Faroese literature: Development during the 20th century: …Brú (Hans Jakob Jacobsen), and Martin Joensen—wrote in Faroese. The works of Matras reveal a profound lyric poet seeking to interpret the essence of Faroese culture. A fine stylist, Brú did much to create a Faroese literary prose in his portrayals of village life in a time of transition (e.g.,…

Joensuu, city, southeastern Finland, at the mouth of the Pielis River, southeast of Kuopio. Chartered in 1848, the city is a rail junction and centre for lumber shipment and has connections by steamship, highway, and air. Local industry includes plywood and lumber mills. The University of Joensuu

Joe Paterno was an American collegiate gridiron football coach, who, as head coach at Pennsylvania State University (1966–2011), was the winningest major-college coach in the history of the sport, with 409 career victories, but whose accomplishments were in many ways overshadowed by a sex-abuse

Jōetsu, city, southwestern Niigata ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower reaches and mouth of the Ara River on the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The city was formed for reasons of industrial planning by the amalgamation of Naoetsu and Takada. Takada was a castle town that prospered as a

clown: Grimaldi’s clown, affectionately called “Joey,” specialized in the classic physical tricks, tumbling, pratfalls, and slapstick beatings. In the 1860s a low-comedy buffoon appeared under the name of Auguste, who had a big nose, baggy clothes, large shoes, and untidy manners. He worked with a whiteface clown and always spoiled…

Friends: Joey (2004–06), a spin-off starring LeBlanc, was much less successful. The Friends theme song, “I’ll Be There for You,” performed by the Rembrandts, was a minor pop hit in its own right. In 2021 the cast returned for Friends: The Reunion, a TV special in…

kangaroo: Reproduction and development: The young kangaroo (“joey”) is born at a very immature stage, when it is only about 2 cm (1 inch) long and weighs less than a gram (0.04 ounce). Immediately after birth, it uses its already clawed and well-developed forelimbs to crawl up the mother’s body and enter…

Anne Sexton: …including Eggs of Things (1963), Joey and the Birthday Present (1971), and The Wizard’s Tears (1975).

A pioneer of the brash, no-holds-barred style that came to dominate morning shows on rock radio in the 1990s, Joey Reynolds began working as a deejay at small stations in 1960. In 1963 he returned to his hometown of Buffalo, New York, where he worked at WKBW, the powerhouse station whose signal

Sun-Joffe Manifesto: …revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen and Adolf Joffe, representative of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, which provided the basis for cooperation between the Soviet Union and Sun’s Kuomintang, or Nationalist, Party.

Rei Kawakubo: …the guidance of CDG’s CEO, Adrian Joffe (also Kawakubo’s husband and translator), Kawakubo skillfully penetrated the fashion market in numerous ways. In 1994 she released the first in what became a vast line of CDG fragrances. One of the more unconventional fragrances was Odeur 53, labeled an “abstract anti-perfume” that…

Joseph-Jacques-Césaire Joffre was the commander in chief (1914–16) of the French armies on the Western Front in World War I, who won fame as “the Victor of the Marne.” After graduating from the École Polytechnique, he took part as a subaltern in the siege of Paris (1870–71) and later served in

Canadian Rockies: Others include Mount Joffre (the first glacier-hung peak north of the U.S. border), Mount Assiniboine (the “Matterhorn of the Rockies”), Mount Columbia (12,294 feet [3,747 metres]; Alberta’s highest point), and Mount Forbes. Spectacular alpine scenery is found in Banff, Jasper, and Waterton lakes national parks on the…

Joffrey Ballet, American ballet company, founded in 1956 by Robert Joffrey as a traveling company of six dancers affiliated with his school, the American Ballet Center. Following six U.S. tours, the troupe took tours in the Middle East and Southeast Asia (1962–63) and in the Soviet Union and United

Joffrey Ballet, American ballet company, founded in 1956 by Robert Joffrey as a traveling company of six dancers affiliated with his school, the American Ballet Center. Following six U.S. tours, the troupe took tours in the Middle East and Southeast Asia (1962–63) and in the Soviet Union and United

Robert Joffrey was an American dancer, choreographer, and director, founder of the Joffrey Ballet (1956). Joffrey’s father was an immigrant from Afghanistan, and his mother was Italian-born. He began studying tap dancing but soon turned to ballet with Mary Ann Wells, at whose school in Seattle he

Eder Jofre was a Brazilian professional boxer, world bantamweight and featherweight champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Jofre’s family owned a boxing gym in São Paulo, Brazil, and he began a career as an amateur fighter at an early age. He embarked on his professional

Jog Falls, cataract of the Sharavati River, western Karnataka state, southwestern India. The Jog Falls are located 18 miles (29 km) upstream from Honavar at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. As it plunges 830 feet (253 metres) into a chasm, the river splits into four cascades known as the Raja,

V.G. Jog was an Indian violinist who is credited with introducing the violin into the Hindustani classical music tradition. Jog’s music education began when he was 12 years old. He trained under several noted musicians, including musicologist S.N. Ratanjanker and the sarod player Allauddin Khan,

V.G. Jog was an Indian violinist who is credited with introducing the violin into the Hindustani classical music tradition. Jog’s music education began when he was 12 years old. He trained under several noted musicians, including musicologist S.N. Ratanjanker and the sarod player Allauddin Khan,

Miura: Jōga Island, in Aburatsubo Bay, is linked to the mainland at Miura by a large bridge. The island and bay, together with Keikyu Aburatsubo Marine Park and local beaches, help make Miura a popular tourist and recreational centre. The city also serves as a residential…

Władysław II Jagiełło was the grand duke of Lithuania (as Jogaila, 1377–1401) and king of Poland (1386–1434), who joined two states that became the leading power of eastern Europe. He was the founder of Poland’s Jagiellon dynasty. Jogaila (Jagiełło in Polish) was one of the 12 sons of Algirdas

Jōgan style, Japanese sculptural style of the Early Heian period (794–897). Works of Buddhist sculpture are the most numerous monuments of the period. The figures are columnar icons, erect, symmetrical, and perfectly balanced, carved from single blocks of wood and displaying a keen sense of

jogging, form of running at an easy pace, particularly popular from the 1960s in the United States. There, an estimated 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 joggers sought fitness, weight loss, grace, physical fulfillment, and relief from stress by jogging. Joggers expend from 10 to 13 calories per minute in

Nova Scotia: Relief, drainage, and soils: In 2008 the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, which hold numerous fossils from the Carboniferous Period, were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Yogyakarta, kotamadya (municipality) and capital, Yogyakarta daerah istimewa (special district), Java, Indonesia. It lies 18 miles (29 km) inland from the southern Java coast and near Mount Merapi (9,551 feet [2,911 metres]). In the 7th century the locality formed part of the Buddhist kingdom of

jongleur, professional storyteller or public entertainer in medieval France, often indistinguishable from the trouvère. The role of the jongleur included that of musician, juggler, and acrobat, as well as reciter of such literary works as the fabliaux, chansons de geste, lays, and other metrical

St. Isaac Jogues ; canonized 1930; feast day October 19) was a French-born Jesuit missionary who sacrificed his life for the Christianization of North American Indians. Jogues entered the Society of Jesus at Rouen, France, in 1624 and was ordained in 1636. He was assigned to Canada and spent his

Johanan ben Zakkai was a Palestinian Jewish sage, founder of an academy and an authoritative rabbinic body at Jamnia. He had a decisive influence on the continuance and development of traditional Judaism after the destruction of the Temple (ad 70). As is the case with all the Talmudic teachers (the

John was an elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion. After his father’s death in 1486, John ruled the lands of the Ernestine branch of

John Frederick was the last elector of the Ernestine branch of the Saxon House of Wettin and leader of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. His wars against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and his fellow princes caused him to lose both the electoral rank and much of his territory. The elder son of

John Frederick (II) was an Ernestine duke of Saxony, or Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach, whose attempts to regain the electoral dignity, lost by his father to the rival Albertine branch of the House of Wettin, led to his capture and incarceration until his death. On the imprisonment of his father, the former

Philipp Spitta: His Johann Sebastian Bach, 2 vol. (1873–80), dealt with Bach’s life and with religious and technical aspects of his work. His editions of the works of Heinrich Schütz and Dietrich Buxtehude established a high standard of scholarship. With Johannes Brahms, K.F.F. Chrysander, and others, he was…

John Sigismund was the elector of Brandenburg from 1608, who united his domain with that of Prussia. His marriage in 1594 to Anna, the daughter of Albert Frederick of Prussia, made him heir to the title of that duchy, and he became duke of Prussia in 1618. Through his mother-in-law he acquired

Frankfurt am Main: The contemporary city: Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt (1914) is among the largest institutions of higher education in Germany. The Frankfurt am Main City Zoological Garden is one of the country’s finest zoos. Among the city’s other attractions are the Städel Art Institute and Municipal Gallery, the…

The Mummy: …of Helen Grosvenor (played by Zita Johann). However, Bey’s attempts to transform her into a living mummy fail when the goddess Isis answers Helen’s calls for help and kills Bey.

Brabant: When Johanna, the daughter of John III, and her husband, Duke Wenceslas of Luxembourg, acceded to the duchy of Brabant, they granted the charter of rights known as the Joyeuse Entrée (q.v.; Jan. 3, 1356). This great constitutional charter gave Brabant an exceptional position among the…

Mary Pickford: … (1917), Stella Maris (1918), and Johanna Enlists (1918) enthralled audiences everywhere.

Arthur van Schendel: …Het fregatschip Johanna Maria (1930; The Johanna Maria, 1935), the history of one of the vanishing sailing ships and its sailmaker, and his popular Een hollandsch drama (1935; The House in Haarlem, 1940). His Romanticism reasserted itself in his last works, among which De wereld een dansfeest (1938) and De…

Hans Adam II, prince of Liechtenstein is a member of the ruling family of Liechtenstein who became prince (head of state) in 1989. Hans Adam, the eldest son of Prince Francis Joseph II, spent his early youth in the castle of Vaduz with his brothers and his sister but he and his siblings were not

St. John of Damascus ; Eastern and Western feast day December 4) was an Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th-century Iconoclastic Controversy and whose theological synthesis made

heraldry: Early writers: …first English heraldic writer was John of Guildford, or Johannes de Bado Aureo, whose Tractatus de armis (“Treatise on Arms”) was produced about 1394. Then came a Welsh treatise by John Trevor, the Llyfr arfau (“Book of Arms”). Nicholas Upton, a canon of Salisbury Cathedral, about 1440 wrote De studio…

John of Garland was an English grammarian and poet whose writings were important in the development of medieval Latin. Though much of his life was spent in France, his works were influential mainly in England. Garland went to Paris (1202) to complete his studies and remained there as a teacher

John Of Mirecourt was a French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent of medieval Christian nominalism (the doctrine that universals

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

St. John Cassian ; Eastern feast day February 29 (observed on February 28 during non-leap years); Western feast day July 23) was an ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism,

Automated Transfer Vehicle: The second ATV, Johannes Kepler, named after the German astronomer, was launched on February 16, 2011, and the third, Edoardo Amaldi, named after the 20th-century Italian physicist, was launched on March 23, 2012. Only two more were launched after the Edoardo Amaldi: Albert Einstein, on June 5, 2013,…

John Paul I was a pope whose 33-day pontificate in 1978 was the shortest in modern times. He was the first pope to choose a double name and did so in commemoration of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI. He was the first pope in centuries who refused to be crowned, opting instead

St. John Paul II ; beatified May 1, 2011; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 22) was the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005. He was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26 years was the

John Scholasticus was the patriarch of Constantinople (as John III), theologian, and ecclesiastical jurist whose systematic classification of the numerous Byzantine legal codes served as the basis for Greek Orthodox Church (canon) law. A lawyer and priest, John served as Antioch’s patriarchal

Johannes von Tepl was a Bohemian author of the remarkable dialogue Der Ackermann aus Böhmen (c. 1400; Death and the Ploughman), the first important prose work in the German language. After taking a degree at Prague University, he was appointed, probably before 1378, a notary in Saaz (Žatec), and he

Johannesburg, city, Gauteng province, South Africa. It is the country’s chief industrial and financial metropolis. One of the youngest of the world’s major cities, Johannesburg was founded in 1886, following the discovery of gold. The city was initially part of the Transvaal, an independent

Hugh Masekela: He followed that with Johannesburg (1995), a departure from his previous work because it featured American-sounding rap, hip-hop, and contemporary urban pop selections. Masekela’s own contribution was limited to jazzy trumpet introductions and backgrounds, when he played at all. His later albums included The Lasting Impressions of Ooga Booga…

Johannesburg: Cultural life: The Johannesburg Art Gallery, established in the early years of the 20th century with donations from mining magnates, features Africa’s finest collection of European Impressionists, while most of the city’s dozen private galleries increasingly highlight the work of African artists. Theatre flourishes. While the 1,100-seat Civic…

Johannesburg: Cultural life: Johannesburg Public Library, first established in 1889, is the centre of an extensive network of branch libraries. Local museums specialize in geology, Africana, military history, archaeology, transport, banking, costume, and Judaica. Visitors interested in a taste of old Johannesburg can visit Gold Reef City, an…

South Africa: Finance: …market exists, organized around the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

Knut Johannesen is a Norwegian speed skater who was one of the outstanding competitors in the sport in the late 1950s and early ’60s. In addition to numerous Olympic medals and world records, Johannesen won acclaim for regaining Norway’s dominance in speed skating and for being the first skater

Georg Philipp Telemann: Life: …Hamburg’s renowned humanistic school, the Johanneum, where he also was an instructor in music. In Hamburg, too, he directed a collegium musicum and presented public concerts. In 1729 he refused a call to organize a German orchestra at the Russian court. He had also declined an offer in 1722 from…

Elaine Pagels: …salvation) with the publication of The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis (1973) and The Gnostic Paul (1975). She also joined an international team of scholars that issued an English translation of the gnostic texts that had been discovered in 1945 at Najʿ Ḥammādī, Egypt. Her work exploded the myth of…

Letters of John, three New Testament writings, all composed sometime around 100 ce and traditionally attributed to St. John the Apostle, son of Zebedee and disciple of Jesus. The author of the first letter is not identified, but the writer of the second and third calls himself “presbyter” (elder).

Flavius Cresconius Corippus: His Johannis, an epic poem in eight books, treats the campaign conducted against the insurgent Mauretanians by John Troglita, the Byzantine commander, and is the principal source of knowledge of these events. The poem, written about 550, shows the tenacity of the classical tradition in Africa…

Alsace: Geography: Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and Pinot Blanc are among the notable white wines produced. Colmar is the principal centre of the wine-growing region, whose vineyards extend in a narrow strip along the lower slopes of the Vosges west of the city. Parts of the alluvial…

Alsace: Geography: Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and Pinot Blanc are among the notable white wines produced. Colmar is the principal centre of the wine-growing region, whose vineyards extend in a narrow strip along the lower slopes of the Vosges west of the city. Parts of the alluvial…

Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq was an Arab scholar whose translations of Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, and the Neoplatonists made accessible to Arab philosophers and scientists the significant sources of Greek thought and culture. Ḥunayn was a Nestorian Christian who studied medicine in Baghdad and

Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen was a Danish botanist and geneticist whose experiments in plant heredity offered strong support to the mutation theory of the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries (that changes in heredity come about through sudden, discrete changes of the heredity units in germ cells). Many

johannsenite, silicate mineral in the pyroxene family. It has a molecular formula of Ca(Mn,Fe)Si2O6. A calcium-manganese-iron silicate mineral, johannsenite is produced either by metamorphic processes in altered limestones or is associated with pyrite or other minerals in copper, lead, and zinc

gauge: Gauge blocks, also known as Johannsson blocks, after their inventor, came into significant industrial use during World War I. They are small steel blocks, usually rectangular, with two exceptionally flat surfaces parallel to each other and a specified distance apart. They are sold as sets of blocks that can be…

the New York Dolls: >David Johansen (born January 9, 1950, New York City, New York, U.S.—died February 28, 2025, New York City) Johnny Thunders (byname of John Genzale; born July 15, 1952, New York City—died April 23, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana)

Donald Johanson is an American paleoanthropologist best known for his discovery of “Lucy,” one of the most complete skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis known, in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974. Johanson was the only child of Swedish immigrants Carl Johanson and Sally Johnson. His father

Donald Johanson is an American paleoanthropologist best known for his discovery of “Lucy,” one of the most complete skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis known, in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974. Johanson was the only child of Swedish immigrants Carl Johanson and Sally Johnson. His father

the Allman Brothers Band: April 18, 2024, Osprey, Florida), Jaimoe (byname of Jai Johanny Johanson, original name John Lee Johnson; b. July 8, 1944, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, U.S.), and Butch Trucks (original name Claude Hudson Trucks, Jr.;, b. May 11, 1947, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.—d. January 24, 2017, West Palm Beach, Florida).

Carl Edvard Johansson was a Swedish mechanical engineer. After spending part of his youth in Minnesota, he returned to Sweden and became a machine-tool engineer at a rifle factory. There he began work on the problem of precision measurement needed in the machine tools used for mass production. He

Christian Johansson was a Swedish-born ballet dancer and principal teacher at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, who made a fundamental contribution to the development of the Russian style of classical ballet. Johansson received his basic dance training in the ballet school of the Royal

Ingemar Johansson was a Swedish-born world heavyweight boxing champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) While an amateur boxer, Johansson was a member of the European Golden Gloves team in 1951. He was a member of the Swedish team at the Olympic Games in 1952 but was

Ingemar Johansson was a Swedish-born world heavyweight boxing champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) While an amateur boxer, Johansson was a member of the European Golden Gloves team in 1951. He was a member of the Swedish team at the Olympic Games in 1952 but was

Lars Johansson was a Swedish lyric poet, author of some of the most powerful poems of the Baroque period in Swedish literature. Early orphaned, Johansson was reared by an uncle and educated both in Sweden and abroad. He returned to Sweden and became known as a writer of funeral elegies and

Christian Johansson was a Swedish-born ballet dancer and principal teacher at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, who made a fundamental contribution to the development of the Russian style of classical ballet. Johansson received his basic dance training in the ballet school of the Royal

Scarlett Johansson is an American actress and singer whose acting range earned her popular acclaim in a variety of genres, from period drama to thriller and action adventure. Johansson, daughter of an architect and a producer, was raised in New York City. She and her twin brother, Hunter, were the

Alia Bhatt: Career and stardom: …the Year, helmed by filmmaker Karan Johar, who would go on to cast her in subsequent projects directed or produced by him. The success of Student of the Year made stars of Bhatt and actors Varun Dhawan and Sidharth Malhotra, the film functioning as a launchpad for the three young…

Yash Johar was a noted Bollywood film producer whose films often showcased Indian tradition. Johar started his film career as a photographer and in 1952 joined Sunil Dutt’s production company Ajanta Arts. In the 1960s and ’70s he worked for Dev Anand’s Navketan International Films, where he was

Japanese music: Schools and genres: …idioms and scales, named himself Yatsuhashi Kengyō, and founded the Yatsuhashi school of koto. The title Yatsuhashi was adopted later by another apparently unrelated school to the far south in the Ryukyu Islands.

John was a king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the house of Habsburg. John began his public career in 1505 as a member of the Diet of Rákos; it was upon his motion that the Diet voted that no foreign prince would ever again be elected king of Hungary after the death of

Klemens von Metternich: Ministry during the Napoleonic Wars: …particular those of the archduke John (who was put under house arrest for planning a premature anti-French rising in the Alps), Metternich firmly adhered to neutrality while Austria secretly rearmed. He even drew Saxony into the neutral camp for a time. When, later in 1813, Saxony’s return to the French…

John was an antipope during January 844. A Roman archdeacon well liked by the populace, John was elected by them on January 25 against the nobility’s candidate, Sergius II. John withdrew to the Lateran Palace, his stronghold for a brief period. Concurrently, Sergius was consecrated pope at St.

John (XVII) was the pope from June to December 1003. Chosen by the patrician John Crescentius III, he succeeded Pope Sylvester II. John was merely a puppet of his relatives the Crescentii, then the most influential family in Rome. He approved an evangelical mission to the

Annie Baker: John, The Antipodes, and other work from the late 2010s: Her 2015 play, John, followed the squabbles of a discordant New York City couple during their stay at an eerie bed-and-breakfast in Pennsylvania. The drama, which ran more than three hours long, garnered critical acclaim. In 2017 Baker wrote the play The Antipodes, which observed a brainstorming session…

John was the king of Scotland from 1292 to 1296, the youngest son of John de Balliol and his wife Dervorguilla, daughter and heiress of the lord of Galloway. His brothers dying childless, he inherited the Balliol lands in England and France in 1278 and succeeded to Galloway in 1290. In that year,

John was the king of Saxony (1854–73) who was passionately interested in law and in the arts. Under the name Philalethes he published a translation of Dante’s Divine Comedy (1839–49). John took part in the commission that drew up the constitution of 1831 and succeeded to the throne upon the death

Jean de France, duc de Berry was the third son of King John II the Good of France and a leading patron of the arts; he controlled at least one-third of the territory of France during the middle period of the Hundred Years’ War. Count of Poitiers from 1356, he was appointed king’s lieutenant (1358)

John was an elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany’s Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors’ attempts at forced reconversion. After his father’s death in 1486, John ruled the lands of the Ernestine branch of

King John: Chief among these characters are John’s domineering mother, Queen Eleanor (formerly Eleanor of Aquitaine), and Philip the Bastard, who supports the king and yet mocks all political and moral pretensions.

John (XXIII) was a schismatic antipope from 1410 to 1415. After receiving his doctorate of law at Bologna, Cossa entered the Curia during the Western Schism, when the papacy suffered from rival claimants (1378–1417) to the throne of St. Peter. Pope Boniface IX made him cardinal in 1402. From 1403

John was the king of Denmark (1481–1513) and Norway (1483–1513) and king (as John II) of Sweden (1497–1501) who failed in his efforts to incorporate Sweden into a Danish-dominated Scandinavian union. He was more successful in fostering the commercial development of Danish burghers to challenge the

John (IV) was a claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. At first, John of Montfort had recognized John III’s designation of Charles of Blois (nephew of King Philip VI of France) as the successor; but then

John was the king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after a revolt of the barons, he was forced to seal the Magna Carta (1215). John was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of

John VI was the prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816 and king from 1816 to 1826. His reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and

John was the king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia. He was born the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Henry VII of the house of Luxembourg and was made count of Luxembourg in 1310.

John was the margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin and a German Protestant ruler who remained loyal to the Catholic Habsburg emperors; he fought against his fellow Protestant princes and was conspicuously successful in the government of his territories. John was the younger son of Joachim I, elector of

John was the second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century. The son of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders, John was born in the ducal castle at Rouvres, where he spent the greater part of his

John was a count of Brienne who became the titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231–37). A penniless younger son of the French count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montbéliard, John passed most of his life as a minor noble until befriended by King Philip II