Joseph Henry Shorthouse: …was an English novelist whose John Inglesant constitutes one of the best examples of the philosophical romance in English literature. Set in England and Italy during the 17th century, the work is concerned with conflicts between church and state, the Church of England and the Roman Catholic church, ritualism and…

John IV was the king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. He founded the dynasty of Bragança (Braganza), beat off Spanish attacks, and established a system of alliances. John, duke of Bragança, the wealthiest nobleman in

John IV was the pope from 640 to 642. A Roman archdeacon, John was elected (Dec. 24, 640) as successor to Pope Severinus. He perpetuated Severinus’ condemnation of monothelitism, a 7th-century heresy concerning the will of Christ. He sent an emissary to redeem Balkan Christians captured during

Catholic University of Leuven: … at the behest of Duke John (Jean) IV of Brabant, who modeled its constitution after the University of Paris. In 1517 the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus became involved with the founding of Leuven’s Trilingual College, “the school of the new learning in Europe,” for the study of Greek, Latin, and…

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

Yohannes IV was the emperor of Ethiopia (1872–89). Like his predecessor, Tewodros II (reigned 1855–68), Yohannes IV was a strong, progressive ruler, but he spent most of his time repelling military threats from Egypt, Italy, and the Mahdists of the Sudan. Superior weaponry allowed Yohannes, a

John IV Lascaris was the emperor of Nicaea whose brief reign as a minor was filled with intrigue and conspiracies that culminated in the seizure of power by Michael Palaeologus, the future Byzantine emperor Michael VIII. John IV’s parents were the Nicaean emperor Theodore II Lascaris (reigned

John IV of Odzun was an Armenian Orthodox catholicos (supreme head of the Armenian Church), a learned theologian and jurist who strove for greater ecclesiastical autonomy for the Armenian Church and supported the movement in the Eastern Church in favour of orthodox Christological theology. With a

John IX was the pope from 898 to 900. Consecrated in January 898, John was opposed by the rival candidate Sergius (later Pope Sergius III), whom he excommunicated. John immediately held councils at Rome and Ravenna to rehabilitate Pope Formosus, whose corpse had been exhumed (897) by Pope Stephen

cable-stayed bridge: …by the opening of the John James Audubon Bridge in Louisiana. The only bridge over the Mississippi River between Natchez, Mississippi, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the John James Audubon Bridge has a main span of 482 metres (1,583 feet).

The City University of New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, founded in 1964, trains criminal-justice agency personnel and public-service professionals. Medgar Evers College, founded in 1969, serves a predominantly African-American student body.

Juan José de Austria was the most famous of the illegitimate children of King Philip IV of Spain. He served with some success as a Spanish military commander and from 1677 until his death was chief minister to King Charles II. Juan José was the son of King Philip IV of Spain and María Calderón, a

Betty White: …for her guest appearance on The John Larroquette Show.

Michael VIII Palaeologus: Early years: …regent for Theodore’s six-year-old son, John Lascaris. Gradually usurping more and more authority, Michael seized the throne and early in 1259 was crowned emperor after shunting aside and blinding the rightful heir, his charge, John. Faced with rebellion by Lascarid supporters in Asia Minor, Michael succeeded, in the eyes of…

John Lennon: The Beatles breakup, solo career, and marriage to Yoko Ono: … (1968) through the solo debut Plastic Ono Band (1970) through his half of Double Fantasy (1980)—reflects Ono’s belief in art without artifice. Whether or not they actually eschewed artifice, that was one impression they strove to create.

Saint John Leonardi ; canonized 1938; feast day October 9) was the founder of the Roman Catholic Ordo Clericorum Regularium Matris Dei (Clerks Regular of the Mother of God), whose members were commonly called Leonardini; the order was distinguished for learning and was originally devoted to

United States: Stalled voting rights legislation, the fate of the filibuster, and the appointment of Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court: One, the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act (named for the famed civil rights activist and congressman), primarily sought to restore and update a portion of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that had been invalidated by the Supreme Court’s 2013 Shelby County v. Holder decision—namely, the Justice…

John Lewis: The documentary John Lewis: Good Trouble (2020) chronicles his life and career.

Madden NFL, video game sports-simulation series created by EA Sports, a division of the American company Electronic Arts, and based on the National Football League (NFL). Its name derives from John Madden, a famous football coach and television colour commentator. EA Sports has held exclusive

Saint Mark ; Western feast day April 25, Eastern feast day September 23) was the traditional author of the second Synoptic Gospel. Data on his life found in the New Testament are fragmentary, and most of their historicity has been questioned by critical investigation. The only unquestionably

John Maurice Of Nassau was a Dutch colonial governor and military commander who consolidated Dutch rule in Brazil (1636–44), thereby bringing the Dutch empire in Latin America to the peak of its power. The son of John, count of Nassau-Siegen-Dillenburg, John Maurice fought in the campaigns of his

St. John of Nepomuk ; canonized 1729; feast day May 16) was one of the patron saints of the Czechs who was murdered during the bitter conflict of church and state that plagued Bohemia in the latter 14th century. In 1383 John began studies at Padua, Italy, where he became a doctor of canon law and

John o’Groats, village—near Dunnet Head, the northernmost point of mainland Great Britain—in the Highland council area, historic county of Caithness, Scotland. The scattered village is the site of a house, now only a mound, connected with a story first recorded in 1793 in The Statistical Account of

John Scholasticus was the patriarch of Constantinople (as John III), theologian, and ecclesiastical jurist whose systematic classification of the numerous Byzantine legal codes served as the basis for Greek Orthodox Church (canon) law. A lawyer and priest, John served as Antioch’s patriarchal

Juan de Austria was an illegitimate son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and half brother of King Philip II of Spain who, as a Spanish military commander, achieved victory over the Turks in the historic naval Battle of Lepanto. Removed from his mother, a burgher’s daughter, at an early age, he

John II was the count of Hainaut (1280–1304) and of the Dutch provinces of Holland and Zeeland (1299–1304), who united the counties and prevented the northward expansion of the house of Dampierre, the counts of Flanders. Eldest son of John of Avesnes, count of Hainaut, and Alida, sister of Count

St. John of Ávila ; canonized 1970; feast day May 10) was a reformer, one of the greatest preachers of his time, author, and spiritual director whose religious leadership in 16th-century Spain earned him the title “Apostle of Andalusia.” Jewish-born, John attended the Universities of Salamanca and

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

Jacoba Of Bavaria: …instead supported her paternal uncle John of Bavaria.

Saint John of Beverley was a bishop of York, and one of the most popular medieval English saints. After studies at St. Augustine’s Monastery, Canterbury, Kent, under the celebrated abbot St. Adrian, John entered Whitby Abbey, Yorkshire. In 687 he succeeded St. Eata as bishop of Hexham,

John was the king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia. He was born the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Henry VII of the house of Luxembourg and was made count of Luxembourg in 1310.

John was a count of Brienne who became the titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231–37). A penniless younger son of the French count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montbéliard, John passed most of his life as a minor noble until befriended by King Philip II

St. John of Capistrano ; canonized 1690; feast day October 23) was one of the greatest Franciscan preachers of the 15th century and leader of an army that liberated Belgrade from a Turkish invasion. In California, the city of San Juan Capistrano and its eponymous Spanish mission that was made

Justinian I: Internal policy of Justinian I: One was John of Cappadocia from Asia Minor, and the other was Peter Barsymes, a Syrian. John was praetorian prefect from 531 to 541, Peter from 543.

St. John of Damascus ; Eastern and Western feast day December 4) was an Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th-century Iconoclastic Controversy and whose theological synthesis made

John of Ephesus was a miaphysite bishop of Ephesus, who was a foremost early historian and leader of miaphysites in Syria (see Syriac Orthodox Church). A Syrian monk, he became a deacon at Amida in 529, but because of the Byzantine persecution of the miaphysites he was forced to lead a nomadic

John Of Fordun was the first chronicler to attempt a continuous history of Scotland. His work is nationalistic in attitude and reliable where he is not dealing with legendary subjects. Evidence about his life is derived from the prologues to Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon. He may have been a chantry

history of medicine: Salerno and the medical schools: John of Gaddesden, the model for the “doctour of physick” in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, was one of the English students there. That he relied upon astrology and upon the doctrine of the humours is evident from Chaucer’s description:

Gelasius II was the pope from 1118 to 1119. He was called to Rome from Montecassino, Italy, by Pope Urban II, who created him cardinal (1088) and papal chancellor (1089). He was elected pope on Jan. 24, 1118, as successor to Paschal II, whose pontificate had been damaged by dissension from the

John of Garland was an English grammarian and poet whose writings were important in the development of medieval Latin. Though much of his life was spent in France, his works were influential mainly in England. Garland went to Paris (1202) to complete his studies and remained there as a teacher

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster was an English prince, fourth but third surviving son of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainaut; he exercised a moderating influence in the political and constitutional struggles of the reign of his nephew Richard II. He was the immediate ancestor of

Flavius Josephus: Military career.: …the local partisans led by John of Giscala. Though realizing the futility of armed resistance, he nevertheless set about fortifying the towns of the north against the forthcoming Roman juggernaut.

Saint John of God ; canonized 1690; feast day March 8) was the founder of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God (Brothers Hospitallers), a Roman Catholic religious order of nursing brothers. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII declared him patron of hospitals and the sick. Formerly a shepherd and soldier, he

heraldry: Early writers: …first English heraldic writer was John of Guildford, or Johannes de Bado Aureo, whose Tractatus de armis (“Treatise on Arms”) was produced about 1394. Then came a Welsh treatise by John Trevor, the Llyfr arfau (“Book of Arms”). Nicholas Upton, a canon of Salisbury Cathedral, about 1440 wrote De studio…

Crusades: The Crusade of Frederick II: In Cyprus, John of Ibelin, the leading member of the influential Ibelin family, had been named regent for the young Henry I. Along with most of the barons, he was willing to recognize the emperor’s rights as suzerain in Cyprus. But because news of Isabella’s death had…

John Of Jandun was the foremost 14th-century interpreter of Averroës’ rendering of Aristotle. After study at the University of Paris, John became master of arts at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where he lectured on Aristotle. He associated with Marsilius of Padua, writer of the Defensor Pacis,

John of Jerusalem was a theologian and bishop, a strong advocate of the Platonistic Alexandrian tradition during the 5th-century doctrinal controversies of the Eastern church, and co-author of a celebrated collection of catechetical conferences on the Jerusalem Christian creed. A monk from his

John Of Kronshtadt was a Russian Orthodox priest-ascetic whose pastoral and educational activities, particularly among the unskilled poor, contributed notably to Russia’s social and spiritual reform. After graduating from the theological academy in St. Petersburg, John entered the married

Anabaptist: …Jan Mathijs (died 1534) and John of Leiden (Jan Beuckelson; died 1536), and many persecuted Anabaptists settled in Münster, Westphalia. Hofmann’s disciples were attracted to the city by dramatic changes that occurred there in the early 1530s. Under the influence of the reformer Bernhard Rothman, Anabaptist sentiment was strong enough…

John was the king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia. He was born the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Henry VII of the house of Luxembourg and was made count of Luxembourg in 1310.

Germany: Wenceslas: On August 20 Archbishop John of Mainz, on behalf of the four electors, publicly proclaimed the deposition of Wenceslas as an unfit and useless king and freed his German subjects from their allegiance to him. On the following day the three archbishops elected Rupert in Wenceslas’s stead. Rupert’s consent…

Giovanni dei Marignolli was a Franciscan friar and one of four legates sent to the court of the Mongol emperor of China, Togon-Temür, at Khanbaliq (Beijing). Marignolli’s notes on the journey, though fragmentary, contain vivid descriptions that established him among the notable travelers to the Far

St. John of Matha ; feast day February 8) was a cofounder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, commonly called Trinitarians and sometimes Mathurins. Originally a Roman Catholic order formed in France and dedicated to freeing enslaved Christians from captivity under

John Of Mirecourt was a French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent of medieval Christian nominalism (the doctrine that universals

St. John of Nepomuk ; canonized 1729; feast day May 16) was one of the patron saints of the Czechs who was murdered during the bitter conflict of church and state that plagued Bohemia in the latter 14th century. In 1383 John began studies at Padua, Italy, where he became a doctor of canon law and

Fibonacci: Life: …emperor at Pisa, and there John of Palermo, a member of Frederick’s scientific entourage, propounded a series of problems, three of which Fibonacci presented in his books. The first two belonged to a favourite Arabic type, the indeterminate, which had been developed by the 3rd-century Greek mathematician Diophantus. This was…

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

Giovanni da Pian del Carpini was a Franciscan friar, the first noteworthy European traveler in the Mongol empire, to which he was sent on a formal mission by Pope Innocent IV. He wrote the earliest important Western work on Central Asia. Giovanni was a contemporary and disciple of St. Francis of

St. John of Nepomuk ; canonized 1729; feast day May 16) was one of the patron saints of the Czechs who was murdered during the bitter conflict of church and state that plagued Bohemia in the latter 14th century. In 1383 John began studies at Padua, Italy, where he became a doctor of canon law and

Rila Monastery: …was founded by the hermit John of Rila (Yoan of Rila, in Bulgarian Ivan Rilski), who is the traditional patron saint of Bulgaria. Rila grew rapidly in power and influence from the 13th to the 14th century. After a devastating fire, it was rebuilt and fortified (c. 1334–35) in its…

Saint John Fisher ; canonized May 19, 1935; feast day July 9) was an English humanist, martyr, and prelate, who, devoted to the pope and to the Roman Catholic church, resisted King Henry VIII of England by refusing to recognize royal supremacy and the abolition of papal jurisdiction over the

millennialism: Patristic and medieval millennialism: The Franciscan John of Roquetaillade (Rupescissa), writing immediately after the humiliating rout of the French knighthood and the capture of the French king John II at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, prophesied that plagues would cut down the populace like the harvest in the fields, the…

millennialism: Patristic and medieval millennialism: The Franciscan John of Roquetaillade (Rupescissa), writing immediately after the humiliating rout of the French knighthood and the capture of the French king John II at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, prophesied that plagues would cut down the populace like the harvest in the fields, the…

Sylvester III was the pope from January 20 to February 10, 1045. He was bishop of Sabina when elected pope in January 1045 by a faction that had driven Pope Benedict IX out of Rome. The following month, however, Benedict’s supporters in turn expelled Sylvester. Mired in scandal, Benedict felt so

John of Saint Thomas was a philosopher and theologian whose comprehensive commentaries on Roman Catholic doctrine made him a leading spokesman for post-Reformation Thomism, a school of thought named after its foremost theorist, St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–74), who systematically integrated Catholic

John Of Salisbury was one of the best Latinists of his age, who was secretary to Theobald and Thomas Becket, archbishops of Canterbury, and who became bishop of Chartres. After 1135 he attended cathedral schools in France for 12 years and studied under Peter Abelard (1136). He was a clerk in

John Of Scythopolis was a Byzantine theologian and bishop of Scythopolis, in Palestine (c. 536–550), whose various treatises on the person and work of Christ and commentaries on Neoplatonic philosophy sought to integrate all possible elements among contrary doctrinal positions. He is sometimes

Callixtus (III) was an antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Callixtus was elected antipope as Paschal III’s successor, in opposition to Pope Alexander III. He was Frederick’s protégé until the Treaty of Anagni (1176), which ended

John bar Qursos was a monk and bishop of Tella (near modern Aleppo, Syria), a leading theological propagator of miaphysitism. A soldier before becoming a monk, John was made bishop in 519 and undertook the spread of a doctrine of Christ’s person and work common to Syrian and Egyptian monasticism, a

St. John of the Cross ; canonized 1726; feast day December 14) was one of the greatest Christian mystics and Spanish poets, doctor of the church, reformer of Spanish monasticism, and cofounder of the contemplative order of Discalced Carmelites. He is a patron saint of mystics and contemplatives and

Léon-Gustave Dehon was a French Roman Catholic priest who founded the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a congregation of priests and brothers dedicated to spreading the apostolate of the Sacred Heart. Educated at the Sorbonne, Dehon was ordained priest in 1868 at Rome.

English literature: Secular prose: …beside the massive efforts of John of Trevisa, who translated from Latin both Ranulf Higden’s Polychronicon (c. 1385–87), a universal history, and Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s De proprietatibus rerum (1398; “On the Properties of Things”), an encyclopedia. Judging by the number of surviving manuscripts, however, the most widely read secular prose work…

John Paul I was a pope whose 33-day pontificate in 1978 was the shortest in modern times. He was the first pope to choose a double name and did so in commemoration of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI. He was the first pope in centuries who refused to be crowned, opting instead

St. John Paul II ; beatified May 1, 2011; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 22) was the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005. He was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26 years was the

John Farrow: Films of the 1950s: John Paul Jones (1959), with Robert Stack as the naval hero, was Farrow’s last film before retiring.

Samuel Eliot Morison: …was awarded a Pulitzer Prize; John Paul Jones (1959), which also received a Pulitzer; The Oxford History of the American People (1965); the monumental History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, 15 vol. (1947–62); The Life of Commodore Matthew C. Perry (1967); and The European Discovery of America,…

Florida Keys: John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, which contains large living coral formations, is the first undersea park in the United States. It is some 25 miles (40 km) long and 3 miles (5 km) wide and lies along Key Largo’s east coast. Islamorada, located mainly…

WLAC: Nashville’s Late Night R & B Beacon: Three white disc jockeys—John Richbourg, Gene Nobles, and Bill (“Hoss”) Allen—brought fame to themselves and WLAC by playing rhythm and blues, at least partly in response to the requests of returning World War II veterans who had been exposed to the new music in other parts of the…

Chester: The John Roach Company, founded there in 1872, was one of the nation’s first iron or steel shipbuilding enterprises. Shipbuilding remains important, though the economy has become more diversified and now includes the manufacture of chemicals and paper products.

John Scholasticus was the patriarch of Constantinople (as John III), theologian, and ecclesiastical jurist whose systematic classification of the numerous Byzantine legal codes served as the basis for Greek Orthodox Church (canon) law. A lawyer and priest, John served as Antioch’s patriarchal

John Sigismund was the elector of Brandenburg from 1608, who united his domain with that of Prussia. His marriage in 1594 to Anna, the daughter of Albert Frederick of Prussia, made him heir to the title of that duchy, and he became duke of Prussia in 1618. Through his mother-in-law he acquired

John Talaia was a theologian and bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, whose struggle to maintain his episcopal office and preserve the ascendancy of the orthodox party in conjunction with Popes Simplicius (468–483) and Felix III (483–492), against the incursion of Acacius, the heterodox patriarch of

John Taylor was one of the leading American philosophers of the liberal agrarian political movement—commonly known as Jeffersonian democracy—during the early national period. Orphaned as a child, Taylor grew up in the home of his uncle, Edmund Pendleton. He received his education from private

St. John the Apostle ; Western feast day December 27; Eastern feast days May 8 and September 26) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and traditionally believed to be the author of the three Letters of John, the Fourth Gospel, and possibly the Revelation to John in the New Testament. He played a

St. John the Baptist ; feast day June 24) was a Jewish prophet of priestly origin who preached the imminence of God’s Final Judgment and baptized those who repented in self-preparation for it; he is revered in the Christian church as the forerunner of Jesus Christ. After a period of desert

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability of his reign is attributable not only to his alliances with England but also to his

John of Paris was a Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced important ideas concerning papal authority and the separation of church and state and who held controversial views on the nature of the Eucharist. A lecturer at the University of Paris and the author of several works

St. John the Apostle ; Western feast day December 27; Eastern feast days May 8 and September 26) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and traditionally believed to be the author of the three Letters of John, the Fourth Gospel, and possibly the Revelation to John in the New Testament. He played a

Prester John, legendary Christian ruler of the East, popularized in medieval chronicles and traditions as a hoped-for ally against the Muslims. Believed to be a Nestorian (i.e., a member of an independent Eastern Christian church that did not accept the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople)

St. John the Apostle ; Western feast day December 27; Eastern feast days May 8 and September 26) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and traditionally believed to be the author of the three Letters of John, the Fourth Gospel, and possibly the Revelation to John in the New Testament. He played a

Saint John the Faster ; feast days January 7 and August 29) was the patriarch of Constantinople (John IV) and mediator of theological disputes between the Orthodox and Monophysites (q.v.). He reinforced Constantinople’s preeminence among patriarchal cities in the Eastern Church by assuming the

John was the second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century. The son of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders, John was born in the ducal castle at Rouvres, where he spent the greater part of his

John IV was the king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. He founded the dynasty of Bragança (Braganza), beat off Spanish attacks, and established a system of alliances. John, duke of Bragança, the wealthiest nobleman in

John III was the duke of Brittany (from 1312), son of Arthur II. His death without heirs resulted in the War of the Breton Succession, pitting two indirect heirs, John of Montfort and Charles of Blois. Despite three marriages—to Isabella of Valois, Isabella of Castile, and Joan of Savoy—he was left

John II was the king of France from 1350 to 1364. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England. After becoming king on Aug. 22, 1350,

John Philoponus was a Christian philosopher, theologian, and literary scholar whose writings expressed an independent Christian synthesis of classical Hellenistic thought, which in translation contributed to Syriac and Arabic cultures and to medieval Western thought. As a theologian, he proposed

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

John III was the king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. His long reign saw the development of Portuguese seapower in the Indian Ocean, the occupation of the Brazilian coast, and the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition and of the Society of Jesus. Shortly after succeeding his father, Manuel I,

John I was the king of France, the posthumous son of Louis X of France by his second consort, Clémence of Hungary. He died just a few days after his birth but is nevertheless reckoned among the kings of France. His uncle, who succeeded him as Philip V, has been accused of having caused his death,