Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan (LDP), Japan’s largest political party, which has held power almost continuously since its formation in 1955. The party has generally worked closely with business interests and followed a pro-U.S. foreign policy. During nearly four decades of uninterrupted power

Gotō Shōjirō: …political party, the Jiyūtō (Liberal Party), based on Rousseauist democratic doctrines. After the movement was discontinued briefly, Gotō reorganized it as a league calling for revision of Japan’s treaties with the West. Upon the promulgation of the constitution and co-optation of the party leaders, he joined the government in…

Pyramids of Giza, three 4th-dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 bce) pyramids erected on a rocky plateau on the west bank of the Nile River near Al-Jīzah (Giza) in northern Egypt. In ancient times they were included among the Seven Wonders of the World. The ancient ruins of the Memphis area, including the

Al-Jīzah, muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Upper Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile River, extending toward the southwest into the Western (Libyan) Desert as far as Al-Wādī Al-Jadīd governorate. It is bordered on the north by Al-Minūfiyyah governorate and on the south by Banī Suwayf and Al-Fayyūm

Giza, city, capital of Al-Jīzah muḥāfaẓah (governorate) in Upper Egypt, located on the west bank of the Nile River just south-southwest of Cairo. It is a suburb of the national capital, with a distinctive character enriched by several archaeological and cultural sites. The district was settled in

Jīzān, town and port, southwestern Saudi Arabia, on the Red Sea opposite the Farasān Islands. Defined by the 1934 Treaty of Al-Ṭāʾif as belonging to Saudi Arabia, the town has been claimed by Yemen since the 1960s. Jīzān is the principal town of the Tihāmah coastal plain and the exporting and

Chi-tsang was a Chinese Buddhist monk who systematized the teachings of the San-lun (“Three Treatises,” or Middle Doctrine) school of Māhāyana Buddhism in China and who is sometimes regarded as its founder. Chi-tsang was the son of a Parthian father and a Chinese mother, but his education and

František Langer: Of his later writing, only Jízdní hlídka (1935; “The Cavalry Watch”) compared with his earlier successes; it was based upon his experiences with the legion.

Jizera Mountains, part of the Sudeten mountain ranges in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, extending into Poland. It comprises a small group of peaks, though it has the highest point in the Czech Republic, at Jizera (3,681 feet [1,122 m]); Wysoka Kopa in Poland is slightly higher (3,698 feet [1,127

Jizera River, tributary of the Elbe (Labe) River in northern Czech Republic. It rises at the southern base of Smrk Mountain on the Polish border, in the Giant (Krkonoše) Mountains, and flows generally south past Turnov and Mladá Boleslav. It reaches the Elbe northeast of Prague after a course of

Jizera Mountains, part of the Sudeten mountain ranges in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, extending into Poland. It comprises a small group of peaks, though it has the highest point in the Czech Republic, at Jizera (3,681 feet [1,122 m]); Wysoka Kopa in Poland is slightly higher (3,698 feet [1,127

Li Chi was an archaeologist chiefly responsible for establishing the historical authenticity of the semilegendary Shang dynasty of China. The exact dates of the Shang dynasty are uncertain; traditionally, they have been given as from c. 1766 to c. 1122 bce, but more recent archaeological evidence

Arabian Desert: Physiography: …have intercepted them, including Wadi Jizl-Ḥamḍ in northern Hejaz and Wadi Ḥaḍramawt in the south.

Dizang, in Chinese Buddhism, bodhisattva (buddha-to-be) who is especially committed to delivering the dead from the torments of hell. His name is a translation of the Sanskrit Kshitigarbha (“Womb of the Earth”). Dizang seeks to deliver the souls of the dead from the punishments inflicted by the 10

jizyah, historically, a tax (the term is often incorrectly translated as a “head tax” or “poll tax”) paid by non-Muslim populations to their Muslim rulers. The jizyah is described in the Qurʾān as a tax that is imposed on a certain erring faction from among the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb;

jizyah, historically, a tax (the term is often incorrectly translated as a “head tax” or “poll tax”) paid by non-Muslim populations to their Muslim rulers. The jizyah is described in the Qurʾān as a tax that is imposed on a certain erring faction from among the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb;

Jizzax, city, eastern Uzbekistan. The city is located in a small oasis irrigated by the Sanzar River, northeast of Samarkand. One of the most ancient settlements of Uzbekistan, it was situated on the trade routes to the Mediterranean near Tamerlane’s Gates, the only convenient passage through the

spectroscopy: Total orbital angular momentum and total spin angular momentum: A coupling scheme known as jj coupling is sometimes applicable. In this scheme, each electron n is assigned an angular momentum j composed of its orbital angular momentum l and its spin s. The total angular momentum J is then the vector addition of j1 + j2 + j3 +…,…

Kidd blood group system: Jka, Jkb, and Jk3, all of which are encoded by a gene known as SLC14A1 (solute carrier family 14, member 1). The Jka antigen occurs in more than 90 percent of blacks, 75 percent of whites, and 70 percent of Asians. The Jkb antigen is found in about…

Kidd blood group system: …of three known antigens, designated Jka, Jkb, and Jk3, all of which are encoded by a gene known as SLC14A1 (solute carrier family 14, member 1). The Jka antigen occurs in more than 90 percent of blacks, 75 percent of whites, and 70 percent of Asians. The Jkb antigen is…

Kidd blood group system: …three known antigens, designated Jka, Jkb, and Jk3, all of which are encoded by a gene known as SLC14A1 (solute carrier family 14, member 1). The Jka antigen occurs in more than 90 percent of blacks, 75 percent of whites, and 70 percent of Asians. The Jkb antigen is found…

Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), regional political party in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, northwestern India. In October 1932 the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, the precursor of the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), was founded at Srinagar by Sheikh

Jamaica: Political process: …main political parties are the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the People’s National Party (PNP), and between them they have dominated legislative elections since the country’s independence, to the virtual exclusion of any third party. The adversarial nature of Jamaican politics conceals broad agreement on constitutionalism, public education, and social…

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM), regional political party of Jharkhand state, eastern India. It has had only a limited presence on the national political scene in New Delhi. The JMM was formed in 1973 as a movement to spearhead what would become a decades-long effort to establish a separate Jharkhand

Glenn Hammond Curtiss: The Curtiss JN-4 (“Jenny”) was the standard training and general-purpose aircraft in American military service during the years prior to the U.S. entry into World War I. The NC-4, a multiengine Curtiss flying boat, made the first flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, opening the…

jnana, in Hindu philosophy, a word with a range of meanings focusing on a cognitive event that proves not to be mistaken. In the religious realm it especially designates the sort of knowledge that is a total experience of its object, particularly the supreme being or reality. The cognitive

jnana, in Hindu philosophy, a word with a range of meanings focusing on a cognitive event that proves not to be mistaken. In the religious realm it especially designates the sort of knowledge that is a total experience of its object, particularly the supreme being or reality. The cognitive

Hinduism: Dharma and the three paths: …ritual and social obligations; the jnana-marga (“path of knowledge”), the use of meditative concentration preceded by long and systematic ethical and contemplative training (Yoga) to gain a supraintellectual insight into one’s identity with brahman; and the bhakti-marga (“path of devotion”), love for a personal God. These ways are regarded as…

Vedanta, one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. The term Vedanta means in Sanskrit the “conclusion” (anta) of the Vedas, the earliest sacred literature of India. It applies to the Upanishads, which were elaborations of the Vedas, and to the school that arose out of the study

Jnanadeva was a mystical poet-saint of Maharashtra and composer of the Bhavarthadipika (popularly known as the Jnaneshvari), a translation and commentary in Marathi oral verse on the Bhagavadgita. Born into a family that had renounced society (sannyasi), Jnanadeva was considered an outcaste when

Jnanadeva was a mystical poet-saint of Maharashtra and composer of the Bhavarthadipika (popularly known as the Jnaneshvari), a translation and commentary in Marathi oral verse on the Bhagavadgita. Born into a family that had renounced society (sannyasi), Jnanadeva was considered an outcaste when

Indo-Aryan literature: Jnaneshvari, a Marathi verse commentary on the Bhagavadgita written by Jnaneshvara (Jnanadeva) in the late 13th century spread devotional movement through Maharashtra. As a result, it was reflected in the works of the poet-saints Namdev and Tukaram. In Rajasthan

Jnanpith Award, considered the highest literary award in India, given annually for the best creative literary output to writers in any of the 22 languages recognized by the Constitution of India and, from 2013, in the English language. The prize carries a cash award, a citation, and a bronze

India: Political systems: …those of the Koliyas, Moriyas, Jnatrikas, Shakyas, and Licchavis. The Jnatrikas and Shakyas are especially remembered as the tribes to which Mahavira (the founder of Jainism) and Gautama Buddha, respectively, belonged. The Licchavis eventually became extremely powerful.

Hosokawa Morihiro: …of the reform political party Japan New Party (Nihon Shintō) and was the prime minister of Japan in 1993–94.

Japan Railways Group, principal rail network of Japan, consisting of 12 corporations created by the privatization of the government-owned Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1987. The first railroad in Japan, built by British engineers, opened in 1872, between Tokyo and Yokohama. After some initial

Richard Pryor: …he starred in the autobiographical Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling. His stand-up performances also were documented in comedy albums, for which he won five Grammy Awards. As a comedy writer, Pryor received an Emmy for the Lily Tomlin television special Lily (1973) and a Writers Guild Award as…

Hei River, river rising in central Gansu province, China, and flowing into the western Alxa Plateau (Ala Shan Desert) in western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The river is formed by a series of small glacier-fed rivers flowing north from the Nan and Qilian mountain ranges in Gansu, between

Louisa May Alcott: …with Jo’s Boys (1871) and Jo’s Boys and How They Turned Out (1886). Little Women also inspired numerous movies, including the 1933 classic, starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo, and Greta Gerwig’s 2019 adaptation. Alcott also wrote other domestic narratives drawn from her early experiences: An Old-Fashioned Girl (1870);

Louisa May Alcott: …with Jo’s Boys (1871) and Jo’s Boys and How They Turned Out (1886). Little Women also inspired numerous movies, including the 1933 classic, starring Katharine Hepburn as Jo, and Greta Gerwig’s 2019 adaptation. Alcott also wrote other domestic narratives drawn from her early experiences: An Old-Fashioned Girl (1870);

Sumi Jo is a South Korean soprano known for her light, expressive voice and her virtuosic performance of major coloratura roles of the operatic repertoire. Jo began studying music at an early age. She entered the music school of Seoul National University but left in her second year to attend the

Carl Edvard Johansson: Johansson’s blocks, known as “Jo-blocks,” were made of the highest quality steel and were fabricated to a precision that made them famous around the world. From 1925 to 1936 he worked in Dearborn, Mich., under exclusive contract to Henry Ford, who used his blocks and also sold them to…

Zoigê Marsh, large marsh lying mostly in northern Sichuan province, west-central China. It occupies about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) of the eastern part of the Plateau of Tibet at an elevation of 11,800 feet (3,600 metres) above sea level and extends westward across the border of Sichuan

Japanese music: Structural ideals: …the Japanese tripartite form is jo-ha-kyū—the introduction, the scatterings, and the rushing toward the end. A Western musician might wish to compare this with sonata form and its three parts (exposition, development, recapitulation). But the Western example relates to a complete event and involves the development of certain motives or…

Joab was a Jewish military commander under King David, who was his mother’s brother. He led the commando party that captured Jerusalem for David and as a reward was appointed commander in chief of the army. He played a leading part in many of David’s victories (e.g., against the Ammonites and the

Joachim Frederick was the elector of Brandenburg (1598–1608), the eldest son of Elector John George. Joachim established the rule of primogeniture for the Hohenzollern electorate by a family agreement known as the Gera Bond (1598), which confirmed the practice begun by Albert III Achilles whereby

Joachim Frederick was the elector of Brandenburg (1598–1608), the eldest son of Elector John George. Joachim established the rule of primogeniture for the Hohenzollern electorate by a family agreement known as the Gera Bond (1598), which confirmed the practice begun by Albert III Achilles whereby

Joachim I Nestor was the elector of Brandenburg, an opponent of the Habsburg emperors, yet a devout Roman Catholic who prevented the spread of Protestantism in his lands during his lifetime. Joachim at first supported Francis I of France at the imperial election of 1519 and at one point even hoped

Joachim II Hektor was the elector of Brandenburg who, while supporting the Holy Roman emperor, tolerated the Reformation in his lands and resisted imperial efforts at re-Catholicization. The elder son of Joachim I, Joachim II was given the Old (Altmark) and Middle Marks of Brandenburg on his

Joachim Of Fiore was an Italian mystic, theologian, biblical commentator, philosopher of history, and founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. He developed a philosophy of history according to which history develops in three ages of increasing spirituality: the ages of the Father,

Joachim Of Fiore was an Italian mystic, theologian, biblical commentator, philosopher of history, and founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. He developed a philosophy of history according to which history develops in three ages of increasing spirituality: the ages of the Father,

Ritz Brothers: …the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29,…

Ritz Brothers: …the three were known as Al (Alfred; b. August 27, 1901, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. December 22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29,…

truth: Coherence and pragmatist theories: Bradley and H.H. Joachim, who, like all idealists, rejected the existence of mind-independent facts against which the truth of beliefs could be determined (see also realism: realism and truth).

Ritz Brothers: …1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Ritz Brothers: …1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Ritz Brothers: …22, 1965, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jimmy (b. October 23, 1904, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. November 17, 1985, Los Angeles, California), and Harry (Herschel May; b. May 28, 1907, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—d. March 29, 1986, San Diego, California).

Joseph Joachim was a Hungarian violinist known for his masterful technique and his interpretations of works of Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. Joachim first studied at Budapest, and at age seven he appeared with his teacher S. Serwaczyński. In 1844 he visited London, where he was sponsored by

Saints Anne and Joachim: Traditional account and legends: She married Joachim, and, although they shared a wealthy and devout life at Nazareth, they eventually lamented their childlessness. Joachim, reproached at the Temple for his sterility, retreated into the countryside to pray, while Anne, grieved by his disappearance and by her barrenness, solemnly promised God that,…

Jáchymov, spa town, western Czech Republic. It lies at the foot of Mount Klínovec, the highest summit in the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory), just north of Karlovy Vary and near the border with Germany. A silver-mining centre for the Holy Roman Empire, the town reached its peak in the 16th century,

Jáchymov: …German monetary unit taler, or thaler, from which the English word dollar is derived, refers to the Joachimsthaler, a coin first minted in Jáchymov in 1517.

Jehoiachin, in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with

Joad family, fictional family of dispossessed tenant farmers, the main characters in The Grapes of Wrath (1939), John Steinbeck’s novel of the Great

C.E.M. Joad was a British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. He was a pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes, and a writer of popular

C.E.M. Joad was a British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. He was a pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes, and a writer of popular

Jehoiakim, in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jeremiah 22:13–19; II Chronicles 36:4–8), was son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bce). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho II took

Spain: Castile and León, 1252–1479: …the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who they declared was the child of the queen and of the king’s most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. Because of that account, the young girl was derided as “La Beltraneja.” Henry IV repudiated her and recognized his sister Isabella as heir to…

Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and

Philip V: …1316, leaving an infant daughter Joan by his adulterous first wife, and a pregnant widow, Philip won recognition as regent for the unborn child and then, upon its death in November 1316, five days after birth, declared himself king. Anointed at Reims in January 1317, Philip quickly moved to consolidate…

novel: Apprenticeship: …The Dream (1924) and, in Joan and Peter (1918), concentrates on the search for the right modes of apprenticeship to the complexities of modern life.

Joan Armatrading: …solo, winning critical acclaim with Joan Armatrading (1976), which cracked the British top 20 and featured the top 10 single “Love and Affection.” Armatrading’s romantic, bittersweet lyrics conveyed in her rounded, expressive voice dominated a series of best-selling albums, namely Show Some Emotion (1977), To the Limit (1978), Me Myself…

Joan Didion: …the focus of the documentary Joan Didion: The Center Will Not Hold (2017).

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Joan I was the countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her

Joan II was the queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain. After her first husband, William of Austria, died in 1406, Joan is

Joan Jett is an American singer and musician whose raucous, three-chord guitar-playing and rebellious image made her a trailblazer in the male-dominated genre of rock music. She was a member of the all-female, teenage punk-rock band the Runaways in the 1970s before becoming a successful solo artist

Joan Jett: Solo career: The first album by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll (1981), spawned a number-one hit in the title song, which was originally recorded by the British rock group the Arrows in 1975. Jett was one of only a few female rockers at the time to…

Kate Grenville: Joan Makes History (1988) considers the subject of Australian history and identity through the story of Joan, born in 1901, the year of Australia’s federation. As Joan moves through her life, she imagines a multiplicity of other Joans present at different moments in Australia’s history,…

Victor Fleming: The 1940s: His next—and final—movie was Joan of Arc (1948), a rather plodding adaptation of Maxwell Anderson’s stage epic, though Bergman and costar José Ferrer both received Oscar nominations.

St. Joan of Arc ; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) was a national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English

Louise Fletcher: …a 2004 guest role on Joan of Arcadia, and she later played recurring characters on ER, Heroes, Private Practice, Shameless, and Girlboss.

Richard I: Sicily: …imprisoned the late king’s wife, Joan of England (Richard’s sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By the Treaty of Messina Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany (Richard’s nephew) to be his own heir, and provided…

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Joan of Navarre was the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. In 1386 Joan was married to John IV (or V), duke of Brittany; they had eight children. John died in 1399, and Joan was regent for her son John V (or VI) until 1401. During his banishment

Robert Stevenson: Early films: Joan of Paris (1942) was one of the best early World War II action movies and starred Michèle Morgan, Paul Henreid, and Laird Cregar. Stevenson then contributed a segment to the episodic drama Forever and a Day (1943). The intergenerational family saga featured an all-star…

Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and

Pope Joan, legendary female pontiff who supposedly reigned, under the title of John VIII, for slightly more than 25 months, from 855 to 858, between the pontificates of St. Leo IV (847–855) and Benedict III (855–858). It has subsequently been proved that a gap of only a few weeks fell between Leo

Happy Days: …Out of the Blue (1979), Joanie Loves Chachi (1982–83), Laverne and Shirley (1976–83), and Mork and Mindy (1978–82), the last two of which, like Happy Days, were produced by Garry Marshall, who went on to direct motion pictures such as Pretty Woman (1990). Howard, who had received his start in…

Sheila Kaye-Smith: Tamarisk Town (1919) and Joanna Godden (1921) similarly deal with struggle and survival in rural Sussex.

Joan I was the countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her

Joan II was the queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain. After her first husband, William of Austria, died in 1406, Joan is

Lady Gaga: Later albums: The relatively understated Joanne (2016) performed poorly until Lady Gaga’s halftime Super Bowl performance in February 2017 brought it favorable attention. For her sixth studio album, Chromatica (2020), Lady Gaga returned to her earlier music, mixing disco and electronic pop. In 2025 she dropped Mayhem, which featured

decretal: …IX at Gregory’s direction; and Joannes Andreae (d. 1348), a married lay professor of the decretals at the University of Bologna, who is regarded as the father of the history of canon law.

Anthimus VI was an Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople who attempted to maintain his ecclesiastical authority over the rebellious Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and, with others, wrote an Orthodox encyclical letter repudiating Roman Catholic overtures toward reunion. In about 1840 Anthimus, a

Xai-Xai, port town, southern Mozambique. Located on the eastern bank of the Limpopo River near its mouth, the town is a market centre for cashew nuts, rice, corn (maize), cassava, and sorghum raised in the surrounding area, which is irrigated by the lower Limpopo irrigation project; dairy cattle

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

Saint John of God ; canonized 1690; feast day March 8) was the founder of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God (Brothers Hospitallers), a Roman Catholic religious order of nursing brothers. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII declared him patron of hospitals and the sick. Formerly a shepherd and soldier, he

Kongo: …baptized and assumed Christian names—João I Nzinga a Nkuwu and Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga, respectively. Afonso, who became manikongo c.1509, extended Kongo’s borders, centralized administration, and forged strong ties between Kongo and Portugal. He eventually faced problems with the Portuguese community that settled in Kongo regarding their handling…

Rachel de Queiroz: …plot of her second novel, João Miguel (1932), ended her short-lived association with the Communist Party. Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the story of a woman rejecting her traditional role and embracing a new sense of independence. As três Marias (1939; The Three Marias), her…

John IV was the king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. He founded the dynasty of Bragança (Braganza), beat off Spanish attacks, and established a system of alliances. John, duke of Bragança, the wealthiest nobleman in