj Quartet: The tetralogy, composed of The Jewel in the Crown (1966), The Day of the Scorpion (1968), The Towers of Silence (1971), and A Division of the Spoils (1975), is set in India during the years leading up to that country’s independence from the British raj (sovereignty). The story examines…

Michael Douglas: Noteworthy acting roles: …Stone (1984) and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985), and again teamed with the same costars for the popular dark comedy The War of the Roses (1989). One of Douglas’s most memorable roles was in Fatal Attraction (1987), in which he portrayed a family man terrorized by a…

jewel orchid, any member of several closely related genera of orchids (family Orchidaceae) cultivated for their striking leaf patterns. Downy rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens), native to eastern North America, has dark green leaves with silver and white veins. The Hawai’i jewel orchid

Kishore Kumar: …Nau do gyarah (1957), and Jewel Thief (1967). A new high point in Kumar’s career came in 1969: the film Aradhana catapulted Rajesh Khanna to superstardom, and Kumar, who had lent his voice to Khanna, became the leading playback singer of the Hindi film industry. Kumar retained that position until…

John Jewel was an Anglican bishop of Salisbury and controversialist who defended Queen Elizabeth I’s religious policies opposing Roman Catholicism. The works Jewel produced during the 1560s defined and clarified points of difference between the churches of England and Rome, thus strengthening the

Samuel R. Delany: Delany’s works on writing include The Jewel-Hinged Jaw: Notes on the Language of Science Fiction (1977), a groundbreaking critical analysis of science fiction, and About Writing: Seven Essays, Four Letters, and Five Interviews (2005). When asked whether he considered himself a “genre writer,” Delany told The Paris Review in 2011…

Jewel-Osco, American retail grocery and pharmacy chain operating as a subsidiary of the grocery distributor and retailer SuperValu Inc. The company originated in 1899, when Frank Vernon Skiff and Frank Ross founded the Jewel Tea Company to supply condiments to the Chicago area from horse-drawn

microscope: Principles: …are generally referred to as eye loupes or jewelers’ lenses. The traditional simple microscope was made with a single magnifying lens, which was often of sufficient optical quality to allow the study of microscopical organisms including Hydra and protists.

saw: …wood or other materials, the coping, or jeweler’s, saw, which is basically a hacksaw with a deeper U-shaped frame and a much narrower blade, is well-suited.

tincalconite, a borate mineral, hydrated sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O), that is found in nature only as a dull, white, fine-grained powder; colourless crystals of the mineral have been made artificially. Tincalconite is common in the borax deposits of southern California, where it often

art criticism: Avant-garde art comes to America: …as the critical reporting of Edward Alden Jewell and John Canaday in the Times indicated—the former was “befuddled” by Abstract Expressionism, the latter skeptical of it. Abstract artists themselves became critics in an attempt to clarify and justify their work. A decisive moment occurred in 1943, when Adolph Gottlieb and…

Josephine Marshall Jewell Dodge was an American pioneer in the day nursery movement. Josephine Jewell was of a prominent family. She left Vassar College after three years in 1873 to accompany her father, who had just been appointed U.S. minister to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Returning to the United

Richard Jewell was an American security guard and former suspect in the Atlanta Olympic Games bombing of 1996. Jewell, who had been hired to work security at Centennial Olympic Park on July 27, spotted a suspicious-looking green knapsack and reported it to police. The bag held a pipe bomb and would

jewelry, objects of personal adornment prized for the craftsmanship going into their creation and generally for the value of their components as well. Throughout the centuries and from culture to culture, the materials considered rare and beautiful have ranged from shells, bones, pebbles, tusks,

jewelry, objects of personal adornment prized for the craftsmanship going into their creation and generally for the value of their components as well. Throughout the centuries and from culture to culture, the materials considered rare and beautiful have ranged from shells, bones, pebbles, tusks,

Samuel R. Delany: His first novel, The Jewels of Aptor, was published in 1962. Babel-17 (1966), the story of an artist-outsider, explores the nature of language and its ability to give structure to experience. Delany won the science-fiction Nebula Award for this book, which established his reputation, and for The Einstein…

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari: …I gioielli della Madonna (1911; The Jewels of the Madonna), he was influenced by the realistic, or verismo, style of Pietro Mascagni. He also composed chamber, instrumental, and orchestral works and a violin concerto.

James Ene Henshaw: One of his first plays, The Jewels of the Shrine, was published in the collection This Is Our Chance: Plays from West Africa (1957). His second collection, Children of the Goddess, and Other Plays (1964), treated such themes as the inefficiency of a local village court because of the drunkenness…

angiosperm: Mechanisms of dispersal: …air, as, for example, the touch-me-not (Impatiens; Balsaminaceae) and the witch hazel (Hamamelis; Hamamelidaceae). The fruits or seeds of many aquatic and shore plants are adapted to float on water as a means of dispersal; for this reason, coconuts (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae) are readily transported across oceans to neighboring islands.…

Franz Grillparzer: Die Jüdin von Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo), based on a Spanish theme, portrays the tragic infatuation of a king for a young Jewish woman. He is only brought back to a sense of his responsibilities after she has been killed at the queen’s command. Ein Bruderzwist in Habsburg…

Frank Baldwin Jewett was a U.S. electrical engineer and the first president of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., who directed research in telephony, telegraphy, and radio and television communications. After receiving the B.A. in 1898 from Throop Polytechnical Institute (now the California

Sarah Orne Jewett was an American writer of regional fiction that centers on life in Maine. Jewett was often taken by her physician father on visits to the fishermen and farmers of her native Maine, and she developed a deep and abiding love of their way of life and of the sights and sounds of her

Sarah Orne Jewett was an American writer of regional fiction that centers on life in Maine. Jewett was often taken by her physician father on visits to the fishermen and farmers of her native Maine, and she developed a deep and abiding love of their way of life and of the sights and sounds of her

goliath grouper, (Epinephelus itajara), large sea bass (family Serranidae) found on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The species sometimes attains a length of 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) and a weight of about 455 kg (1,000 pounds). The adult is dull

Jewish Agency, international body representing the World Zionist Organization, created in 1929 by Chaim Weizmann, with headquarters in Jerusalem. Its purpose is to assist and encourage Jews worldwide to help develop and settle Israel. Zionists needed financial backing for their project of creating

Maurice, baron de Hirsch: …fund continued to support the Jewish Agricultural Society, which lent money to farmers and settled displaced persons on farms in various countries. Hirsch’s charity was not confined to Jews, and it has been estimated that he spent more than $100,000,000 on his philanthropies.

Borscht Belt: …the Borscht Belt’s importance in American Jewish history, the style of comedy developed among comedians working there had a significant impact on the development of modern stand-up comedy.

Jewish Autonomous Region, autonomous oblast (region), far eastern Russia, in the basin of the middle Amur River. Most of the oblast consists of level plain, with extensive swamps, patches of swampy forest, and grassland on fertile soils, now largely plowed up. In the north and northwest are the

Rembrandt: Fourth Amsterdam period (1658–69) of Rembrandt: …Rebecca (1667), better known as The Jewish Bride (portrait historié is a phrase used to indicate a portrait in which the sitter is—or in this case the sitters are—rendered in a historic role with historicizing costumes). Shortly before his death Rembrandt was preparing a number of copperplates for an etched…

Bund, Jewish socialist political movement founded in Vilnius in 1897 by a small group of workers and intellectuals from the Jewish Pale of tsarist Russia. The Bund called for the abolition of discrimination against Jews and the reconstitution of Russia along federal lines. At the time of the

Jewish religious year, the cycle of Sabbaths and holidays that are commonly observed by the Jewish religious community—and officially in Israel by the Jewish secular community as well. The Sabbath and festivals are bound to the Jewish calendar, reoccur at fixed intervals, and are celebrated at home

Hebrew Bible, collection of writings that was first compiled and preserved as the sacred books of the Jewish people. It also constitutes a large portion of the Christian Bible, known as the Old Testament. Except for a few passages in Aramaic, appearing mainly in the apocalyptic Book of Daniel,

Borscht Belt, colloquial term that refers to a string of summer camps, resorts, hotels, and bungalows, predominantly in the Catskill Mountains and Adirondack Mountains in New York state, that catered specifically to American Jewish guests and were popular in the 20th century as year-round vacation

Jacob van Ruisdael: …more evident in his famous Jewish Cemetery (c. 1655; Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden), which is one of his most masterly compositions. All motifs of secondary importance serve as accessories to the main motif, three ruined tombs. Some scholars have suggested that the painting symbolizes the transience of temporal things.

Mordecai Menahem Kaplan: In 1916 he organized the Jewish Centre in New York, a secular community organization with a synagogue as its nucleus, the first of its kind in the United States, and was its rabbi until 1922. In that year he established the Society for the Advancement of Judaism, which later became…

Maurice, baron de Hirsch: …established and richly endowed the Jewish Colonization Association, with headquarters in England. This fund, which became one of the largest charitable trusts in the world, was used to establish agricultural colonies in hospitable countries, for Hirsch believed that Jews would best become self-supporting by farming.

Young Men’s and Young Women’s Hebrew Association (YM–YWHA), Jewish community organization in various countries that provides a wide range of cultural, educational, recreational, and social activities for all age groups in Jewish communities. The goals of the YM–YWHA are to prepare the young for

Leopold Zunz: …Moses Moser, Zunz founded the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden (“Society for Jewish Culture and Science”). He and his colleagues hoped that an analysis and exposition of the breadth and depth of Jewish history, literature, and culture would lead to general acceptance of the Jews. From 1822 to…

Forward, newspaper based in New York City that publishes both Yiddish and English versions. The Forward was founded in 1897 by the Jewish Socialist Press Federation as a civic aid and a cohesive device for Jewish immigrants from Europe. It quickly became the leading Yiddish-language newspaper in

Jewish Diaspora, the dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian Exile or the aggregate of Jews or Jewish communities scattered “in exile” outside Palestine or present-day Israel, particularly after the Siege of Jerusalem by the Roman Empire in 70 ce. (For a discussion of diaspora as

Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet: …possible the passage of the Jewish Disabilities Bill of 1859, granting basic civil and political rights to Jews.

Simon Wiesenthal: Nazi hunter: …following year he opened the Jewish Documentation Centre in Vienna. In the following years, Israel’s secret intelligence agency, the Mossad, supported Wiesenthal’s work, covering part of his expenses. Searching for thousands of SS and Gestapo members, Wiesenthal worked mostly by himself, in a tiny office, using historical

Kaufmann Kohler: …department editor of the monumental Jewish Encyclopedia, to which he contributed some 300 articles, including the principal ones on theological subjects. In 1903 he became president of the Hebrew Union College (now Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion) in Cincinnati, Ohio, a position he retained until 1921. It was during…

Haskala, a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the Haskala owed much of its

Jewish festivals, holidays commonly observed by the Jewish community. Below is a summary of the major Jewish holidays, which traditionally begin at sunset on the previous evening. For fuller treatment of the Jewish calendar and its cycle of Jewish religious observance, see Jewish religious year.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: A newly formed group, the Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ŻOB), slowly took effective control of the ghetto.

Charles Cutler Torrey: …an edition (1922), and by The Jewish Foundation of Islam (1933). He offered a fresh critical appraisal and rearrangement of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah in The Composition and Historical Value of Ezra-Nehemiah (1896), which was followed up by his Ezra Studies (1910) and by The Chronicler’s History of…

fundamentalism: Jewish fundamentalism in Israel: Three main trends in Israeli Judaism have been characterized as fundamentalist: militant religious Zionism, the ultra-Orthodoxy of the Ashkenazim (Jews of eastern European origin), and the ultra-Orthodoxy of the Sephardim

Venetian Ghetto, seven-acre section of the Cannaregio district in Venice, Italy, to which Jews were confined for more than 250 years beginning in 1516. The Venetian Ghetto was the first to be legally established in the world, and the word ghetto, which predated the residential segregation, was

Joods Historisch Museum (JHM), museum in Amsterdam that displays artifacts, artwork, and other items associated with Jewish history, religion, and culture. The objects on view at the Joods Historisch Museum demonstrate the Jewish spiritual, cultural, and historical experience in the Netherlands and

Jewish festivals, holidays commonly observed by the Jewish community. Below is a summary of the major Jewish holidays, which traditionally begin at sunset on the previous evening. For fuller treatment of the Jewish calendar and its cycle of Jewish religious observance, see Jewish religious year.

Naftali Bennett: Political rise: …to lead the religious right-wing Jewish Home party. His relatively young age and fresh ideas helped steer the minor party to a historic victory: winning 12 seats, it became the fourth largest party in the Knesset, just behind the Labour Party, with 15 seats. His campaign had touted his so-called…

Stephen Samuel Wise: In 1922 Wise founded the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City, a seminary that was especially designed to train liberal rabbis for the New York area; this school merged with Hebrew Union College in 1950.

Judaism: Sources and scope of the Torah: …this written Torah, or “Law,” there were also unwritten laws or customs and interpretations of them, carried down in an oral tradition over many generations, which acquired the status of oral Torah.

Israel Abrahams: …enduring works on Judaism, particularly Jewish Life in the Middle Ages (1896).

Judaism: The literature of Judaism: A paradigmatic statement is made in the narrative that begins with Genesis and ends with Joshua. In the early chapters of Genesis, the divine is described as the creator of humankind and the entire natural order. In the stories of…

Jewish Museum, museum in New York City displaying art and objects of Jewish culture from the past 4,000 years. The Jewish Museum was founded in 1904 with only 26 pieces and was originally located in the library of the Jewish Theological Seminary. In 1946 the museum moved to the Felix Warburg

Jewish Museum Berlin, museum in Berlin showcasing German Jewish cultural history and works of art. The Jewish Museum is among Germany’s most-visited museums and commemorates the history of German Jews. The original Jewish Museum existed from 1933 until 1938, when it was closed by the Gestapo and

Abraham Zevi Idelsohn: …and in 1910 founded the Institute for Jewish Music. The previous year, funded by the Vienna Academy of Sciences, he had begun collecting from oral tradition the music of various European, Asian, and North African Jewish groups. The result was Thesaurus of Hebrew Oriental Melodies, 10 vol. (1914–32). This work…

Jerusalem: Education of Jerusalem: The National Library of Israel (1892), with more than five million volumes in its main and dependent libraries, is Israel’s largest. It holds the foremost collection of books, incunabula, and periodicals of Judaica in the world, as well as an excellent library on all fields, particularly…

Palestine: World War I and after: …purchases in 1921 by the Jewish National Fund (established in 1901), which led to the eviction of Arab peasants (fellahin), further aroused Arab opposition that was expressed throughout the region through the Christian-Muslim associations. On May 1, 1921, more serious anti-Zionist riots broke out in Jaffa and spread to Petah…

Jewish partisan, one of approximately 20,000–30,000 irregular fighters who participated in the Jewish resistance against Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. In western Europe those Jewish resisters often joined forces with other organized paramilitary groups, but in eastern Europe,

Jewish philosophy, any of various kinds of reflective thought engaged in by those identified as being Jews. A brief treatment of Jewish philosophy follows. For full treatment, see Judaism: Jewish philosophy. In the Middle Ages, Jewish philosophy encompassed any methodical and disciplined thought

Henrietta Szold: …editorial secretary of the five-year-old Jewish Publication Society. During her 23 years in that post she was largely responsible for the publication of English versions of Moritz Lazarus’s The Ethics of Judaism, Nahum Slouschz’s Renascence of Hebrew Literature, and other works and for a revised edition of Heinrich Graetz’s five-volume…

Henrietta Szold: …editorial secretary of the five-year-old Jewish Publication Society. During her 23 years in that post she was largely responsible for the publication of English versions of Moritz Lazarus’s The Ethics of Judaism, Nahum Slouschz’s Renascence of Hebrew Literature, and other works and for a revised edition of Heinrich Graetz’s five-volume…

Israel Abrahams: Montefiore, of the Jewish Quarterly Review. Although of strict Orthodox upbringing, Abrahams was among the founders of the Liberal movement, an Anglo-Jewish group that stressed the universality of Jewish ethics, minimized ritual and custom, and originally eschewed Zionism.

Jewish religious year, the cycle of Sabbaths and holidays that are commonly observed by the Jewish religious community—and officially in Israel by the Jewish secular community as well. The Sabbath and festivals are bound to the Jewish calendar, reoccur at fixed intervals, and are celebrated at home

First Jewish Revolt, (ad 66–70), Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The First Jewish Revolt was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic resistance to the Romans, who in turn responded with severe countermeasures. In the fall of ad 66 the

Bar Kokhba Revolt, (132–135 ce), Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The revolt was preceded by years of clashes between Jews and Romans in the area. Finally, in 132 ce, the misrule of Tinnius Rufus, the Roman governor of Judaea, combined with the emperor Hadrian’s intention to found a

Ida Kaminska: …her homeland to found the Jewish State Theatre of Poland (1945), which received official recognition and financial aid from the state until she abandoned Poland for the United States in 1968. Her best-known stage performance was the title role in Mirele Efros by Jacob Gordin in a version she adapted…

Israel: Zionism: Theodor Herzl began advocating a Jewish state as the political solution for both antisemitism (he had covered the sensational Dreyfus affair in France) and a Jewish secular identity. Herzl’s brief and dramatic bid for international support from the major powers at the First Zionist Congress (August 1897) failed, but, after…

Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), the academic and spiritual centre of Conservative Judaism in the United States. Founded in New York City in 1886 as the Jewish Theological Seminary Association, the institution was first headed by Rabbi Sabato Morais, whose declared goal was to educate

The Rabbinical Assembly, organization of Conservative rabbis in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and Israel. It was founded in 1900 as the Alumni Association of the Jewish Theological Seminary and was reorganized in 1940 as the Rabbinical Assembly of America; in 1962 it acquired

Kaufmann Kohler: …wrote his most profound work, Jewish Theology Systematically and Historically Considered (1918). Prior to Kohler’s work, the philosophical literature of the Middle Ages and the rabbinical writings were the only available materials to serve the needs of the student. Kohler’s book methodically and succinctly sets forth the teachings of Jewish…

Norman Jewison was a Canadian television and film director and producer known for his adroit depictions of American social ills. His notable movies included In the Heat of the Night (1967), Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), A Soldier’s Story (1984), and Moonstruck (1987).

Norman Jewison was a Canadian television and film director and producer known for his adroit depictions of American social ills. His notable movies included In the Heat of the Night (1967), Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), A Soldier’s Story (1984), and Moonstruck (1987).

Jane Luu: Astronomy: …Luu met her academic adviser David Jewitt. Together, they collaborated throughout the years on many projects focused on the outer solar system, and the bodies there, such as comets, KBOs, and interstellar objects.

Canadian literature: From settlement to 1900: …a captivity narrative that describes Jewitt’s experience as a prisoner of the Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) chief Maquinna after Jewitt was shipwrecked off Canada’s west coast; on the whole, it presents a sympathetic ethnography of the Nuu-chah-nulth people. The Diary of Mrs. John Graves Simcoe (1911) records the everyday life in 1792–96…

Frederic David Mocatta: …work is the survey The Jews of Spain and Portugal and the Inquisition (1877), which was later translated into several languages. Mocatta is perhaps best remembered as a patron of learning and as a bibliophile. He subsidized the publication of such major works as Zur Geschichte und Literatur (1845; “On…

American literature: Lyric fictionists: …War I: Michael Gold’s harsh Jews Without Money (1930) and Henry Roth’s Proustian Call It Sleep (1934), one of the greatest novels of the decade. They followed in the footsteps of Anzia Yezierska, a prolific writer of the 1920s whose passionate books about immigrant Jews, especially Bread Givers (1925),